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Zhang D, Ma C, Shi P, Yang Z, Rong T, Xiong L, Liao W. Controllable Preparation of Highly Crystalline Sulfur-Doped Π-Conjugated Polyimide Hollow Nanoshell for Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040903. [PMID: 36850187 PMCID: PMC9964284 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of highly crystalline π-conjugated polyimide photocatalysts with porous nano hollow shell (HSPI) was prepared for the first time by the hard template method by adjusting the addition ratio of the template precursor. SiO2 nanospheres not only serve as template agents but also as dispersants to make precursors of SPI more uniform, and the degree of polymerization will be better, resulting in significantly enhanced crystallinity of HSPI relative to bulk SPI (BSPI). More strikingly, it is found that HSPI has a larger specific surface area, stronger visible light absorption, and higher separation efficiency of photogenerated electron and hole pairs compared with BSPI by various spectral means characterization analysis. These favorable factors significantly enhanced the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) by HSPI. This work provides a promising approach for the preparation of cheap, efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoping Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Chenghai Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Peidong Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Zuan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Tongwei Rong
- Department of New Energy (Photovoltaic) Industry Research Center, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Liurui Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Wenhui Liao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
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Zhou M, Ou H, Li S, Qin X, Fang Y, Lee S, Wang X, Ho W. Photocatalytic Air Purification Using Functional Polymeric Carbon Nitrides. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102376. [PMID: 34693667 PMCID: PMC8693081 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The techniques for the production of the environment have received attention because of the increasing air pollution, which results in a negative impact on the living environment of mankind. Over the decades, burgeoning interest in polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) based photocatalysts for heterogeneous catalysis of air pollutants has been witnessed, which is improved by harvesting visible light, layered/defective structures, functional groups, suitable/adjustable band positions, and existing Lewis basic sites. PCN-based photocatalytic air purification can reduce the negative impacts of the emission of air pollutants and convert the undesirable and harmful materials into value-added or nontoxic, or low-toxic chemicals. However, based on previous reports, the systematic summary and analysis of PCN-based photocatalysts in the catalytic elimination of air pollutants have not been reported. The research progress of functional PCN-based composite materials as photocatalysts for the removal of air pollutants is reviewed here. The working mechanisms of each enhancement modification are elucidated and discussed on structures (nanostructure, molecular structue, and composite) regarding their effects on light-absorption/utilization, reactant adsorption, intermediate/product desorption, charge kinetics, and reactive oxygen species production. Perspectives related to further challenges and directions as well as design strategies of PCN-based photocatalysts in the heterogeneous catalysis of air pollutants are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Science and Environmental StudiesThe Education University of Hong KongTai Po, New TerritoriesHong KongP. R. China
| | - Honghui Ou
- Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Shanrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116P. R. China
| | - Xing Qin
- Department of Science and Environmental StudiesThe Education University of Hong KongTai Po, New TerritoriesHong KongP. R. China
| | - Yuanxing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116P. R. China
| | - Shun‐cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongP. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116P. R. China
| | - Wingkei Ho
- Department of Science and Environmental StudiesThe Education University of Hong KongTai Po, New TerritoriesHong KongP. R. China
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3
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Wang H, Zhao R, Qin J, Hu H, Fan X, Cao X, Wang D. MIL-100(Fe)/Ti 3C 2 MXene as a Schottky Catalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic Oxidation for Nitrogen Fixation Activities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:44249-44262. [PMID: 31692326 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new microporous MIL-100(Fe)/Ti3C2 MXene composite was constructed as a non-noble metal-based Schottky junction photocatalyst with improved nitrogen fixation ability. Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets exhibited excellent metal conductivity and were employed as two-dimensional support to optimize the composite's energy band structure. MIL-100(Fe) with a large specific surface area was used as an adsorbent and a photocatalytic oxidation center. The MIL-100(Fe)/Ti3C2 MXene composite not only exhibited higher thermal stability but also showed significantly increased nitrogen fixation activity under visible light. The NO conversion rate of the composite catalyst was about four and three times higher than that of the pure Ti3C2 MXene and the pure MIL-100(Fe) samples, respectively. Although adsorption plays an important role in the nitrogen fixation process, the synergistic effects of the Schottky junctions are the main cause of the enhanced photocatalytic activity. The built-in electric field can be generated to form charge-transfer channels, which help to achieve a desirable photocatalytic activity.
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Reddy KR, Reddy CV, Nadagouda MN, Shetti NP, Jaesool S, Aminabhavi TM. Polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3N 4)-based semiconducting nanostructured materials: Synthesis methods, properties and photocatalytic applications. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 238:25-40. [PMID: 30844543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, various facile and low-cost methods have been developed for the synthesis of advanced nanostructured photocatalytic materials. These catalysts are required to mitigate the energy crisis, environmental deterioration, including water and air pollution. Among the various semiconductors explored, recently novel classes of polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based heterogeneous photocatalysts have established much greater importance because of their unique physiochemical properties, large surface area, low price, and long service life, ease of synthesis, product scalability, controllable band gap properties, low toxicity, and high photocatalytic activity. The present comprehensive review focuses on recent achievements in a number of facile chemical synthesis methods for semiconducting polymeric carbon nitrides and their heterogeneous nanohybrids with various dopants, nanostructured metals, metal oxides, and nanocarbons, as well as the parameters influencing their physiochemical properties and photocatalytic efficiency, which are discussed with reference to various catalytic applications such as air (NOx) purification, wastewater treatment, hydrogen generation, CO2 reduction, and chemical transformation. The mechanisms for the superior photocatalytic activity of polymeric g-C3N4-based heterogeneous photocatalysts are also discussed. Finally, the challenges, prospects, and future directions for photocatalytic polymeric g-C3N4-based semiconducting materials are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakarla Raghava Reddy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ch Venkata Reddy
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea
| | - Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45324, United States
| | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- Department of Chemistry, K. L. E. Institute of Technology, Gokul, Hubballi, 580030, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Karnataka, India
| | - Shim Jaesool
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea.
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Wan F, Wang C, Han Y, Kong L, Yan J, Zhang X, Liu Y. SiO 2 aerogel monolith allows ultralow amounts of TiO 2 for the fast and efficient removal of gaseous pollutants. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:13608-13615. [PMID: 30207359 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02557f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coupled adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation brings high expectations regarding the fast and efficient removal of gaseous pollutants in air. However, to fabricate an adsorbent-photocatalyst composite, coating of a photocatalyst on adsorbent support inevitably results in loss of adsorption and light blocking on interior surfaces. In this work, we attempt to develop an adsorbent-photocatalyst monolith composite, which not only perfectly retains original high adsorption capacity, but also allows complete penetration of UV light through the whole monolith. We employ a SiO2 aerogel monolith with a diameter of 2.5 cm and thickness of 0.7 cm as adsorbent and support. After atomic layer deposition (ALD) followed by calcination, 0.32-1.25 wt% TiO2 is dispersed on the skeleton of the SiO2 aerogel. In spite of such a low level of loading, the monolith composites exhibit fast and efficient removal of gaseous acetaldehyde and NO. Therein, the best performance is achieved at a loading of 0.6 wt% TiO2. By dark adsorption, the acetaldehyde pollutant with initial concentration of 200 ppm can be adsorbed by 54% within 10 min. Moreover, the light transmittance at 387 nm can be retained as high as 6% after penetrating through the whole monolith, confirming that all loaded TiO2 nanoparticles can participate in the photocatalytic oxidation of acetaldehyde. Under UV irradiation with intensity close to natural sunlight, the preadsorbed acetaldehyde can be completely mineralized into CO2 by photocatalytic oxidation in another 60 min, benefiting from the ultradispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles inside the SiO2 aerogel. The study provides a novel three-dimensional model of an adsorbent-photocatalyst composite for the fast and efficient removal of gaseous pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxu Wan
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China.
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Wang H, Sun Y, He W, Zhou Y, Lee SC, Dong F. Visible light induced electron transfer from a semiconductor to an insulator enables efficient photocatalytic activity on insulator-based heterojunctions. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:15513-15520. [PMID: 30091773 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03845g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photogenerated electrons play a vital role in photocatalysis as they can induce the formation of radicals participating in the reaction or recombine with holes preventing them from the subsequent redox reaction. In this work, we explore an Earth-abundant insulator coupled with a semiconductor and construct insulator-semiconductor heterojunctions to effectively realize the efficient electron transfer from the semiconductor to the insulator and thus the enhanced charge carrier separation on the semiconductor. This result will challenge the traditional opinion that free electrons cannot be transferred onto insulators. Taking the BaCO3 insulator as a case study, the combined experimental and theoretical evidence indicates that the photogenerated electrons from the BiOI semiconductor could transfer directly to the BaCO3 insulator through a preformed electron delivery channel when they are coupled to form BaCO3/BiOI heterojunctions. The potential difference between the Bi layer of BiOI (5.03 eV) and the carbonate layer of BaCO3 (12.37 eV) would drive the transfer of excited electrons from Bi atoms across the energy barrier to the adjacent carbonate layer under visible light irradiation. Consequently, the free electrons on BaCO3 can be utilized to produce the oxidative radicals (˙OH, ˙O2- and 1O2) participating in the photocatalytic oxidation reaction. The in situ FT-IR spectra illustrate that the visible light induced active species in the heterojunctions could react with NO, leading to its oxidation to high valence state intermediates (NO+ and NO2+) first and then conversion to the final product of nitrates. This research offers new perspectives to explore insulator-based photocatalysts and unravel the gas-phase photocatalytic reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China.
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Li Y, Sun Y, Ho W, Zhang Y, Huang H, Cai Q, Dong F. Highly enhanced visible-light photocatalytic NO x purification and conversion pathway on self-structurally modified g-C 3N 4 nanosheets. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2018; 63:609-620. [PMID: 36658881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The unmodified graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) suffers from low photocatalytic activity because of the unfavourable structure. In the present work, we reported a simple self-structural modification strategy to optimize the microstructure of g-C3N4 and obtained graphene-like g-C3N4 nanosheets with porous structure. In contrast to traditional thermal pyrolysis preparation of g-C3N4, the present thermal condensation was improved via pyrolysis of thiourea in an alumina crucible without a cover, followed by secondary heat treatment. The popcorn-like formation and layer-by-layer thermal exfoliation of graphene-like porous g-C3N4 was proposed to explain the formation mechanism. The photocatalytic removal performance of both NO and NO2 with the graphene-like porous g-C3N4 for was significantly enhanced by self-structural modification. Trapping experiments and in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) measurement were conducted to detect the active species during photocatalysis and the conversion pathway of g-C3N4 photocatalysis for NOx purification was revealed. The photocatalytic activity of graphene-like porous g-C3N4 was highly enhanced due to the improved charge separation and increased oxidation capacity of the O2- radicals and holes. This work could not only provide a novel self-structural modification for design of highly efficient photocatalysts, but also offer new insights into the mechanistic understanding of g-C3N4 photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Center for Education in Environmental Sustainability, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanjuan Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Wingkei Ho
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Center for Education in Environmental Sustainability, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science of Micro/Nano-Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hongwei Huang
- School of Materials Science and Technology, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiang Cai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Fan Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China.
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Wang H, Sun Y, Jiang G, Zhang Y, Huang H, Wu Z, Lee SC, Dong F. Unraveling the Mechanisms of Visible Light Photocatalytic NO Purification on Earth-Abundant Insulator-Based Core-Shell Heterojunctions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1479-1487. [PMID: 29272109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Earth-abundant insulators are seldom exploited as photocatalysts. In this work, we constructed a novel family of insulator-based heterojunctions and demonstrated their promising applications in photocatalytic NO purification, even under visible light irradiation. The heterojunction formed between the insulator SrCO3 and the photosensitizer BiOI, via a special SrCO3-BiOI core-shell structure, exhibits an enhanced visible light absorbance between 400-600 nm, and an unprecedentedly high photocatalytic NO removal performance. Further density functional theory (DFT) calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that the covalent interaction between the O 2p orbital of the insulator (SrCO3, n-type) and the Bi 6p orbital of photosensitizer (BiOI, p-type) can provide an electron transfer channel between SrCO3 and BiOI, allowing the transfer of the photoexcited electrons from the photosensitizer to the conduction band of insulator (confirmed by charge difference distribution analysis and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy). The •O2- and •OH radicals are the main reactive species in photocatalytic NO oxidation. A reaction pathway study based on both in situ FT-IR and molecular-level simulation of NO adsorption and transformation indicates that this heterojunction can efficiently transform NO to harmless nitrate products via the NO → NO+ and NO2+ → nitrate or nitrite routes. This work provides numerous opportunities to explore earth-abundant insulators as visible-light-driven photocatalysts, and also offers a new mechanistic understanding of the role of gas-phase photocatalysis in controlling air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University , Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Yanjuan Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University , Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Guangming Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University , Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences , Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhongbiao Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - S C Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Fan Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University , Chongqing 400067, China
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Zhao Z, Ge G, Zhang D. Heteroatom-Doped Carbonaceous Photocatalysts for Solar Fuel Production and Environmental Remediation. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Department of Catalysis Chemistry and Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 P.R. China
| | - Guifang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Department of Catalysis Chemistry and Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 P.R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Department of Catalysis Chemistry and Engineering; Dalian University of Technology; 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 P.R. China
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Plasmonic Bi metal as cocatalyst and photocatalyst: The case of Bi/(BiO) 2 CO 3 and Bi particles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 485:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dong F, Zhao Z, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Yan S, Wu Z. An Advanced Semimetal-Organic Bi Spheres-g-C3N4 Nanohybrid with SPR-Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Performance for NO Purification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12432-40. [PMID: 26375261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To achieve efficient photocatalytic air purification, we constructed an advanced semimetal-organic Bi spheres-g-C3N4 nanohybrid through the in-situ growth of Bi nanospheres on g-C3N4 nanosheets. This Bi-g-C3N4 compound exhibited an exceptionally high and stable visible-light photocatalytic performance for NO removal due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) endowed by Bi metal. The SPR property of Bi could conspicuously enhance the visible-light harvesting and the charge separation. The electromagnetic field distribution of Bi spheres involving SPR effect was simulated and reaches its maximum in close proximity to the Bi particle surface. When the Bi metal content was controlled at 25%, the corresponding Bi-g-C3N4 displayed outstanding photocatalytic capability and transcended those of other visible-light photocatalysts. The Bi-g-C3N4 exhibited a high structural stability under repeated photocatalytic runs. A new visible-light-induced SPR-based photocatalysis mechanism with Bi-g-C3N4 was proposed on the basis of the DMPO-ESR spin-trapping. The photoinduced electrons could transfer from g-C3N4 to the Bi metal, as revealed with time-resolved fluorescence spectra. The function of Bi semimetal as a plasmonic cocatalyst for boosting visible light photocatalysis was similar to that of noble metals, which demonstrated a great potential of utilizing the economically feasible Bi element as a substitute for noble metals for the advancement of photocatalysis efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecules, College of Environment and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing Technology and Business University , Chongqing 400067, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaiwang Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecules, College of Environment and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing Technology and Business University , Chongqing 400067, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjuan Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecules, College of Environment and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing Technology and Business University , Chongqing 400067, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Yan
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongbiao Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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Zhao Z, Sun Y, Luo Q, Dong F, Li H, Ho WK. Mass-Controlled Direct Synthesis of Graphene-like Carbon Nitride Nanosheets with Exceptional High Visible Light Activity. Less is Better. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14643. [PMID: 26411534 PMCID: PMC4585959 DOI: 10.1038/srep14643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, it is very surprising to find that the precursors mass, a long overlooked factor for synthesis of 2D g-C3N4, exerts unexpected impact on g-C3N4 fabrication. The nanoarchitecture and photocatalytic capability of g-C3N4 can be well-tailored only by altering the precursors mass. As thiourea mass decreases, thin g-C3N4 nanosheets with higher surface area, elevated conduction band position and enhanced photocatalytic capability was triumphantly achieved. The optimized 2D g-C3N4 (CN-2T) exhibited exceptional high photocatalytic performance with a NO removal ratio of 48.3%, superior to that of BiOBr (21.3%), (BiO)2CO3 (18.6%) and Au/(BiO)2CO3 (33.8%). The excellent activity of CN-2T can be ascribed to the co-contribution of enlarged surface areas, strengthened electron-hole separation efficiency, enhanced electrons reduction capability and prolonged charge carriers lifetime. The DMPO ESR-spin trapping and hole trapping results demonstrate that the superoxide radicals (•O2(-)) and photogenerated holes are the main reactive species, while hydroxyl radicals (•OH) play a minor role in photocatalysis reaction. By monitoring the reaction intermediate and active species, the reaction mechanism for photocatalytic oxidation of NO by g-C3N4 was proposed. This strategy is novel and facile, which could stimulate numerous attentions in development of high-performance g-C3N4 based functional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiwang Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecules, College of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Yanjuan Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecules, College of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecules, College of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Fan Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecules, College of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China.,Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Hui Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecules, College of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Wing-Kei Ho
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Centre for Education in Environmental Sustainability, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Cao S, Low J, Yu J, Jaroniec M. Polymeric photocatalysts based on graphitic carbon nitride. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:2150-76. [PMID: 25704586 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1348] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor-based photocatalysis is considered to be an attractive way for solving the worldwide energy shortage and environmental pollution issues. Since the pioneering work in 2009 on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for visible-light photocatalytic water splitting, g-C3N4 -based photocatalysis has become a very hot research topic. This review summarizes the recent progress regarding the design and preparation of g-C3N4 -based photocatalysts, including the fabrication and nanostructure design of pristine g-C3N4 , bandgap engineering through atomic-level doping and molecular-level modification, and the preparation of g-C3N4 -based semiconductor composites. Also, the photo-catalytic applications of g-C3N4 -based photocatalysts in the fields of water splitting, CO2 reduction, pollutant degradation, organic syntheses, and bacterial disinfection are reviewed, with emphasis on photocatalysis promoted by carbon materials, non-noble-metal cocatalysts, and Z-scheme heterojunctions. Finally, the concluding remarks are presented and some perspectives regarding the future development of g-C3N4 -based photocatalysts are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
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Sun Y, Zhao Z, Dong F, Zhang W. Mechanism of visible light photocatalytic NOx oxidation with plasmonic Bi cocatalyst-enhanced (BiO)2CO3 hierarchical microspheres. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:10383-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp06045h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The visible light photocatalysis mechanism is revealed for plasmonic Bi cocatalyst-enhanced (BiO)2CO3 hierarchical microspheres developed by a solvent-controlled strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Sun
- College of Environmental and Biological Engineering
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecules
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
- China
| | - Zaiwang Zhao
- College of Environmental and Biological Engineering
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecules
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
- China
| | - Fan Dong
- College of Environmental and Biological Engineering
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecules
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
- China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chongqing 400714
- China
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Zhao Z, Sun Y, Dong F, Zhang Y, Zhao H. Template synthesis of carbon self-doped g-C3N4 with enhanced visible to near-infrared absorption and photocatalytic performance. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03433g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon self-doped g-C3N4 with enhanced visible to near-infrared absorption and photocatalytic activity was synthesized by a soft-template method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiwang Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecules
- College of Environmental and Biological Engineering
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
| | - Yanjuan Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecules
- College of Environmental and Biological Engineering
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
| | - Fan Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecules
- College of Environmental and Biological Engineering
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
- P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science of Micro/Nano-Devices and System Technology
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
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Enhancing the photocatalytic activity of bulk g-C3N4 by introducing mesoporous structure and hybridizing with graphene. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 436:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Dong F, Wang Z, Li Y, Ho WK, Lee SC. Immobilization of polymeric g-C3N4 on structured ceramic foam for efficient visible light photocatalytic air purification with real indoor illumination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10345-10353. [PMID: 25105692 DOI: 10.1021/es502290f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The immobilization of a photocatalyst on a proper support is pivotal for practical environmental applications. In this work, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a rising visible light photocatalyst was first immobilized on structured Al2O3 ceramic foam by a novel in situ approach. Immobilized g-C3N4 was applied for photocatalytic removal of 600 ppb level NO in air under real indoor illumination of an energy-saving lamp. The photocatalytic activity of immobilized g-C3N4 was gradually improved as the pyrolysis temperature was increased from 450 to 600 °C. The optimized conditions for g-C3N4 immobilization on Al2O3 supports can be achieved at 600 °C for 2 h. The NO removal ratio could reach up to 77.1%, exceeding that of other types of well-known immobilized photocatalysts. Immobilized g-C3N4 was stable in activity and can be used repeatedly without deactivation. The immobilization of g-C3N4 on Al2O3 ceramic foam was found to be firm enough to overwhelm the continuous air flowing, which can be ascribed to the special chemical interaction between g-C3N4 and Al2O3. On the basis of the 5,5'-dimethyl-1-pirroline-N-oxide electron spin resonance (DMPO ESR) spin trapping and reaction intermediate monitoring, the active species produced from g-C3N4 under illumination were confirmed and the reaction mechanism of photocatalytic NO oxidation by g-C3N4 was revealed. The present work could provide new perspectives for promoting large-scale environmental applications of supported photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecules, College of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University , Chongqing 400067, People's Republic of China
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