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Batista RA, Wang L, Bogaert KA, Coelho SM. Insights into the molecular bases of multicellular development from brown algae. Development 2024; 151:dev203004. [PMID: 39302848 DOI: 10.1242/dev.203004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The transition from simple to complex multicellularity represents a major evolutionary step that occurred in only a few eukaryotic lineages. Comparative analyses of these lineages provide insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving this transition, but limited understanding of the biology of some complex multicellular lineages, such as brown algae, has hampered progress. This Review explores how recent advances in genetic and genomic technologies now allow detailed investigations into the molecular bases of brown algae development. We highlight how forward genetic techniques have identified mutants that enhance our understanding of pattern formation and sexual differentiation in these organisms. Additionally, the existence and nature of morphogens in brown algae and the potential influence of the microbiome in key developmental processes are examined. Outstanding questions, such as the identity of master regulators, the definition and characterization of cell types, and the molecular bases of developmental plasticity are discussed, with insights into how recent technical advances could provide answers. Overall, this Review highlights how brown algae are emerging as alternative model organisms, contributing to our understanding of the evolution of multicellular life and the diversity of body plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Batista
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kenny A Bogaert
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susana M Coelho
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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2
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De Saeger J, Coulembier Vandelannoote E, Lee H, Park J, Blomme J. Genome editing in macroalgae: advances and challenges. Front Genome Ed 2024; 6:1380682. [PMID: 38516199 PMCID: PMC10955705 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2024.1380682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This minireview examines the current state and challenges of genome editing in macroalgae. Despite the ecological and economic significance of this group of organisms, genome editing has seen limited applications. While CRISPR functionality has been established in two brown (Ectocarpus species 7 and Saccharina japonica) and one green seaweed (Ulva prolifera), these studies are limited to proof-of-concept demonstrations. All studies also (co)-targeted ADENINE PHOSPHORIBOSYL TRANSFERASE to enrich for mutants, due to the relatively low editing efficiencies. To advance the field, there should be a focus on advancing auxiliary technologies, particularly stable transformation, so that novel editing reagents can be screened for their efficiency. More work is also needed on understanding DNA repair in these organisms, as this is tightly linked with the editing outcomes. Developing efficient genome editing tools for macroalgae will unlock the ability to characterize their genes, which is largely uncharted terrain. Moreover, given their economic importance, genome editing will also impact breeding campaigns to develop strains that have better yields, produce more commercially valuable compounds, and show improved resilience to the impacts of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas De Saeger
- Bio Environmental Science and Technology (BEST) Lab, Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Emma Coulembier Vandelannoote
- Department of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hojun Lee
- Bio Environmental Science and Technology (BEST) Lab, Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihae Park
- Bio Environmental Science and Technology (BEST) Lab, Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonas Blomme
- Department of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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Izadi S, Jalali Javaran M, Rashidi Monfared S, Castilho A. Reteplase Fc-fusions produced in N. benthamiana are able to dissolve blood clots ex vivo. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260796. [PMID: 34847186 PMCID: PMC8631678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombolytic and fibrinolytic therapies are effective treatments to dissolve blood clots in stroke therapy. Thrombolytic drugs activate plasminogen to its cleaved form plasmin, a proteolytic enzyme that breaks the crosslinks between fibrin molecules. The FDA-approved human tissue plasminogen activator Reteplase (rPA) is a non-glycosylated protein produced in E. coli. rPA is a deletion mutant of the wild-type Alteplase that benefits from an extended plasma half-life, reduced fibrin specificity and the ability to better penetrate into blood clots. Different methods have been proposed to improve the production of rPA. Here we show for the first time the transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of rPA fused to the immunoglobulin fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain on an IgG1, a strategy commonly used to improve the stability of therapeutic proteins. Despite our success on the expression and purification of dimeric rPA-Fc fusions, protein instability results in high amounts of Fc-derived degradation products. We hypothesize that the "Y"- shape of dimeric Fc fusions cause steric hindrance between protein domains and leads to physical instability. Indeed, mutations of critical residues in the Fc dimerization interface allowed the expression of fully stable rPA monomeric Fc-fusions. The ability of rPA-Fc to convert plasminogen into plasmin was demonstrated by plasminogen zymography and clot lysis assay shows that rPA-Fc is able to dissolve blood clots ex vivo. Finally, we addressed concerns with the plant-specific glycosylation by modulating rPA-Fc glycosylation towards serum-like structures including α2,6-sialylated and α1,6-core fucosylated N-glycans completely devoid of plant core fucose and xylose residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Izadi
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mokhtar Jalali Javaran
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Rashidi Monfared
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Badis Y, Scornet D, Harada M, Caillard C, Godfroy O, Raphalen M, Gachon CMM, Coelho SM, Motomura T, Nagasato C, Cock JM. Targeted CRISPR-Cas9-based gene knockouts in the model brown alga Ectocarpus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2077-2091. [PMID: 34076889 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brown algae are an important group of multicellular eukaryotes, phylogenetically distinct from both the animal and land plant lineages. Ectocarpus has emerged as a model organism to study diverse aspects of brown algal biology, but this system currently lacks an effective reverse genetics methodology to analyse the functions of selected target genes. Here, we report that mutations at specific target sites are generated following the introduction of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins into Ectocarpus cells, using either biolistics or microinjection as the delivery method. Individuals with mutations affecting the ADENINE PHOSPHORIBOSYL TRANSFERASE (APT) gene were isolated following treatment with 2-fluoroadenine, and this selection system was used to isolate individuals in which mutations had been introduced simultaneously at APT and at a second gene. This double mutation approach could potentially be used to isolate mutants affecting any Ectocarpus gene, providing an effective reverse genetics tool for this model organism. The availability of this tool will significantly enhance the utility of Ectocarpus as a model organism for this ecologically and economically important group of marine organisms. Moreover, the methodology described here should be readily transferable to other brown algal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Badis
- Roscoff Biological Station, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, 29680, France
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll,, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Delphine Scornet
- Roscoff Biological Station, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Minori Harada
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Céline Caillard
- Roscoff Biological Station, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Olivier Godfroy
- Roscoff Biological Station, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Morgane Raphalen
- Roscoff Biological Station, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Claire M M Gachon
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll,, PA37 1QA, UK
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 54, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Susana M Coelho
- Roscoff Biological Station, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, 29680, France
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Taizo Motomura
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Japan
| | - Chikako Nagasato
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Japan
| | - J Mark Cock
- Roscoff Biological Station, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, 29680, France
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Wu C, Zheng C, Wang J, Jiang P. Recombinant Expression of Thrombolytic Agent Reteplase in Marine Microalga Tetraselmis subcordiformis (Chlorodendrales, Chlorophyta). Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19060315. [PMID: 34071669 PMCID: PMC8230124 DOI: 10.3390/md19060315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraselmis subcordiformis, a unicellular marine green alga, is used widely in aquaculture as an initial feeding for fish, bivalve mollusks, penaeid shrimp larvae, and rotifers because of its rich content of amino acids and fatty acids. A stable nuclear transformation system using the herbicide phosphinothricin (PPT) as a selective reagent was established previously. In this research, the recombinant expression in T. subcordiformis was investigated by particle bombardment with the rt-PA gene that encodes the recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator (Reteplase), which is a thrombolytic agent for acute myocardial infarction treatment. Transgenic algal strains were selected by their resistance to PPT, and expression of rt-PA was validated by PCR, Southern blotting, and Western blotting, and bioactivity of rt-PA was confirmed by the fibrin agarose plate assay for bioactivity. The results showed that rt-PA was integrated into the genome of T. subcordiformis, and the expression product was bioactive, indicating proper post-transcriptional modification of rt-PA in T. subcordiformis. This report contributes to efforts that take advantage of marine microalgae as cell factories to prepare recombinant drugs and in establishing a characteristic pathway of oral administration in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Wu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.W.); (C.Z.); (J.W.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Caiyun Zheng
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.W.); (C.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Jinxia Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.W.); (C.Z.); (J.W.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.W.); (C.Z.); (J.W.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence:
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马 洁, 吴 乐, 丁 向, 李 志, 王 盛. [Transient expression of bioactive recombinant human plasminogen activator in tobacco leaf]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:515-522. [PMID: 31140413 PMCID: PMC6743930 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.05.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the potential of transient expression of recombinant human plasminogen activator (rhPA) in plants as a cost-effective approach for recombinant rhPA production. METHODS Tobacco mosaic virus-based expression vector pTMV rhPA-NSK and plant binary expression vector pJ Zera-rhPA were constructed by in vitro sequence synthesis and subcloning. The two vectors were inoculated on either Nicotiana benthamiana or N. excelsiana leaves via agroinfiltration. The expression of recombinant rhPA in Nicotiana leaves was examined using Western blotting and ELISA, and the in vitro fibrinolysis activity of plant-produced rhPA was assessed by fibrin agarose plate assay (FAPA). RESULTS Five to nine days after infiltration with an Agrobacterium inoculum containing pTMV rhPA-NSK, necrosis appeared in the infiltrated area on the leaves of both Nicotiana plants, but intact recombinant rhPA was still present in the necrotic leaf tissues. The accumulation level of recombinant rhPA in infiltrated N. benthamiana leaves was significantly higher than that in N. excelsiana leaves (P < 0.05). The yield of recombinant rhPA was up to 0.6% of the total soluble protein (or about 60.0 μg per gram) in the fresh leaf biomass at 7 days post-inoculation. The plant-derived rhPA was bioactive to convert inactive plasminogen to active plasmin. No necrosis occurred in pJ Zera-rhPA-infiltrated leaves. The Zera-rhPA protein was partially cleaved between the site of Zera tag and rhPA sequence in both Nicotiana leaves. We speculated that the formation of Zera tags-induced particles in the plant cells was a dynamic process of progressive aggregation in which some of the soluble polypeptides were encapsulated in these particles. CONCLUSIONS Enzymatically active recombinant rhPA can be rapidly expressed in tobacco plants using the plant viral ampliconbased system, which offers a promising alternative for cost-effective production of recombinant rhPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- 洁雪 马
- 西部特色生物资源保护与利用教育部重点实验室,宁夏 银川 750021Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - 乐乐 吴
- 西部特色生物资源保护与利用教育部重点实验室,宁夏 银川 750021Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - 向真 丁
- 西部特色生物资源保护与利用教育部重点实验室,宁夏 银川 750021Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Yinchuan 750021, China
- 宁夏优势特色作物现代分子育种重点实验室,宁夏 银川 750021Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - 志英 李
- 西部特色生物资源保护与利用教育部重点实验室,宁夏 银川 750021Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Yinchuan 750021, China
- 宁夏优势特色作物现代分子育种重点实验室,宁夏 银川 750021Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - 盛 王
- 西部特色生物资源保护与利用教育部重点实验室,宁夏 银川 750021Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Yinchuan 750021, China
- 宁夏优势特色作物现代分子育种重点实验室,宁夏 银川 750021Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Mohammadi E, Seyedhosseini-Ghaheh H, Mahnam K, Jahanian-Najafabadi A, Mir Mohammad Sadeghi H. Reteplase: Structure, Function, and Production. Adv Biomed Res 2019; 8:19. [PMID: 31016177 PMCID: PMC6446582 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_169_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombolytic drugs activate plasminogen which creates a cleaved form called plasmin, a proteolytic enzyme that breaks the crosslinks between fibrin molecules. The crosslinks create blood clots, so reteplase dissolves blood clots. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a well-known thrombolytic drug and is fibrin specific. Reteplase is a modified nonglycosylated recombinant form of tPA used to dissolve intracoronary emboli, lysis of acute pulmonary emboli, and handling of myocardial infarction. This protein contains kringle-2 and serine protease domains. The lack of glycosylation means that a prokaryotic system can be used to express reteplase. Therefore, the production of reteplase is more affordable than that of tPA. Different methods have been proposed to improve the production of reteplase. This article reviews the structure and function of reteplase as well as the methods used to produce it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Mohammadi
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Karim Mahnam
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahr-e Kord, Iran
| | - Ali Jahanian-Najafabadi
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Mir Mohammad Sadeghi
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Ma T, Li Z, Wang S. Production of Bioactive Recombinant Reteplase by Virus-Based Transient Expression System in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1225. [PMID: 31649696 PMCID: PMC6791962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To explore a cost-effective alternative method to produce the recombinant thrombolytic drug Reteplase (rPA), a plant viral amplicon-based gene expression system was employed to transiently express bioactive Strep II-tagged recombinant rPA in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves via agro-infiltration. Several gene expression cassettes were designed, synthesized in vitro, and then cloned into Tobacco mosaic virus RNA-based overexpression vector. Codon optimization, subcellular targeting, and the effect of attached Strep-tag II were assessed to identify conditions that maximized expression levels of the recombinant rPA in tobacco leaves. We found that codon-optimized rPA with N-terminal Strep-tag II that was aimed to the endoplasmic reticulum as target provided the highest amount of biologically active protein, i.e., up to ∼50 mg from per kilogram fresh weight leaf biomass in less than 1 week. Furthermore, the recombinant rPA was conveniently purified from inoculated leaf extracts by a one-step purification procedure via the Strep-tag II. The plant-made rPA was glycosylated with molecular mass of ∼45.0 kDa, and its in vitro fibrinolysis activity was equivalent to the commercial available rPA. These results indicate that the plant viral amplicon-based system offers a simple and highly effective approach for cost-effective large-scale production of recombinant rPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, School of Life Science, Ningxia Universisty, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, School of Life Science, Ningxia Universisty, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, School of Life Science, Ningxia Universisty, Yinchuan, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, School of Life Science, Ningxia Universisty, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, School of Life Science, Ningxia Universisty, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Sheng Wang,
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Song S, Ge X, Cheng Y, Lu R, Zhang T, Yu B, Ji X, Qi Z, Rong Y, Yuan Y, Cheng Y. High-level expression of a novel recombinant human plasminogen activator (rhPA) in the milk of transgenic rabbits and its thrombolytic bioactivity in vitro. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:775-83. [PMID: 27230577 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a key kinase of fibrinolysis that plays an important role in dissolving fibrin clots to promote thrombolysis. The recombinant human plasminogen activator (rhPA) has more thrombolytic advantages than the wild type tPA. To increase the half-life and thrombolytic activity of tPA, a mutant containing only the essential K2 fibrin-binding and P activating plasminogen domains of the wild type tPA was cloned. This fragment was then inserted into goat β-casein regulatory sequences. Then, a mammary gland-specific expression vector, PCL25/rhPA, was constructed, and the transgenic rabbits were generated. In this study, 18 live transgenic founders (12♀, 6♂) were generated using pronuclear microinjection. Six transgenic rabbits were obtained, and the expression levels of rhPA in the milk had a range of 15.2-630 µg/ml. A fibrin agarose plate assay of rhPA showed that it had strong thrombolytic bioactivity in vitro, and the highest specific activity was >360 (360 times more than that of alteplase). The results indicated that the rhPA containing only the K2 and P domains is efficiently expressed with higher thrombolytic bioactivity in the milk of transgenic rabbits. Our study also demonstrated a new method for the large-scale production of clinically relevant recombinant pharmaceutical proteins in the mammary glands of transgenic rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozheng Song
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Ge
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaobin Cheng
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Lu
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoli Yu
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqiao Ji
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengqiang Qi
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Rong
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuguo Yuan
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Engineering Research Centre for Transgenic Animal Pharmaceutics in Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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Co-expression of disulfide oxidoreductases DsbA/DsbC markedly enhanced soluble and functional expression of reteplase in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2015; 192 Pt A:197-203. [PMID: 25449110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reteplase is the third generation of thrombolytic medicine and has many advantages over commercial t-PA. However, over-expressing recombinant reteplase in E. coli always accumulates as inclusion bodies due to nine pairs of disulfide bonds formation that is the main obstacle for correct folding. In this paper, in order to enhance soluble expression of recombinant reteplase in E. coli, DsbA/DsbC foldases were used to introduce disulfide bonds into the reduced polypeptide chain and catalyze their isomerization to the native disulfide linkage during the folding process. Firstly multiple E. coli protein expression systems, i.e. DsbA, DsbC and DsbA/DsbC co-expression were constructed. Subsequently, IPTG and l-arabinose were added to induce expression of foldases and reteplase accordingly, and experimental parameters such as culture temperature and inducer concentration were optimized. As a result, the co-expression system markedly enhanced soluble expression of recombinant reteplase, and up to 60% of reteplase achieved soluble expression especially for the DsbC co-expression system. The fibrin plate method for active reteplase quantification showed that ∼70 mg soluble reteplase per liter fermentation broth was obtained with 2.35 × 105 IU/mg thrombolytic activity. Finally, fluorescence spectra indicated that the structural conformation of soluble reteplase was identical to its native state. The soluble expression of recombinant reteplase in E. coli was accomplished by co-expression with DsbA/DsbC, which contributes to further research in clinical application and folding mechanism, and provides guidance for production of other proteins with disulfide bonds.
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Xu D, Wang D, Li B, Fan X, Zhang XW, Ye NH, Wang Y, Mou S, Zhuang Z. Effects of CO2 and seawater acidification on the early stages of Saccharina japonica development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3548-56. [PMID: 25695307 DOI: 10.1021/es5058924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrated that ocean acidification (OA) had significant negative effects on the microscopic development of Saccharina japonica in a short-term exposure experiment under a range of light conditions. Under elevated CO2, the alga showed a significant reduction in meiospore germination, fecundity, and reproductive success. Larger female and male gametophytes were noted to occur under high CO2 conditions and high light magnified these positive effects. Under conditions of low light combined with high PCO2, the differentiation of gametophytes was delayed until the end of the experiment. In contrast, gametophytes were able to survive after having been subjected to a long-term acclimation period, of 105 days. Although the elevated PCO2 resulted in a significant increase in sporophyte length, the biomass abundance (expressed as individual density attached to the seed fiber) was reduced significantly. Further stress resistance experiments showed that, although the acidified samples had lower resistance to high light and high temperature conditions, they displayed higher acclimation to CO2-saturated seawater conditions compared with the control groups. These combined results indicate that OA has a severe negative effect on S. japonica, which may result in future shifts in species dominance and community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu
- †Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- ‡College of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Bin Li
- §Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, Shandong 264006 China
| | - Xiao Fan
- †Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Xiao W Zhang
- †Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Nai H Ye
- †Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- ‡College of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Shanli Mou
- †Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Zhimeng Zhuang
- †Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
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Cui Y, Qin S, Jiang P. Chloroplast transformation of Platymonas (Tetraselmis) subcordiformis with the bar gene as selectable marker. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98607. [PMID: 24911932 PMCID: PMC4049664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to establish a chloroplast transformation technique for Platymonas (Tetraselmis) subcordiformis. Employing the gfp gene as a reporter and the bar gene as a selectable marker, transformation vectors of P. subcordiformis chloroplast were constructed with endogenous fragments rrn16S–trnI (left) and trnA–rrn23S (right) as a recombination site of the chloroplast genome. The plasmids were transferred into P. subcordiformis via particle bombardment. Confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that the green fluorescence protein was localized in the chloroplast of P. subcordiformis, confirming the activity of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii promoter. Cells transformed with the bar gene were selected using the herbicide Basta. Resistant colonies were analyzed by PCR and Southern blotting, and the results indicated that the bar gene was successfully integrated into the chloroplast genome via homologous recombination. The technique will improve genetic engineering of this alga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Song Qin
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (SQ); (PJ)
| | - Peng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (SQ); (PJ)
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Asn and asn: critical residues for in vitro biological activity of reteplase. Adv Hematol 2010; 2010:172484. [PMID: 20672054 PMCID: PMC2905703 DOI: 10.1155/2010/172484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Reteplase (rPA) is a thrombolytic agent used for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. We studied the expression of rPA and its selected asparagine mutants after integration into the Pichia genome. Though methanol induction of the native and the rPA mutants showed similar expression levels (~200–250 mg/L), the mutants displayed significant loss of protease activity. Strikingly, the clot lysis activities of these mutants were considerably different. While mutation of Asn12 (N12P) of the Kringle 2 domain showed delayed clot lysis activity (t1/2 = 38 min) compared to the native rPA (t1/2 = 33 min), a faster rate of clot lysis (t1/2 = 27 min) was observed when the Asn278 (N278S) of the serine protease domain was mutated. Interestingly, the slowest clot lysis activity (t1/2 = 49 min) demonstrated by the double mutant (N12P, N278S) suggests the dominant role of Asn12 in regulating the fibrinolytic activity of rPA. The results presented in this paper indicate that the fibrinolytic and the proteolytic activities of rPA are independent of each other.
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