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Yang J, Cai JH, Wu TX, Gao ZQ, Zhou C, Wu Q, Ji MJ. Salvinorin A ameliorates pilocarpine-induced seizures by regulating hippocampal microglia polarization. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 335:118697. [PMID: 39154669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvia divinorum (Epling and Játiva) is a psychoactive plant traditionally used by the Latinos for various medicinal purposes. Salvinorin A (Sal A), the main bioactive constituent of S. divinorum, is a natural highly selective kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist. Considering the anti-inflammatory effect of S. divinorum and endogenous hippocampal dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system playing an anticonvulsant function, we hypothesis that Sal A can be a potential candidate to treat epilepsy. Here, we identified whether Sal A ameliorated epileptic seizures and neuronal damages in animal model and in vitro model and investigated its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice epilepsy model was induced by pilocarpine following seizures assessed by Racine classification. Hippocampus tissues were obtained for genetic, protein, and histological investigation. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 microglial cells were utilized to validate the anti-inflammatory and microglia polarization regulation effects of Sal A. RESULTS Sal A treatment significantly prolonged the latency to status epileptics (SE) and shortened the duration of SE in the pilocarpine-induced model. It also alleviated neuronal damages via activation of the AMPK/JNK/p-38 MAPK pathway and inhibition of apoptosis-related protein in hippocampus tissues. Furthermore, Sal A dose-dependently reduced microglia-mediated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased anti-inflammatory factors levels in SE mice and LPS-activated BV2 microglial cells by regulating microglia polarization. In addition, the effect of Sal A in vitro was totally blocked by KOR antagonist nor-BNI. CONCLUSION Sal A treatment protects against epileptic seizures and neuronal damages in pilocarpine-induced models by suppressing the inflammation response through regulating microglial M1/M2 polarization. This study might serve as a theoretical basis for clinical applications of Sal A and its analogs and provide a new insight into the development of anti-seizure drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ji-Heng Cai
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Sheyang County People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224300, China.
| | - Tong-Xuan Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Gao
- School of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Miao-Jin Ji
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
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Huang Q, Chen X, Yu S, Gong G, Shu H. Research progress in brain-targeted nasal drug delivery. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 15:1341295. [PMID: 38298925 PMCID: PMC10828028 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1341295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The unique anatomical and physiological connections between the nasal cavity and brain provide a pathway for bypassing the blood-brain barrier to allow for direct brain-targeted drug delivery through nasal administration. There are several advantages of nasal administration compared with other routes; for example, the first-pass effect that leads to the metabolism of orally administered drugs can be bypassed, and the poor compliance associated with injections can be minimized. Nasal administration can also help maximize brain-targeted drug delivery, allowing for high pharmacological activity at lower drug dosages, thereby minimizing the likelihood of adverse effects and providing a highly promising drug delivery pathway for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. The aim of this review article was to briefly describe the physiological structures of the nasal cavity and brain, the pathways through which drugs can enter the brain through the nose, the factors affecting brain-targeted nasal drug delivery, methods to improve brain-targeted nasal drug delivery systems through the application of related biomaterials, common experimental methods used in intranasal drug delivery research, and the current limitations of such approaches, providing a solid foundation for further in-depth research on intranasal brain-targeted drug delivery systems (see Graphical Abstract).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Sixun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Gu Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Haifeng Shu
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
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Zhang P, Bai Y, Zhang F, Zhang X, Deng Y, Ding Y. Editorial: Therapeutic relevance and mechanisms of neuro-immune communication in brain injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1209083. [PMID: 37593230 PMCID: PMC10431939 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1209083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyue Zhang
- Institute of Acupuncture, Tuina and Rehabilitation, The Second Clinical Medical School, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yulong Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yunping Deng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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