Digestibility and Bioaccessibility of Pickering Emulsions of Roasted Coffee Oil Stabilized by Chitosan and Chitosan-Sodium Tripolyphosphate Nanoparticles

Emulsion-Based Delivery Systems to Enhance the Functionality of Bioactive Compounds: Towards the Use of Ingredients from Natural, Sustainable Sources

In recent years, the trend in the population towards consuming more natural and sustainable foods has increased significantly. This claim has led to the search for new sources of bioactive compounds and extraction methods that have less impact on the environment. Moreover, the formulation of systems to protect these compounds is also focusing on the use of ingredients of natural origin. This article reviews novel, natural alternative sources of bioactive compounds with a positive impact on sustainability. In addition, it also contains information on the most recent studies based on the use of natural (especially from plants) emulsifiers in the design of emulsion-based delivery systems to protect bioactive compounds. The properties of these natural-based emulsion-delivery systems, as well as their functionality, including in vitro and in vivo studies, are also discussed. This review provides relevant information on the latest advances in the development of emulsion delivery systems based on ingredients from sustainable natural sources.

Storage Stability of Spray- and Freeze-Dried Chitosan-Based Pickering Emulsions Containing Roasted Coffee Oil: Color Evaluation, Lipid Oxidation, and Volatile Compounds

Drying Pickering o/w emulsions has been considered as a promising strategy to produce oil microcapsules, as long as their quality parameters can be preserved over storage. In this sense, it is shown as an interesting alternative to preserve the quality of roasted coffee oil, a valuable agroindustrial byproduct. Thus, freeze- and spray-dried chitosan-based Pickering emulsions of roasted coffee oil were evaluated over 30 days of storage at 25 °C together with the non-encapsulated oil as a control. Water sorption isotherms were determined, whereas color, oxidative stability (peroxide value and conjugated dienes) and volatile compounds were assessed over the storage period. Type II isotherms and Guggenheim–Anderson–Boer (GAB) model parameters showed that water binding was impaired by the surface oil in freeze-dried samples. Oxidation was maintained under acceptable values over the storage for all samples, with slightly higher protection also observed for volatile compounds in the spray-dried particles. The powdered emulsions were able to suitably preserve the oil’s quality over 30 days of storage, enabling its commercialization and application as a food ingredient and potential flavoring.

Chitosan-based Pickering emulsion: A comprehensive review on their stabilizers, bioavailability, applications and regulations

BACKGROUND

Chitosan-based particles are one of the most promising Pickering emulsions stabilizers due to its cationic properties, cost-effective, biocompatibility, biodegradability. However, there are currently no comprehensive reviews analyzing the role of chitosan to develop Pickering emulsions, and the bioavailability and multiple uses of these emulsions.

SCOPE AND APPROACH

This review firstly summarizes the types, preparation and functional properties of chitosan-based Pickering emulsion stabilizers, followed by in vivo and in vitro bioavailability, main regulations, and future application and trends.

KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS

Stabilizers used in chitosan-based Pickering emulsions include 6 categories: chitosan self-aggregating particles and 5 types of composites (chitosan-protein, chitosan-polysaccharide, chitosan-fatty acid, chitosan-polyphenol, and chitosan-inorganic). Chitosan-based Pickering emulsions improved the bioavailability of different compounds compared to traditional emulsions. Current applications include hydrogels, microcapsules, food ingredients, bio-based films, cosmeceuticals, porous scaffolds, environmental protection agents, and interfacial catalysis systems. However, due to current limitations, more research and development are needed to be extensively explored to meet consumer demand, industrial manufacturing, and regulatory requirements. Thus, optimization of stabilizers, bioavailability studies, 3D4D printing, fat substitutes, and double emulsions are the main potential development trends or research gaps in the field which would contribute to increase adoption of these promising emulsions at industrial level.

Recent development in nanoencapsulation and delivery of natural bioactives through chitosan scaffolds for various biological applications

Nowadays, nano/micro-encapsulation as a pioneering technique may significantly improve the bioavailability and durability of Natural bioactives. For this purpose, chitosan as a bioactive cationic natural polysaccharide has been frequently used as a carrier because of its distinct chemical and biological properties, including polycationic nature, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Moreover, polysaccharide-based nano/micro-formulations are a new and extensive trend in scientific research and development in the disciplines of biomedicine, bioorganic/ medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutics, agrochemistry, and the food industry. It promises a new paradigm in drug delivery systems and nanocarrier formulations. This review aims to summarize current developments in approaches for designing innovative chitosan micro/nano-matrix, with an emphasis on the encapsulation of natural bioactives. The special emphasis led to a detailed integrative scientific achievement of the functionalities and abilities for encapsulating natural bioactives and mechanisms regulated in vitro/in vivo release in various biological/physiological environments.

Production of d-limonene-loaded Pickering emulsions stabilized by chitosan nanoparticles

Recently, Pickering emulsions have been considered as an efficient method to maintain and protect the functional properties of essential oils against the harsh conditions. In this research, the encapsulation of d-limonene, as an aromatic component with several distinct properties, was conducted through optimizing the production of Pickering emulsions stabilized by chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and using the response surface methodology; independent variables were different concentrations of CSNPs (0.43, 0.25, and 0.07% w/v) and ratio of d-limonene to Pickering emulsions (5, 15, and 25%). The stability of the emulsions increased at higher contents of the CSNPs. By increasing the concentration of CSNPs and ratio of d-limonene to Pickering emulsion, viscosity of Pickering emulsions was considerably increased. Considering the chemical interactions, thermal behaviors, and crystallinity of samples, CSNPs can be used as an appropriate stabilizer for d-limonene-loaded emulsions and a food grade delivery carrier for the bioactive compounds.