1
|
Zhang Z, Li X, Cao C. Octanoic acid-rich enteral nutrition attenuated hypercatabolism through the acylated ghrelin-POMC pathway in endotoxemic rats. Nutrition 2024; 119:112329. [PMID: 38215672 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metabolic disorders and no response to intravenous nutrition because of sepsis have been urgent problems for clinical nutrition support. Enteral nutrition (EN) has been an important clinical therapeutic measure in septic patients; however, simple EN has not demonstrated good performance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of octanoic acid (OA)-rich EN on hypercatabolism in endotoxemic rats and test whether OA-rich EN could attenuate hypercatabolism through the acylated ghrelin-proopiomelanocortin (POMC) pathway. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into six groups: sham, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS + EN and LPS + EN + OA (0.25, 0.5, and 1 g/kg, respectively) groups to investigate the effects of different concentrations of OA-rich EN on hypercatabolism in endotoxemic rats. The rats were then randomly divided into four groups: sham, LPS, LPS + OA, and LPS + OA + Go-CoA-Tat, to test whether OA-rich EN attenuated hypercatabolism through the acylated ghrelin-POMC pathway. Rats received nutrition support via a gastric tube for 3 d (100 kcal/kg daily). Insulin resistance, muscle protein synthesis and atrophy, inflammatory cytokines, ghrelin in circulation and hypothalamus, ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), and the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-autophagy-POMC pathway were measured. RESULTS Compared with simple EN, OA-rich EN promoted the acylation of ghrelin in a dose-dependent manner and attenuated POMC-mediated hypercatabolism in endotoxemic rats. Inhibition of GOAT activity decreased the level of acylated ghrelin and aggravated POMC-mediated hypercatabolism conferred by OA-rich EN. CONCLUSIONS OA-rich EN could increase the level of acylated ghrelin and attenuate hypercatabolism through the acylated ghrelin-POMC pathway compared with simple EN in endotoxemic rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Suzhou Wuzhong People's Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Chun Cao
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun J, Fang D, Wang Z, Liu Y. Sleep Deprivation and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: Current Understandings and Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119603. [PMID: 37298553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota comprises the microbial communities inhabiting our gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Accordingly, these complex communities play a fundamental role in many host processes and are closely implicated in human health and diseases. Sleep deprivation (SD) has become increasingly common in modern society, partly owing to the rising pressure of work and the diversification of entertainment. It is well documented that sleep loss is a significant cause of various adverse outcomes on human health including immune-related and metabolic diseases. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with these SD-induced human diseases. In this review, we summarize the gut microbiota dysbiosis caused by SD and the succedent diseases ranging from the immune system and metabolic system to various organs and highlight the critical roles of gut microbiota in these diseases. The implications and possible strategies to alleviate SD-related human diseases are also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Sun
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dan Fang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chicken LEAP2 Level Substantially Changes with Feed Intake and May Be Regulated by CDX4 in Small Intestine. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243496. [PMID: 36552416 PMCID: PMC9774203 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), ghrelin, and GHSR have been reported to play important roles that influence feed intake in mammals. LEAP2, an endogenous antagonist of GHSR, plays an important role in the regulation of feed intake. However, chicken ghrelin has also been reported to have an inhibitory effect on feed intake. The role of the GOAT-Ghrelin-GHSR-LEAP2 axis in chicken-feed intake remains unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically evaluate the changes in the tissue expression levels of these genes under different energy states. In this study, broiler chicks in different energy states were subjected to starvation and feeding, and relevant gene expression levels were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Different energy states significantly modulated the expression levels of LEAP2 and GHSR but did not significantly affect the expression levels of GOAT and ghrelin. A high expression level of LEAP2 was detected in the liver and the whole small intestine. Compared to the fed group, the fasted chicks showed significantly reduced LEAP2 expression levels in the liver and the small intestine; 2 h after being refed, the LEAP2 expression of the fasted chicks returned to the level of the fed group. Transcription factor prediction and results of a dual luciferase assay indicated that the transcription factor CDX4 binds to the LEAP2 promoter region and positively regulates its expression. High expression levels of GHSR were detected in the hypothalamus and pituitary. Moreover, we detected GHSR highly expressed in the jejunum-this finding has not been previously reported. Thus, GHSR may regulate intestinal motility, and this aspect needs further investigation. In conclusion, this study revealed the function of chicken LEAP2 as a potential feed-intake regulator and identified the potential mechanism governing its intestine-specific expression. Our study lays the foundations for future studies on avian feed-intake regulation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang C, Yuan J, Lin Q, Li M, Wang L, Wang R, Chen X, Jiang Z, Zhu K, Chang X, Wang B, Dong J. Ghrelin in the lateral parabrachial nucleus influences the excitability of glucosensing neurons, increases food intake and body weight. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:1168-1177. [PMID: 33112816 PMCID: PMC7774750 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin plays a pivotal role in the regulation of food intake, body weight and energy metabolism. However, these effects of ghrelin in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) are unexplored. C57BL/6J mice and GHSR-/- mice were implanted with cannula above the right LPBN and ghrelin was microinjected via the cannula to investigate effect of ghrelin in the LPBN. In vivo electrophysiological technique was used to record LPBN glucose-sensitive neurons to explore potential udnderlying mechanisms. Microinjection of ghrelin in LPBN significantly increased food intake in the first 3 h, while such effect was blocked by [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 and abolished in GHSR-/- mice. LPBN ghrelin microinjection also significantly increased the firing rate of glucose-excited (GE) neurons and decreased the firing rate of glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons. Additionally, LPBN ghrelin microinjection also significantly increased c-fos expression. Chronic ghrelin administration in the LPBN resulted in significantly increased body weight gain. Meanwhile, no significant changes were observed in both mRNA and protein expression levels of UCP-1 in BAT. These results demonstrated that microinjection of ghrelin in LPBN could increase food intake through the interaction with growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in C57BL/6J mice, and its chronic administration could also increase body weight gain. These effects might be associated with altered firing rate in the GE and GI neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caishun Zhang
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junhua Yuan
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Manwen Li
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liuxin Wang
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Department, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhengyao Jiang
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Intensive Care Unit Department, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoli Chang
- Institute of Acupuncture, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Medical Microbiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to B Wang or J Dong: or
| | - Jing Dong
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to B Wang or J Dong: or
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mao Z, Yang Q, Yin W, Su W, Lin H, Feng M, Pan K, Yin Y, Zhang W. ETV5 regulates GOAT/ghrelin system in an mTORC1-dependent manner. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 485:72-80. [PMID: 30735697 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a 28 amino acid peptide hormone, regulates multiple important metabolic functions. Its acylation by ghrelin-O-acyl-transferase enzyme (GOAT) is required for binding to and activating its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a. Mechanism underlying the regulation of GOAT and acyl ghrelin remains unclear. The present study demonstrated that ETV5 could transactivate GOAT promoter region and increase its expression, leading to subsequent increase in the production of acyl ghrelin. mTORC1 modulated ETV5 expression levels, likely via altering its protein stability, in the murine hypothalamic CLU122 cells and in mice. Moreover, ETV5 mediated the effects of mTORC1 signaling on the expression level of acyl ghrelin. Our study suggests a novel mTORC1-ETV5-GOAT/ghrelin axis in the regulation of ghrelin system. ETV5 may be a key regulator of mTORC1-GOAT/ghrelin axis in ghrelin producing cells and a potential therapeutic target for organism energy imbalance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Mao
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong province, 518000, China.
| | - Qing Yang
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong province, 518000, China
| | - Wenzhen Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wen Su
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong province, 518000, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong province, 518000, China
| | - Mingji Feng
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong province, 518000, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong province, 518000, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong province, 518000, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Du GM, Luo BP, Hu ZH, Wu JG, Yan WM, Han ZQ, Zhang YH, Liu MJ. The effect of ghrelin O-acyltransferase inhibitor on gastric H +-K +-ATPase activity and GOAT/ghrelin system in gastric mucosal cells in vitro. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 267:167-171. [PMID: 29966658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is implicated in the regulation of gastric functional development. The octanoylation of ghrelin is critical for its physiological functions which dependent upon ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) catalyzation. To investigate the effect of GOAT on gastric acid secretion and expression of ghrelin in vitro. Primary cultures of gastric mucosal cells were challenged with 1.5 × 10-5, 1.5 × 10-4 and 1.5 × 10-3 mol/mL GO-CoA-Tat (The GOAT inhibitor), respectively, for 24 h in order to further clarify the effect of GOAT on H+-K+-ATPase activity. In vitro, GO-CoA-Tat significantly increased ghrelin and GOAT mRNA expression at 1.5 × 10-5, 1.5 × 10-4 and 1.5 × 10-3 mol/mL, and augmented cell total ghrelin secretion at 1.5 × 10-3 mol/mL. But cell acylated ghrelin secretion was reduced at 1.5 × 10-3 mol/mL GO-CoA-Tat (P < 0.05). And cell acylated ghrelin synthesis was reduced at 1.5 × 10-4 and 1.5 × 10-3 mol/mL GO-CoA-Tat (P < 0.05). In accordance with acylated ghrelin level, H+-K+-ATPase activity were decreased with 1.5 × 10-4 and 1.5 × 10-3 mol/mL GO-CoA-Tat (P < 0.05). These results indicated that GOAT inhibitor decreases the acylated ghrelin level and H+-K+-ATPase activity in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gai Mei Du
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jinling Technology Institution, Nanjing 210038, PR China
| | - Bi Ping Luo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jinling Technology Institution, Nanjing 210038, PR China
| | - Zhi Hua Hu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jinling Technology Institution, Nanjing 210038, PR China
| | - Jie Ge Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jinling Technology Institution, Nanjing 210038, PR China
| | - Wen Mei Yan
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jinling Technology Institution, Nanjing 210038, PR China
| | - Zheng Qiang Han
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jinling Technology Institution, Nanjing 210038, PR China
| | - Yu Hong Zhang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jinling Technology Institution, Nanjing 210038, PR China
| | - Mao Jun Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, PR China; Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ding Y, Zhang N, Li J, Jin Y, Shao B. Molecular cloning and expression of ghrelin in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gastrointestinal tract axis of the Yak (Bos grunniens) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Anat Histol Embryol 2018; 47:583-590. [PMID: 30178622 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a very important brain-gut peptide that modulates appetite and energy metabolism in mammals. The yak is the only large mammal that can adapt to the cold temperatures and hypoxia conditions present in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, there are no reports on ghrelin molecular characterization and expression in the hypothalamus-pituitary-digestive tract axis of the yak to date. In this study, the coding region sequence of the yak ghrelin, containing a complete ORF (351) encoding for 117 amino acids, was cloned. Immunohistochemistry analysis of the yak samples showed that ghrelin-immunoreactive cells were expressed at the arcuate nucleus (ARC), the ventromedial nucleus (VMN), the dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) of the hypothalamus and also at the anterior pituitary. Ghrelin-positive cells were also present in approximately two thirds of the submucosa of the abomasum fundic gland and mucous layer of the duodenum intestinal gland. Ghrelin's mRNA highest expression occurred in the abomasum sample, followed by the duodenum, hypothalamus and lowest at the pituitary gland. The level of ghrelin mRNA measured in yak was higher than in cattle for all the tissues that were compared. The ghrelin protein and mRNA expression profiles were similar. These data imply that the high expression of ghrelin in the hypothalamus-pituitary-digestive tract axis of yak could aid adaptation to the extreme environment better than cattle, by improving appetite and fat accumulation, regulating body temperature and reducing energy consumption via regulating energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Ding
- School of Life science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jialong Li
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yiran Jin
- School of Life science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baoping Shao
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Morin V, Hozer F, Costemale-Lacoste JF. The effects of ghrelin on sleep, appetite, and memory, and its possible role in depression: A review of the literature. Encephale 2018; 44:256-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
9
|
Wang Q, Tang W, Rao WS, Song X, Shan CX, Zhang W. Changes of Ghrelin/GOAT axis and mTOR pathway in the hypothalamus after sleeve gastrectomy in obese type-2 diabetes rats. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:6231-6241. [PMID: 28974889 PMCID: PMC5603489 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i34.6231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the changes of the ghrelin/ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) axis and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in the hypothalamus after sleeve gastrectomy. METHODS A total of 30 obese type-2 diabetes Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, 6 wk of age, fed with high-sugar and high-fat fodder for 2 mo plus intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin were randomly divided into three groups: non-operation group (S0 group, n = 10), sham operation group (Sh group, n = 10) and sleeve gastrectomy group (SG group, n = 10). Data of body mass, food intake, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), acylated ghrelin (AG) and total ghrelin (TG) were collected and measured at the first day (when the rats were 6 wk old), preoperative day 3 and postoperative week 8. The mRNA expression of preproghrelin, GOAT and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and protein expression of ghrelin, GOAT, GHSR and the mTOR pathway (p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-S6) were measured in the hypothalamus. RESULTS SG can significantly improve metabolic symptoms by reducing body mass and food intake. The obese rats showed lower serum TG levels and no change in AG, but the ratio of AG/TG was increased. When compared with the S0 and Sh groups, the SG group showed decreased TG (1482.03 ± 26.55, 1481.49 ± 23.30 and 1206.63 ± 52.02 ng/L, respectively, P < 0.05), but unchanged AG (153.06 ± 13.74, 155.37 ± 19.30 and 144.44 ± 16.689 ng/L, respectively, P > 0.05). As a result, the ratio of AG/TG further increased in the SG group (0.103 ± 0.009, 0.105 ± 0.013 and 0.12 ± 0.016, respectively, P < 0.05). When compared with the S0 group, SG suppressed mRNA and protein levels of preproghrelin (0.63 ± 0.12 vs 0.5 ± 0.11, P < 0.05) and GOAT (0.96 ± 0.09 vs 0.87 ± 0.08, P < 0.05), but did not change NPY mRNA expression (0.61 ± 0.04 vs 0.65 ± 0.07, P > 0.05) in the hypothalamus. The protein levels of p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-S6 were higher in the SG group, which indicated that the hypothalamic mTOR pathway was activated after SG at the postoperative week 8. CONCLUSION The reduction of ghrelin expression and activation of the mTOR pathway might have opposite effects on food intake, as SG improves obesity and T2DM.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acylation
- Acyltransferases/metabolism
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/surgery
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/surgery
- Eating
- Gastrectomy/methods
- Gastroplasty/methods
- Ghrelin/metabolism
- Glucose Tolerance Test
- Humans
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Male
- Obesity/blood
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/surgery
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Weight Loss
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Wen-Sheng Rao
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xin Song
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Cheng-Xiang Shan
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Frago LM, Chowen JA. Involvement of Astrocytes in Mediating the Central Effects of Ghrelin. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030536. [PMID: 28257088 PMCID: PMC5372552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the mammalian brain, much remains to be learned about their molecular and functional features. Astrocytes express receptors for numerous hormones and metabolic factors, including the appetite-promoting hormone ghrelin. The metabolic effects of ghrelin are largely opposite to those of leptin, as it stimulates food intake and decreases energy expenditure. Ghrelin is also involved in glucose-sensing and glucose homeostasis. The widespread expression of the ghrelin receptor in the central nervous system suggests that this hormone is not only involved in metabolism, but also in other essential functions in the brain. In fact, ghrelin has been shown to promote cell survival and neuroprotection, with some studies exploring the use of ghrelin as a therapeutic agent against metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight the possible role of glial cells as mediators of ghrelin's actions within the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28009 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28009 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rial SA, Karelis AD, Bergeron KF, Mounier C. Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Health: The Potential Beneficial Effects of a Medium Chain Triglyceride Diet in Obese Individuals. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8050281. [PMID: 27187452 PMCID: PMC4882694 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and associated metabolic complications, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), are in constant increase around the world. While most obese patients show several metabolic and biometric abnormalities and comorbidities, a subgroup of patients representing 3% to 57% of obese adults, depending on the diagnosis criteria, remains metabolically healthy. Among many other factors, the gut microbiota is now identified as a determining factor in the pathogenesis of metabolically unhealthy obese (MUHO) individuals and in obesity-related diseases such as endotoxemia, intestinal and systemic inflammation, as well as insulin resistance. Interestingly, recent studies suggest that an optimal healthy-like gut microbiota structure may contribute to the metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotype. Here, we describe how dietary medium chain triglycerides (MCT), previously found to promote lipid catabolism, energy expenditure and weight loss, can ameliorate metabolic health via their capacity to improve both intestinal ecosystem and permeability. MCT-enriched diets could therefore be used to manage metabolic diseases through modification of gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabri Ahmed Rial
- BioMed Research Center, Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada.
| | - Antony D Karelis
- Department of Exercise Science, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada.
| | - Karl-F Bergeron
- BioMed Research Center, Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada.
| | - Catherine Mounier
- BioMed Research Center, Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|