1
|
High-isolation antenna array using SIW and realized with a graphene layer for sub-terahertz wireless applications. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10218. [PMID: 33986311 PMCID: PMC8119985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study on developing an effective technique to increase the performance characteristics of antenna arrays for sub-THz integrated circuit applications. This is essential to compensate the limited power available from sub-THz sources. Although conventional array structures can provide a solution to enhance the radiation-gain performance however in the case of small-sized array structures the radiation properties can be adversely affected by mutual coupling that exists between the radiating elements. It is demonstrated here the effectiveness of using SIW technology to suppress surface wave propagations and near field mutual coupling effects. Prototype of 2 × 3 antenna arrays were designed and constructed on a polyimide dielectric substrate with thickness of 125 μm for operation across 0.19–0.20 THz. The dimensions of the array were 20 × 13.5 × 0.125 mm3. Metallization of the antenna was coated with 500 nm layer of Graphene. With the proposed technique the isolation between the radiating elements was improved on average by 22.5 dB compared to a reference array antenna with no SIW isolation. The performance of the array was enhanced by transforming the patch to exhibit metamaterial characteristics. This was achieved by embedding the patch antennas in the array with sub-wavelength slots. Compared to the reference array the metamaterial inspired structure exhibits improvement in isolation, radiation gain and efficiency on average by 28 dB, 6.3 dBi, and 34%, respectively. These results show the viability of proposed approach in developing antenna arrays for application in sub-THz integrated circuits.
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a non-invasive, non-contact and label-free technique for biological and chemical sensing as THz-spectra are less energetic and lie in the characteristic vibration frequency regime of proteins and DNA molecules. However, THz-TDS is less sensitive for the detection of micro-organisms of size equal to or less than λ/100 (where, λ is the wavelength of the incident THz wave), and molecules in extremely low concentration solutions (like, a few femtomolar). After successful high-throughput fabrication of nanostructures, nanoantennas were found to be indispensable in enhancing the sensitivity of conventional THz-TDS. These nanostructures lead to strong THz field enhancement when in resonance with the absorption spectrum of absorptive molecules, causing significant changes in the magnitude of the transmission spectrum, therefore, enhancing the sensitivity and allowing the detection of molecules and biomaterials in extremely low concentration solutions. Herein, we review the recent developments in ultra-sensitive and selective nanogap biosensors. We have also provided an in-depth review of various high-throughput nanofabrication techniques. We also discussed the physics behind the field enhancements in the sub-skin depth as well as sub-nanometer sized nanogaps. We introduce finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation tools to study THz biomolecular interactions. Finally, we provide a comprehensive account of nanoantenna enhanced sensing of viruses (like, H1N1) and biomolecules such as artificial sweeteners which are addictive and carcinogenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subham Adak
- Department of Physics, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi - 835215, Jharkhand, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Milekhin AG, Kuznetsov SA, Milekhin IA, Sveshnikova LL, Duda TA, Rodyakina EE, Latyshev AV, Dzhagan VM, Zahn DRT. Nanoantenna structures for the detection of phonons in nanocrystals. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:2646-2656. [PMID: 30416915 PMCID: PMC6204786 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a study of the infrared response by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) modes in gold micro- and nanoantenna arrays with various morphologies and surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) by optical phonons of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) deposited on the arrays. The arrays of nano- and microantennas fabricated with nano- and photolithography reveal infrared-active LSPR modes of energy ranging from the mid to far-infrared that allow the IR response from very low concentrations of organic and inorganic materials deposited onto the arrays to be analyzed. The Langmuir-Blodgett technology was used for homogeneous deposition of CdSe, CdS, and PbS NC monolayers on the antenna arrays. The structural parameters of the arrays were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. 3D full-wave electromagnetic simulations of the electromagnetic field distribution around the micro- and nanoantennas were employed to realize the maximal SEIRA enhancement for structural parameters of the arrays whereby the LSPR and the NC optical phonon energies coincide. The SEIRA experiments quantitatively confirmed the computational results. The maximum SEIRA enhancement was observed for linear nanoantennas with optimized structural parameters determined from the electromagnetic simulations. The frequency position of the feature's absorption seen in the SEIRA response evidences that the NC surface and transverse optical phonons are activated in the infrared spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Milekhin
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 13, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergei A Kuznetsov
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics RAS, Novosibirsk Branch “TDIAM”, Lavrentiev Ave. 2/1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ilya A Milekhin
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 13, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Tatyana A Duda
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina E Rodyakina
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 13, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Latyshev
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 13, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Volodymyr M Dzhagan
- V. E. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prospekt Nauky 41, 03028 Kyiv, Ukrain
| | - Dietrich R T Zahn
- Semiconductor Physics, Technische Universitaet Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A microfabricated low-profile wideband antenna array for terahertz communications. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1268. [PMID: 28455511 PMCID: PMC5430892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While terahertz communications are considered to be the future solutions for the increasing demands on bandwidth, terahertz equivalents of radio frequency front-end components have not been realized. It remains challenging to achieve wideband, low profile antenna arrays with highly directive beams of radiation. Here, based on the complementary antenna approach, a wideband 2 × 2 cavity-backed slot antenna array with a corrugated surface is proposed. The approach is based on a unidirectional antenna with a cardiac radiation pattern and stable frequency characteristics that is achieved by integrating a series-resonant electric dipole with a parallel-resonant magnetic dipole. In this design, the slots work as magnetic dipoles while the corrugated surface radiates as an array of electric dipoles. The proposed antenna is realized at 1 THz operating frequency by stacking multiple metallized layers using the microfabrication technology. S-parameter measurements of this terahertz low-profile metallic antenna array demonstrate high efficiency at terahertz frequencies. Fractional bandwidth and gain are measured to be 26% and 14 dBi which are consistent with the simulated results. The proposed antenna can be used as the building block for larger antenna arrays with more directive beams, paving the way to develop high gain low-profile antennas for future communication needs.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ueno K, Sun Q, Mino M, Itoh T, Oshikiri T, Misawa H. Surface plasmon optical antennae in the infrared region with high resonant efficiency and frequency selectivity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:17728-17737. [PMID: 27505741 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.017728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Infrared light has received attention for sensor applications, including fingerprint spectroscopy, in the bioengineering and security fields. Surface plasmon physics enables the operation of a light harvesting optical antenna. Gold nanochains exhibit localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in the infrared region with high frequency selectivity. However, a feasible design for optical antennae with a higher resonant efficiency and frequency selectivity as a function of structural design and periodicity is still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the resonant efficiency and frequency selectivity as a function of the structural design of gold nanochains and explored structural periodicity for obtaining highly frequency-selective optical antennae. An optical antenna design with higher resonant efficiency is proposed on the basis of its efficient interaction with non-polarized light.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sanchez JE, Díaz de León R, Mendoza-Santoyo F, González G, José-Yacaman M, Ponce A, González FJ. Resonance properties of Ag-ZnO nanostructures at terahertz frequencies. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:25111-25117. [PMID: 26406710 PMCID: PMC4646512 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.025111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoantennas have been fabricated by scaling down traditional antenna designs using nanolithographic techniques and testing them at different optical wavelengths, these particular nanoantennas have shown responses in a broad range of frequencies going from visible wavelengths to the range of the terahertz. Some self-assembled nanostructures exist that exhibit similar shapes and properties to those of traditional antenna structures. In this work the emission and absorption properties of self-assembled nanostructures made of zinc oxide nanorods on silver nanowires, which resemble traditional dipole antennas, were measured and simulated in order to test their antenna performance. These structures show resonant properties in the 10-120 THz range, with the main resonance at 60 THz. The radiation pattern of these nanostructures was also obtained by numerical simulations, and it is shown that it can be tailored to increase or decrease its directivity as a function of the location of the energy source of excitation. Experimental measurements were performed by Raman spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in order to show existing vibrational frequencies at the resonant frequencies of the nanostructures, measurements were made from ~9 to 103 THz and the results were in agreement with the simulations. These characteristics make these metal-semiconductor Ag/ZnO nanostructures useful as self-assembled nanoantennas in applications such as terahertz spectroscopy and sensing at terahertz frequencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E. Sanchez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio 78249, USA
| | | | | | - Gabriel González
- Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78210, Mexico
| | - Miguel José-Yacaman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio 78249, USA
| | - Arturo Ponce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio 78249, USA
| | - Francisco Javier González
- Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78210, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Toma A, Tuccio S, Prato M, De Donato F, Perucchi A, Di Pietro P, Marras S, Liberale C, Proietti Zaccaria R, De Angelis F, Manna L, Lupi S, Di Fabrizio E, Razzari L. Squeezing terahertz light into nanovolumes: nanoantenna enhanced terahertz spectroscopy (NETS) of semiconductor quantum dots. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:386-391. [PMID: 25422163 DOI: 10.1021/nl503705w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz spectroscopy has vast potentialities in sensing a broad range of elementary excitations (e.g., collective vibrations of molecules, phonons, excitons, etc.). However, the large wavelength associated with terahertz radiation (about 300 μm at 1 THz) severely hinders its interaction with nano-objects, such as nanoparticles, nanorods, nanotubes, and large molecules of biological relevance, practically limiting terahertz studies to macroscopic ensembles of these compounds, in the form of thick pellets of crystallized molecules or highly concentrated solutions of nanomaterials. Here we show that chains of terahertz dipole nanoantennas spaced by nanogaps of 20 nm allow retrieving the spectroscopic signature of a monolayer of cadmium selenide quantum dots, a significant portion of the signal arising from the dots located within the antenna nanocavities. A Fano-like interference between the fundamental antenna mode and the phonon resonance of the quantum dots is observed, accompanied by an absorption enhancement factor greater than one million. NETS can find immediate applications in terahertz spectroscopic studies of nanocrystals and molecules at extremely low concentrations. Furthermore, it shows a practicable route toward the characterization of individual nano-objects at these frequencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Toma
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cao W, Song C, Lanier TE, Singh R, O'Hara JF, Dennis WM, Zhao Y, Zhang W. Tailoring terahertz plasmons with silver nanorod arrays. Sci Rep 2013. [PMCID: PMC3642713 DOI: 10.1038/srep01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic materials that strongly interact with light are ideal candidates for designing subwavelength photonic devices. We report on direct coupling of terahertz waves in metallic nanorods by observing the resonant transmission of surface plasmon polariton waves through lithographically patterned films of silver nanorod (100 nm in diameter) micro-hole arrays. The best enhancement in surface plasmon resonant transmission is obtained when the nanorods are perfectly aligned with the electric field direction of the linearly polarized terahertz wave. This unique polarization-dependent propagation of surface plasmons in structures fabricated from nanorod films offers promising device applications. We conclude that the anisotropy of nanoscale metallic rod arrays imparts a material anisotropy relevant at the microscale that may be utilized for the fabrication of plasmonic and metamaterial based devices for operation at terahertz frequencies.
Collapse
|