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Riebold D, Mahnkopf M, Wicht K, Zubiria-Barrera C, Heise J, Frank M, Misch D, Bauer T, Stocker H, Slevogt H. Axenic Long-Term Cultivation of Pneumocystis jirovecii. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:903. [PMID: 37755011 PMCID: PMC10533121 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii, a fungus causing severe Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in humans, has long been described as non-culturable. Only isolated short-term experiments with P. jirovecii and a small number of experiments involving animal-derived Pneumocystis species have been published to date. However, P. jirovecii culture conditions may differ significantly from those of animal-derived Pneumocystis, as there are major genotypic and phenotypic differences between them. Establishing a well-performing P. jirovecii cultivation is crucial to understanding PCP and its pathophysiological processes. The aim of this study, therefore, was to develop an axenic culture for Pneumocystis jirovecii. To identify promising approaches for cultivation, a literature survey encompassing animal-derived Pneumocystis cultures was carried out. The variables identified, such as incubation time, pH value, vitamins, amino acids, and other components, were trialed and adjusted to find the optimum conditions for P. jirovecii culture. This allowed us to develop a medium that produced a 42.6-fold increase in P. jirovecii qPCR copy numbers after a 48-day culture. Growth was confirmed microscopically by the increasing number and size of actively growing Pneumocystis clusters in the final medium, DMEM-O3. P. jirovecii doubling time was 8.9 days (range 6.9 to 13.6 days). In conclusion, we successfully cultivated P. jirovecii under optimized cell-free conditions in a 70-day long-term culture for the first time. However, further optimization of the culture conditions for this slow grower is indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Riebold
- Research Centre of Medical Technology and Biotechnology (FZMB), 99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany; (M.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Marie Mahnkopf
- Research Centre of Medical Technology and Biotechnology (FZMB), 99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany; (M.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Kristina Wicht
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Gent, Belgium;
| | - Cristina Zubiria-Barrera
- Respiratory Infection Dynamics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.Z.-B.); (H.S.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), BREATH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Heise
- Research Centre of Medical Technology and Biotechnology (FZMB), 99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany; (M.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Marcus Frank
- Medical Biology and Electron Microscopy Centre (EMZ), University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Daniel Misch
- Lungenklinik Heckeshorn, Helios Klinikum Emil-von-Behring, 14165 Berlin, Germany; (D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Torsten Bauer
- Lungenklinik Heckeshorn, Helios Klinikum Emil-von-Behring, 14165 Berlin, Germany; (D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Hartmut Stocker
- Clinic for Infectiology, St. Joseph’s Hospital Berlin, 12101 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Respiratory Infection Dynamics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.Z.-B.); (H.S.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), BREATH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Liu AB, Pu Y, Zheng YQ, Cai H, Ye B. Therapeutic efficacies of chitosan against Pneumocystis pneumonia of immunosuppressed rat. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:292-302. [PMID: 24702055 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of chitosan on Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in immunosuppressed rats. The PCP rat model was established using intramuscular injections of dexamethasone sodium phosphate. To estimate treatment effects of chitosan on rat PCP, weight gain, lung weight, lung weight/body weight (LW/BW) ratio and per cent survival were measured and the HSP70 mRNA expression of Pneumocystis carinii was detected using real-time PCR analysis. Rat lung tissues were stained with HE, and their pathological changes, inflammatory cells and alveolar macrophages were observed by light microscopy. Rat lymphocyte numbers and the concentrations of IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α were measured by flow cytometry and ELISA analysis. Additionally, the ultrastructure of P. carinii was examined by electron microscopy to evaluate the effects of chitosan on the protist. Our results demonstrated that chitosan has some apparent treatment effects on rat PCP by reducing HSP70 mRNA expression and lung inflammation, increasing the concentrations of IL-10 and IFN-γ as well as CD4(+) T-lymphocyte numbers, reducing the CD8(+) T-lymphocyte numbers and the concentration of TNF-α and inducing significant ultrastructural damage to P. carinii. Although its precise therapeutic mechanism has yet to be determined, these results lay a theoretical foundation for PCP chitosan therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-B Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Nedorost N, Weissenböck H. Finding your way through Pneumocystis sequences in the NCBI gene database. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 61:537-55. [PMID: 24966006 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pneumocystis sequences can be downloaded from GenBank for purposes as primer/probe design or phylogenetic studies. Due to changes in nomenclature and assignment, available sequences are presented with a variety of inhomogeneous information, which renders practical utilization difficult. The aim of this study was the descriptive evaluation of different parameters of 532 Pneumocystis sequences of mitochondrial and ribosomal origin downloaded from GenBank with regard to completeness and information content. Pneumocystis sequences were characterized by up to four different names. Official changes in nomenclature have only been partly implemented and the usage of the "forma specialis", a special feature of Pneumocystis, has only been established fragmentary in the database. Hints for a mitochondrial or ribosomal genomic origin could be found, but can easily be overlooked, which renders the download of wrong reference material possible. The specification of the host was either not available or variable regarding the used language and the localization of this information in the title or several subtitles, which limits their applicability in phylogenetic studies. Declaration of products and geographic origin was incomplete. The print version of this manuscript is completed by an online database which contains detailed information to every accession number included in the meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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Jarboui MA, Mseddi F, Sellami H, Sellami A, Makni F, Ayadi A. [Pneumocystis: epidemiology and molecular approaches]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 61:239-44. [PMID: 23849772 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pneumocystosis is a common opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients, especially in AIDS patients. The diagnosis of this pneumonia has presented several difficulties due to the low sensitivity of conventional staining methods and the absence of culture system for Pneumocystis. The molecular biology techniques, especially the PCR, have improved the detection of DNA of this fungus in invasive and noninvasive samples, and in the environment which highlighted human transmission and the existence of environmental source of Pneumocystis. In addition, various molecular biology techniques were used for typing of Pneumocystis strains, especially P. jirovecii, which is characterized by a significant genetic biodiversity. Finally, the widespread use of cotrimoxazole for the treatment and prophylaxis of pneumocystosis has raised questions about possible resistance to sulfa drugs in P. jirovecii.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Jarboui
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire parasitaire et fongique, faculté de médecine, université de Sfax, rue de Magida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie.
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Riebold D, Mohr E, Sombetzki M, Fritzsche C, Loebermann M, Reisinger E. Pneumocystis species in Brown Leghorn laying hens—A hint for an extra-mammalian reservoir. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1813-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Feng X, Wei C, Adam RD, Li Z, Lu S. Phylogenetic status of Pneumocystis from corticosteroid-treated gerbils. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:1239-46. [PMID: 20953947 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-4074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pneumocystis spp. infect the lungs of multiple mammalian species and cause disease in immunosuppressed individuals. The Pneumocystis isolates that have been studied to date fall into two major clades, those from primates and those from rodents. Within each of these clades, different species have been described on the basis of host specificity and differences in sequence and morphology. Here, we demonstrate that dexamethasone immunosuppression consistently results in histologically apparent lung infection in gerbils (28/35 animals). Sequence analysis of the 18S, 5.8S and internal transcribed spacer regions of the rDNA and a portion of the mitochondrial large subunit rDNA demonstrated that this gerbil Pneumocystis is grouped with other rodent Pneumocystis spp., but is distinct from them. Our results suggest that gerbil Pneumocystis differs sufficiently from Pneumocystis species found in other rodents to be considered a separate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- XianMin Feng
- Department of Parasitology, Jilin Medical College, Jilin, China
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