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Siřínková D, Blinka L, Montag C. Gaming disorder test: Assessing psychometric properties, prevalence, temporal stability, and invariance using a Czech two-time-point longitudinal sample. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 175:192-199. [PMID: 38739952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
In 2019, Gaming Disorder (GD) was acknowledged as an official diagnosis by the World Health Organization. The Gaming Disorder Test (GDT) is the most widely used tool to measure GD; however, due to its novelty, various measurement properties are still unexplored, and the number of validated language variants is still limited. The present study is the first to assess the psychometric properties of the Czech version of the GDT. Further, it focuses on its temporal prevalence and stability, gaming genre invariance, and criterion validity. A large-scale sample of adult Czech gamers collected at two points within nine months was analysed - T1 N = 5356; T2 N = 6077; longitudinal sample N = 1430. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), structural equation modelling (SEM), and multigroup CFA were employed to assess the measurement invariance. The study confirmed the one-factor structure of the GDT and showed that it is invariant across preferred gaming genres and the time of data collection. It showed a negative relationship with life satisfaction and a positive relationship with anxiety, even when controlling for their mutual relationships. The prevalence in the longitudinal sample was equal to or below 1.9% in each wave, but only 0.5% in the longitudinal sample (hence n = 7 participants fulfilled in both waves the criteria for GD). The study suggests that the Czech version of the GDT has good psychometric properties, including temporal stability and invariance across gaming genres, so it is suitable for the survey type and epidemiological investigation of the ICD-11's Gaming Disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dita Siřínková
- Psychology Research Institute, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Blinka
- Psychology Research Institute, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm, Ulm University, Germany
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Pontes HM, Rumpf HJ, Selak Š, Montag C. Investigating the interplay between gaming disorder and functional impairments in professional esports gaming. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6557. [PMID: 38503756 PMCID: PMC10951285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56358-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationship between Gaming Disorder (GD) and the experience of functional impairments has received considerable theoretical attention in the recent past and current diagnostic approaches underscore the centrality of functional impairments as a requirement for GD diagnosis. However, there is limited empirical evidence illuminating the interplay between GD and functional impairments, particularly among specific vulnerable groups. The present study seeks to bridge this gap by investigating an English-speaking sample (N = 5198) comprising an age- and gender-matched group of Professional Gamers (PG, n = 2599) and Non-Professional Gamers (NPG, n = 2599) sub-sampled from a larger sample of 192,260 individuals. The results revealed that PG were at a greater risk for GD compared to NPG as the prevalence rate of GD among PG (3.31%) was significantly higher and almost doubled that of NPG (1.73%), with PG further exhibiting higher overall GD symptom-load and weekly time spent gaming compared to NPG. Furthermore, PG reported experiencing significantly higher frequency of gaming-related functional impairments compared to NPG, with the in particular affected areas for both PG and NPG being 'school and/or work', 'physical health', and 'family', with other key differences emerging in relation to other outcomes. Overall, the present findings show that not only GD symptom-load but also some functional impairment is higher in PG compared to NPG which highlights the need to develop and support prevention and intervention strategies for this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halley M Pontes
- School of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Hans-Jürgen Rumpf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Špela Selak
- National Institute of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Wartberg L, Spindler C, Berber S, Potzel K, Kammerl R. A Four-Item Questionnaire to Measure Problematic Social Media Use: The Social Media Disorder Test. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:980. [PMID: 38131836 PMCID: PMC10741071 DOI: 10.3390/bs13120980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
While the use of video games and social media is an enjoyable recreational activity for most users, a minority develop problematic patterns of use. In the ICD-11, for the first time, there is a category of "disorders due to addictive behaviors" (including gaming disorder). The scientific literature also suggests a potential for the problematic use of social media. Economic screening tools for this are still needed. A very economical questionnaire to record gaming disorder is the ICD-11-based Gaming Disorder Test (GDT). The purpose of the present survey was to investigate the psychometric properties of an adapted questionnaire (Social Media Disorder Test, SMDT) to assess problematic social media use (PSMU). Therefore, 443 youths (mean age: 20.11 years) were examined with the SMDT and other measures regarding PSMU, self-control, and psychopathology. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability and correlation analyses were conducted. For the SMDT, we observed very good fit indices in the CFA, suggesting a one-factor structure; the reliability coefficient was 0.90, and we found the first indications for criterion validity. If the results can be confirmed, the SMDT, with its four questions, would be a very economical instrument to measure PSMU based on the ICD-11 criteria for behavioral addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Wartberg
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Spindler
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sophia Berber
- Department of Education, Chair for Pedagogy with a Focus on Media Education, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 90478 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Potzel
- Department of Education, Chair for Pedagogy with a Focus on Media Education, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 90478 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kammerl
- Department of Education, Chair for Pedagogy with a Focus on Media Education, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 90478 Nuremberg, Germany
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Cudo A, Kopiś-Posiej N, Griffiths MD. The Role of Self-Control Dimensions, Game Motivation, Game Genre, and Game Platforms in Gaming Disorder: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Findings. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:4749-4777. [PMID: 38024654 PMCID: PMC10676672 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s435125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gaming disorder (GD) is the result of an interplay between gaming-related factors, individual factors, and environmental factors. Current research primarily highlights single types of factors. Consequently, the present study simultaneously analyzed the role of individual factors, such as self-control dimensions and motives for gaming, and gaming-related factors, such as game genres, and gaming platforms in GD among female and male gamers. Additionally, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of these factors in relation to GD both cross-sectionally (Study 1) and longitudinally (Study 2). Methods Study 1 comprised 620 active gamers (M=22.16 years; SD=2.99), and Study 2 comprised 405 active gamers (M=28.05 years; SD=4.51). The instruments used in the studies included the Gaming Disorder Test, the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Short-Form (IGDS9-SF), Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire, Video Game Questionnaire, and Self-Knowledge New Sheet. Results The results showed that GD was associated with (i) self-control deficits associated with difficulties in implementation control and taking actions related to goals without unnecessary delay, (ii) retaining information about intentions and long-term plans, (iii) refraining from immediate, impulsive behavior, and (iv) inhibiting emotional reactions. GD was also associated primarily with escape, coping, and competition motives for gaming. However, the longitudinal study showed that social, fantasy, and skill-development motives were also related to GD development over time. The action game genres associated with GD but were not very important for GD over time. The cross-sectional study results indicated a negative relationship between GD and tablets and consoles used as gaming platforms. However, the longitudinal study showed that desktop computers and consoles use as gaming platforms were associated with the GD over time. Moreover, gaming-related factors explained only 9% of the variance in the GD model among female gamers and only 10% of the variance in the GD model among male gamers in cross-sectional study. In contrast, individual factors such as self-control dimensions and gaming motivation explained 32% of the variance in the GD model among both female and male gamers. Conclusion Individual factors, such as self-control dimensions and motives for gaming, were more important in explaining GD than gaming-related factors, such as game genres and gaming platforms. Moreover, self-control deficits and motivation related to escape, coping and competence can be important factors to consider in the prevention and treatment of GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Cudo
- Department of Experimental Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Natalia Kopiś-Posiej
- Department of Experimental Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Lin CY, Potenza MN, Pontes HM, Pakpour AH. Psychometric properties of the Persian Gaming Disorder Test and relationships with psychological distress and insomnia in adolescents. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:326. [PMID: 37817223 PMCID: PMC10566088 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01368-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gaming Disorder (GD) was recently included by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a psychiatric condition in the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and is a concern worldwide, including in Iran. Thus, based on the ICD-11 criteria, a Persian version of the Gaming Disorder Test (GDT) was developed to facilitate assessment of GD. METHODS The present study used classical test theory and Rasch analysis to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian GDT. Iranian adolescents (n = 3837; 2171 [56.6%] males; mean [SD] age = 16.02 [1.4] years) completed the GDT and other instruments assessing disordered gaming, psychological distress, and insomnia. RESULTS Overall, the psychometric properties of the Persian GDT were satisfactory based on classical test theory (i.e., confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the unidimensional structure of GDT) and Rasch analysis (i.e., fit statistics suggested that all items were embedded in the concept of GD). Moreover, the Persian GDT was found to be sex-invariant, displaying no items with substantial differential item functioning across sexes. Additionally, it was found that GD mediated associations between time spent gaming and measures of psychological distress and insomnia. CONCLUSION The Persian GDT is a convenient and short instrument for assessing GD among Iranian adolescents. The mediating roles of GD in the associations between time spent gaming and psychological distress and between time spent gaming and insomnia suggest that targeting features of GD may reduce psychological distress and improve sleep for Iranian adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and the Child Study Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, 06109, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Halley M Pontes
- School of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non- Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, 3419759811, Iran.
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Gjuterigatan 5, Jönköping, 553 18, Sweden.
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Wu TY, Huang SW, Chen JS, Kamolthip R, Kukreti S, Strong C, Pontes HM, Lin IC, Lin CY, Potenza MN, Pakpour AH. Translation and Validation of the Gaming Disorder Test and Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents into Chinese for Taiwanese Young Adults. Compr Psychiatry 2023; 124:152396. [PMID: 37295061 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To translate and cross-culturally adapt the Gaming Disorder Test (GDT) and Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents (GADIS-A) for use in Taiwan and to validate their internal consistency, construct validity, measurement invariance, and convergent validity in Taiwanese young adults. METHODS The GDT and GADIS-A were translated into traditional (unsimplified) Chinese characters and culturally adapted according to standard guidelines. A sample of 608 Taiwanese university students were recruited online. All participants completed the GDT, GADIS-A, Internet Gaming Disorder Scale - Short Form (IGDS9-SF), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω. Factor structure was examined using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Measurement invariance in gender was assessed by three nested models in CFA. Convergent validity was determined by calculating Pearson's r among the GDT, GADIS-A, IGDS9-SF, and DASS-21. RESULTS The GDT and GADIS-A showed adequate internal consistency (both α and ω = 0.90). The CFA results supported a one-factor structure for the GDT and a two-factor structure for the GADIS-A. Measurement invariance across gender was supported for both the GDT and GADIS-A. The convergent validity of the GDT and GADIS-A were acceptable. CONCLUSIONS The Chinese versions of the GDT and GADIS-A are valid and reliable tools that can be used to assess gaming disorder in Taiwanese young adults. Measurement invariance across genders was supported for both tools. The convergent validity of the GDT and GADIS-A were also satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yi Wu
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Huang
- Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, 83347, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan.
| | - Jung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Ruckwongpatr Kamolthip
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
| | - Shikha Kukreti
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
| | - Carol Strong
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
| | - Halley M Pontes
- Department of Organizational Psychology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - I-Ching Lin
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Leisure, Chienkuo Technology University, Changhua 50094, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan; Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan.
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA; Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Sweden.
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