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Wang Y, Yang P, Chen T, Hu J, An X, Yao C, Xu L, Xu Y, Liu S. Analysis and comparison of blood metabolome of forest musk deer in musk secretion and non-secretion periods. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16980. [PMID: 39043795 PMCID: PMC11266552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Musk is an important animal product, but the musk secretion mechanism of forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) is still unclear. The musk synthesis process in forest musk deer is extremely complex, and many raw materials are directly or indirectly derived from forest musk deer blood. In this study, metabolomics was used to analyze the blood of forest musk deer in secretory and non-secretory phases for the first time, aim at explaining the secretion mechanism from the perspective of blood metabolism. We found that P450-related, choline-related, axonal regeneration and other pathways and related metabolites were significantly enriched during the musk secretion of forest musk deer. These pathways and metabolites related to P450 and choline in blood may have important implications for the mechanism of musk secretion in forest musk deer, because blood components were closely related to musk components and could provide raw materials for musk synthesis in musk gland cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Wang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Yang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Taoyue Chen
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyao Hu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xian An
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Congxue Yao
- Yanshe Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Liancheng Xu
- Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Fujian, China
| | - Yuli Xu
- Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Fujian, China
| | - Shuqiang Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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Yakubu A, Salako AE, De Donato M, Peters SO, Takeet MI, Wheto M, Okpeku M, Imumorin IG. Association of SNP variants of MHC Class II DRB gene with thermo-physiological traits in tropical goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 49:323-336. [PMID: 27909914 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Host defense in vertebrates depend on many secreted regulatory proteins such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II which provide important regulatory and effector functions of T cells. Gene polymorphism in the second exon of Capra-DRB gene in three major Nigerian goat breeds [West African Dwarf (WAD), Red Sokoto (RS), and Sahel (SH)] was analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). Four restriction enzymes, BsaHI, AluI, HaeIII, and SacII, were utilized. The association between the polymorphic sites and some heat tolerance traits were also investigated in a total of 70 WAD, 90 RS, and 50 SH goats. Fourteen different types of alleles identified in the Nigerian goats, four of which were found in the peptide coding region (A57G, Q89R, G104D, and T112I), indicate a high degree of polymorphism at the DRB locus in this species. An obvious excess (P < 0.01) of non-synonymous substitutions than synonymous (dN/dS) in this locus is a reflection of adaptive evolution and positive selection. The phylogenetic trees revealed largely species-wise clustering in DRB gene. BsaHI, AluI, HaeIII, and SacII genotype frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05), except AluI in RS goats and HaeIII in WAD goats (P < 0.05). The expected heterozygosity (H), which is a measure of gene diversity in the goat populations, ranged from 0.16 to 0.50. Genotypes AA (BsaHI), GG, GC and CC (AluI) and GG, GA, AA (HaeIII) appeared better in terms of heat tolerance. The heat-tolerant ability of SH and RS goats to the hot and humid tropical environment of Nigeria seemed better than that of the WAD goats. Sex effect (P < 0.05) was mainly on pulse rate and heat stress index, while there were varying interaction effects on heat tolerance. Variation at the DRB locus may prove to be important in possible selection and breeding for genetic resistance to heat stress in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmojeed Yakubu
- Animal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Department of Animal Science, Nasarawa State University, Lafia, Nigeria. .,Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | | | - Marcos De Donato
- Animal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Laboratorio Genetica Molecular, IBB, Universidad de Oriente, Cumana, Venezuela
| | - Sunday O Peters
- Department of Animal Science, Berry College, Mt Berry, GA, 30249, USA
| | - Michael I Takeet
- Animal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Mathew Wheto
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Department of Livestock Production, Niger Delta University, Amassoma, Nigeria.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ikhide G Imumorin
- Animal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Cai R, Shafer ABA, Laguardia A, Lin Z, Liu S, Hu D. Recombination and selection in the major histocompatibility complex of the endangered forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii). Sci Rep 2015; 5:17285. [PMID: 26603338 PMCID: PMC4658564 DOI: 10.1038/srep17285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) is a high elevation species distributed across western China and northern Vietnam. Once abundant, habitat loss and poaching has led to a dramatic decrease in population numbers prompting the IUCN to list the species as endangered. Here, we characterized the genetic diversity of a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) locus and teased apart driving factors shaping its variation. Seven DRB exon 2 alleles were identified among a group of randomly sampled forest musk deer from a captive population in the Sichuan province of China. Compared to other endangered or captive ungulates, forest musk deer have relatively low levels of MHC genetic diversity. Non-synonymous substitutions primarily occurred in the putative peptide-binding region (PBR), with analyses suggesting that recombination and selection has shaped the genetic diversity across the locus. Specifically, inter-allelic recombination generated novel allelic combinations, with evidence for both positive selection acting on the PBR and negative selection on the non-PBR. An improved understanding of functional genetic variability of the MHC will facilitate better design and management of captive breeding programs for this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibo Cai
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, China
| | | | - Alice Laguardia
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, China
| | - Zhenzhen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqiang Liu
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, China
| | - Defu Hu
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, China
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Yao G, Zhu Y, Wan QH, Fang SG. Major histocompatibility complex class II genetic variation in forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) in China. Anim Genet 2015; 46:535-43. [PMID: 26370614 DOI: 10.1111/age.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays an important role in the immune system of vertebrates. We used the second exon of four MHC class II genes (DRA, DQA1, DQA2 and DRB3) to assess the overall MHC variation in forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii). We also compared the MHC variation in captive and wild populations. We observed 22 alleles at four loci (four at DRA, four at DQA1, four at DQA2 and 10 at DRB3), 15 of which were newly identified alleles. Results suggest that forest musk deer maintain relatively high MHC variation, which may result from balancing selection. Moreover, considerable diversity was observed at the DRA locus. We found a high frequency of Mobe-DRA*02, Mobe-DQA1*01 and Mobe-DQA2*05 alleles, which may be important for pathogen resistance. A Ewens-Watterson test showed that the DRB3 locus in the wild population had experienced recent balancing selection. We detected a small divergence at the DRA locus, suggesting the effect of weak positive selection on the DRA gene. Alternatively, this locus may be young and not yet adapted a wide spectrum of alleles for pathogen resistance. The significant heterozygosity deficit observed at the DQA1 and DRB3 loci in the captive population and at all four loci in the wild population may be the result of a population bottleneck. Additionally, MHC genetic diversity was higher in the wild population than in the captive, suggesting that the wild population may have the ability to respond to a wider range of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Wan
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sheng-Guo Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Li L, Wang BB, Ge YF, Wan QH. Major histocompatibility complex class II polymorphisms in forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) and their probable association with purulent disease. Int J Immunogenet 2014; 41:401-12. [PMID: 25053118 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) family are crucial in immune responses because they present pathogenic peptides to T cells. In this study, we analysed the genetic variation in forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) MHC II genes and its potential association with musk deer purulent disease. In total, 53 purulent disease-susceptible and 46 purulent disease-resistant individuals were selected for MHC II exon 2 fragment analysis. Among them, 16 DQ alleles and four additional DR alleles were identified, with DQ exon 2 fragments displaying a low level of polymorphism. The nonsynonymous substitutions exceeded the synonymous substitutions in the peptide-binding sites of DQA2, DQB1 and DQB2. Then, 28 MHC II alleles were used to analyse the distribution patterns of purulent disease between the susceptible and resistant groups. Among them, three alleles (DQA1*01, DQA1*02 and DQA2*04) were found to be resistant, and five alleles (DRB3*07, DQA1*03, DQA1*04, DQA2*05 and DQA2*06) were found to increase susceptibility. Additionally, three haplotypes were found to be putatively associated with musk deer purulent disease. However, these three haplotypes were only found in the resistant or susceptible group, and their frequencies were low. The results from our study support a contributory role of MHC II polymorphisms in the development of purulent disease in forest musk deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- The Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and State Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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