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Gómez-Ruiz LM, Marchei E, Rotolo MC, Brunetti P, Mannocchi G, Acosta-López A, Ramos-Gutiérrez RY, Varela-Busaka MB, Pichini S, Garcia-Algar O. Prevalence of Licit and Illicit Drugs Use during Pregnancy in Mexican Women. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030382. [PMID: 35337179 PMCID: PMC8953434 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, the present study employed hair testing to investigate the prevalence of classical drugs of abuse and new psychoactive substances use during gestation in a cohort of 300 Mexican pregnant women. An interview was conducted to collect data on sociodemographic aspects of the patients, and a 9 cm-long hair strand was taken from the back of the head of each mother one month after delivery. A validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography−high-resolution mass spectrometry method was used for the screening of classic drugs, new psychoactive substances, and medications in maternal hair. Out of 300 examined hair samples from pregnant women, 127 (42.3%) resulted positive for psychoactive substances: 45 (35.4%) for cannabis only, 24 (18.9%) for methamphetamine only, 13 (10.2%) for cocaine only, 1 (0.3%) for heroin, 1 for N-N-dimethyltryptamine (0.3%), 1 for ketamine (0.8%), and 35 (16.3%) for more than one psychoactive substance. Furthermore, seven samples (2.3%) resulted positive for new psychoactive substances (NPS): two samples for synthetic cannabinoids, two for synthetic cathinones, and three for nor-fentanyl, and 3.3% of women hair resulted positive for anticonvulsant, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications. Finally, 83 women hair samples (27.7%) tested positive for nicotine. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other painkillers (60.0%), medications for the treatment of nausea and vomiting (12.3%), antihistamines (8.7%) and nasal/sinus decongestants (6.7%), cough suppressants (5.0%), and bronchodilator agents (5.0%) were also detected in pregnant women hair. The gestational use of psychoactive substances and exposure to tobacco smoke, assessed by hair testing, were associated with a significantly younger age and with a low education grade of the mothers (p < 0.005). This study provides a significant preliminary indication of the under-reported gestational consumption of licit and illicit psychoactive and pharmacologically active drugs in a Mexican environment, showing the value of toxicological and forensic analyses in the global effort to determine the health risks caused by classic drugs and new psychoactive substances during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa-María Gómez-Ruiz
- Servicio de Neonatología, División de Pediatría, Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Dr. Juan I. Menchaca”, Guadalajara 44600, Mexico; (L.-M.G.-R.); (A.A.-L.); (R.-Y.R.-G.); (M.-B.V.-B.)
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Emilia Marchei
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), V.Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Maria Concetta Rotolo
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), V.Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Pietro Brunetti
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology, Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Excellence of Biomedical Scienc-Es and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | | | - Aracely Acosta-López
- Servicio de Neonatología, División de Pediatría, Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Dr. Juan I. Menchaca”, Guadalajara 44600, Mexico; (L.-M.G.-R.); (A.A.-L.); (R.-Y.R.-G.); (M.-B.V.-B.)
| | - Ruth-Yesica Ramos-Gutiérrez
- Servicio de Neonatología, División de Pediatría, Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Dr. Juan I. Menchaca”, Guadalajara 44600, Mexico; (L.-M.G.-R.); (A.A.-L.); (R.-Y.R.-G.); (M.-B.V.-B.)
| | - Mary-Buhya Varela-Busaka
- Servicio de Neonatología, División de Pediatría, Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Dr. Juan I. Menchaca”, Guadalajara 44600, Mexico; (L.-M.G.-R.); (A.A.-L.); (R.-Y.R.-G.); (M.-B.V.-B.)
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), V.Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (M.C.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-064990-6545
| | - Oscar Garcia-Algar
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Neonatology Unit, Hospital Clinic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, C/Sabino Arana 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Marchei E, Rotolo MC, Mannocchi G, Capomassi A, Gómez-Ruiz LM, Acosta-López A, Ramos-Gutiérrez RY, Varela-Busaka MB, Pichini S, García-Algar Ó. Assessment of licit and illicit drugs consumption during pregnancy by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) target screening in Mexican women hair. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 211:114607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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