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Tan W, Cheng S, Qiu Q, Huang J, Xie M, Song L, Zhou Z, Wang Y, Guo F, Jin X, Li Z, Xu X, Jiang H, Zhou X. Celastrol exerts antiarrhythmic effects in chronic heart failure via NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1β signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117121. [PMID: 39002443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Celastrol has widespread therapeutic applications in various pathological conditions, including chronic inflammation. Previous studies have demonstrated the potent cardioprotective effects of celastrol. Nevertheless, limited attention has been given to its potential in reducing ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) following myocardial infarction (MI). Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying the regulatory effects of celastrol on VAs and cardiac electrophysiological parameters in rats after MI. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were divided at random: the sham, MI, and MI + celastrol groups. The left coronary artery was occluded in the MI and MI + Cel groups. Electrocardiogram, heart rate variability (HRV), ventricular electrophysiological parameters analysis, histology staining of ventricles, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blotting and Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were performed to elucidate the underlying mechanism of celastrol. Besides, H9c2 cells were subjected to hypoxic conditions to create an in vitro model of MI and then treated with celastrol for 24 hours. Nigericin was used to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. RESULTS Compared with that MI group, cardiac electrophysiology instability was significantly alleviated in the MI + celastrol group. Additionally, celastrol improved HRV, upregulated the levels of Cx43, Kv.4.2, Kv4.3 and Cav1.2, mitigated myocardial fibrosis, and inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. In vitro conditions also supported the regulatory effects of celastrol on the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. CONCLUSIONS Celastrol could alleviate the adverse effects of VAs after MI partially by promoting autonomic nerve remodeling, ventricular electrical reconstruction and ion channel remodeling, and alleviating ventricular fibrosis and inflammatory responses partly by through inhibiting the NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuping Tan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, PR China; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University, PR China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation, PR China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Siyi Cheng
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, PR China; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University, PR China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation, PR China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Qinfang Qiu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, PR China; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University, PR China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation, PR China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, PR China; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University, PR China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation, PR China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Mengjie Xie
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, PR China; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University, PR China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation, PR China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Lingpeng Song
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, PR China; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University, PR China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation, PR China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, PR China; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University, PR China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation, PR China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, PR China; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University, PR China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation, PR China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Fuding Guo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, PR China; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University, PR China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation, PR China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Xiaoxing Jin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, PR China; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University, PR China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation, PR China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Zeyan Li
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, PR China; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University, PR China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation, PR China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, PR China; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University, PR China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation, PR China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, PR China; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University, PR China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation, PR China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China.
| | - Xiaoya Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, PR China; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University, PR China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous System Modulation, PR China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China.
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Celastrol inhibits necroptosis by attenuating the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway and confers protection against acute pancreatitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109974. [PMID: 37012867 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a necrotic form of regulated cell death, which is primarily mediated by the receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) pathway in a caspase-independent manner. Necroptosis has been found to occur in virtually all tissues and diseases evaluated, including pancreatitis. Celastrol, a pentacyclic triterpene extracted from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordii (thunder god vine), possesses potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. Yet, it is unclear whether celastrol has any effects on necroptosis and necroptotic-related diseases. Here we showed that celastrol significantly suppressed necroptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus pan-caspase inhibitor (IDN-6556) or by tumor-necrosis factor-α in combination with LCL-161 (Smac mimetic) and IDN-6556 (TSI). In these in vitro cellular models, celastrol inhibited the phosphorylation of RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL and the formation of necrosome during necroptotic induction, suggesting its possible action on upstream signaling of the necroptotic pathway. Consistent with the known role of mitochondrial dysfunction in necroptosis, we found that celastrol significantly rescued TSI-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. TSI-induced intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), which are involved in the autophosphorylation of RIPK1 and recruitment of RIPK3, were significantly attenuated by celastrol. Moreover, in a mouse model of acute pancreatitis that is associated with necroptosis, celastrol administration significantly reduced the severity of caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis accompanied by decreased phosphorylation of MLKL in pancreatic tissues. Collectively, celastrol can attenuate the activation of RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling likely by attenuating mtROS production, thereby inhibiting necroptosis and conferring protection against caerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice.
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Sun CC, Li L, Tao HQ, Jiang ZC, Wang L, Wang HJ. The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in digestive system malignancy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1051612. [PMID: 36619871 PMCID: PMC9816811 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1051612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive system malignancies, the most common types of cancer and a major cause of death in the worldwide, are generally characterized by high morbidity, insidious symptoms and poor prognosis. NLRP3 inflammasome, the most studied inflammasome member, is considered to be crucial in tumorigenesis. In this paper, we reviewed its pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic properties in different types of digestive system malignancy depending on the types of cells, tissues and organs involved, which would provide promising avenue for exploring new anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen-Cen Sun
- Basic Medical Experimental Teaching Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China,Cancer Center, General Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hou-Quan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China,Cancer Center, General Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Center for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Hand and Reconstruction Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Hui-Ju Wang, ; Liang Wang,
| | - Hui-Ju Wang
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China,Cancer Center, General Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Hui-Ju Wang, ; Liang Wang,
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Membrane nanotubes facilitate the propagation of inflammatory injury in the heart upon overactivation of the β-adrenergic receptor. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:958. [PMID: 33161415 PMCID: PMC7648847 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute sympathetic stress quickly induces cardiac inflammation and injury, suggesting that pathogenic signals rapidly spread among cardiac cells and that cell-to-cell communication may play an important role in the subsequent cardiac injury. However, the underlying mechanism of this response is unknown. Our previous study demonstrated that acute β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling activates inflammasomes in the heart, which triggers the inflammatory cascade. In the present study, β-AR overactivation induced inflammasome activation in both the cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) of mice hearts following a subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 5 mg/kg body weight), a selective agonist of β-AR. In isolated cardiac cells, ISO treatment only activated the inflammasomes in the cardiomyocytes but not the CFs. These results demonstrated that inflammasome activation was propagated from cardiomyocytes to CFs in the mice hearts. Further investigation revealed that the inflammasomes were activated in the cocultured CFs that connected with cardiomyocytes via membrane nanotubes (MNTs), a novel membrane structure that mediates distant intercellular connections and communication. Disruption of the MNTs with the microfilament polymerization inhibitor cytochalasin D (Cyto D) attenuated the inflammasome activation in the cocultured CFs. In addition, the MNT-mediated inflammasome activation in the CFs was blocked by deficiency of the inflammasome component NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) in the cardiomyocytes, but not NLRP3 deficiency in the CFs. Moreover, ISO induced pyroptosis in the CFs cocultured with cardiomyocytes, and this process was inhibited by disruption of the MNTs with Cyto D or by the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 and the caspase-1 inhibitor Z-YVAD-FMK (FMK). Our study revealed that MNTs facilitate the rapid propagation of inflammasome activation among cardiac cells to promote pyroptosis in the early phase of β-adrenergic insult. Therefore, preventing inflammasome transfer is a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate acute β-AR overactivation-induced cardiac injury.
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Shen Y, Hao X. Natural product sciences: an integrative approach to the innovations of plant natural products. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1634-1650. [PMID: 32955660 PMCID: PMC7504874 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The study on plant natural products not only helps us understand that their structural diversity is the inevitable result of plant species diversity, but also helps us understand certain rules and unity of the inevitable connection between the two. The diversity and complexity of chemical structures of many natural products are beyond imagination before we elucidated their structures. The question that follows is what is the biological significance of these natural products. Intrigued by the relationship between plant resources, natural products and biological functions, the Hao laboratory has taken an integrative approach that employs tools and knowledge from multi-disciplines, including natural product chemistry, chemical ecology and chemical biology, to unveil the effects of plant natural products on plant resistance to diseases, and environmental acclimations. Collaborating with cell biologists, the research has resulted in discovery of new mechanisms of cellular signaling and lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Hortelano S, González-Cofrade L, Cuadrado I, de Las Heras B. Current status of terpenoids as inflammasome inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 172:113739. [PMID: 31786260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports NLRP3 inflammasome as a new target to control inflammation. Dysregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of several human inflammatory diseases. However, no NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors are available in clinic. Terpenoids are natural products with multi-target activities against inflammation. Recent studies have revealed that these compounds are capable of inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in several mouse models of NLRP3 inflammasome-related pathogenesis. Thus, terpenoids represent an interesting pharmacological approach for the treatment of inflammatory diseases as they are endowed with a dual mechanism of inhibition of NF-KB transcription factor and inflammasome activation, both critically involved in their anti-inflammatory effects. This work provides an overview of the current knowledge on the therapeutic potential of terpenoids as NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonsoles Hortelano
- Unidad de Terapias Farmacológicas, Área de Genética Humana, Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura González-Cofrade
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Irene Cuadrado
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz de Las Heras
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Sun Z, Li Y, Qian Y, Wu M, Huang S, Zhang A, Zhang Y, Jia Z. Celastrol attenuates ox-LDL-induced mesangial cell proliferation via suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:114. [PMID: 31285857 PMCID: PMC6611885 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesangial cell (MC) proliferation is one of the important pathological features of obesity-associated nephropathy with unknown etiology. Excessive MC proliferation can cause glomerulosclerosis and renal function loss. Thus, targeting MC proliferation may be a potential strategy for the treatment of obesity-associated kidney disease. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of celastrol in MC proliferation induced by ox-LDL, as well as the potential mechanisms. Following ox-LDL treatment, MC proliferation was induced and the NLRP3 inflammasome was activated, as evidenced by increased NLRP3 levels, caspase 1 activity, and IL-18 and IL-1β release. Significantly, NLRP3 siRNAs inhibited MC proliferation and delayed cell cycle progression, as indicated by the cell cycle assay and the expression of cyclin A2 and cyclin D1. Given the anti-inflammatory effect of celastrol, we pretreated MCs with celastrol before ox-LDL treatment. As expected, celastrol pretreatment strikingly inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and MC proliferation triggered by ox-LDL. In summary, celastrol potently blocked ox-LDL-induced MC proliferation, possibly by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings also suggest that celastrol may be a potential drug for treating proliferative glomerular diseases related to obesity and lipid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Sun
- 1Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, 210008 Nanjing, China.,2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China.,3Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210008 Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- 1Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, 210008 Nanjing, China.,2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China.,3Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210008 Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Qian
- 1Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, 210008 Nanjing, China.,2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China.,3Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210008 Nanjing, China
| | - Mengying Wu
- 1Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, 210008 Nanjing, China.,2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China.,3Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210008 Nanjing, China
| | - Songming Huang
- 1Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, 210008 Nanjing, China.,2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China.,3Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210008 Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- 1Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, 210008 Nanjing, China.,2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China.,3Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210008 Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- 1Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, 210008 Nanjing, China.,2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China.,3Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210008 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- 1Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road #72, 210008 Nanjing, China.,2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China.,3Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210008 Nanjing, China
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