1
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Jang J, Lee DW. Advancements in plant based meat analogs enhancing sensory and nutritional attributes. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:50. [PMID: 39112506 PMCID: PMC11306346 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The burgeoning demand for plant-based meat analogs (PBMAs) stems from environmental, health, and ethical concerns, yet replicating the sensory attributes of animal meat remains challenging. This comprehensive review explores recent innovations in PBMA ingredients and methodologies, emphasizing advancements in texture, flavor, and nutritional profiles. It chronicles the transition from soy-based first-generation products to more diversified second- and third-generation PBMAs, showcasing the utilization of various plant proteins and advanced processing techniques to enrich sensory experiences. The review underscores the crucial role of proteins, polysaccharides, and fats in mimicking meat's texture and flavor and emphasizes research on new plant-based sources to improve product quality. Addressing challenges like production costs, taste, texture, and nutritional adequacy is vital for enhancing consumer acceptance and fostering a more sustainable food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Jang
- Graduate Program in Bio-industrial Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Lee
- Graduate Program in Bio-industrial Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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2
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Luo B, Chen L, Peng J, Sun J. Investigating the effects of oil type, emulsifier type, and emulsion particle size on textured fibril soy protein emulsion-filled gels and soybean protein isolate emulsion-filled gels. J Texture Stud 2024; 55:e12855. [PMID: 38992897 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The effects of oil type, emulsifier type, and emulsion particle size on the texture, gel strength, and rheological properties of SPI emulsion-filled gel (SPI-FG) and TFSP emulsion-filled gel (TFSP-FG) were investigated. Using soybean protein isolate or sodium caseinate as emulsifiers, emulsions with cocoa butter replacer (CBR), palm oil (PO), virgin coconut oil (VCO), and canola oil (CO) as oil phases were prepared. These emulsions were filled into SPI and TFSP gel substrates to prepare emulsion-filled gels. Results that the hardness and gel strength of both gels increased with increasing emulsion content when CBR was used as the emulsion oil phase. However, when the other three liquid oils were used as the oil phase, the hardness and gel strength of TFSP-FG decreased with the increasing of emulsion content, but those of SPI-FG increased when SPI was used as emulsifier. Additionally, the hardness and gel strength of both TFSP-FG and SPI-FG increased with the decreasing of mean particle size of emulsions. Rheological measurements were consistent with textural measurements and found that compared with SC, TFSP-FG, and SPI-FG showed higher G' values when SPI was used as emulsifier. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) observation showed that the distribution and stability of emulsion droplets in TFSP-FG and SPI-FG were influenced by the oil type, emulsifier type and emulsion particle size. SPI-stabilized emulsion behaved as active fillers in SPI-FG reinforcing the gel matrix; however, the gel matrix of TFSP-FG still had many void pores when SPI-stabilized emulsion was involved. In conclusion, compared to SPI-FG, the emulsion filler effect that could reinforce gel networks became weaker in TFSP-FG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxia Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Sarkhel S, Mondal M, Datta D, Sahoo B, Kumari A, Saha S, Bera S, Jana M, Tiwari A, Roy A. Ultrasonic high-yield extraction of non-toxic fucose-containing Abroma augusta polysaccharide bearing emulsifying properties. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38988267 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stem of Abroma augusta contains mucilaginous polysaccharides having numerous ethnomedicinal properties. The present work aimed to develop a scalable ultrasonic-assisted aqueous Abroma augusta mucilage (AAM) extraction (UAE) method and further explores its emulsifying property and toxicity concern. RESULTS The combination of ultrasonic power (750 W), solid-to-liquid ratio (1:15) and temperature (348 K) gave the highest extraction yield of 2.28% with a diffusivity value of 3.85 × 10-9 m2 s-1, which was higher than aqueous extraction method using a kinetic model based on Fick's second law of diffusion. The extracted polysaccharide showed no toxicity as measured through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay on RAW cell line. Additionally, the polysaccharide over its critical micelle concentration (400, 500, 600 and 700 μg mL-1) offered emulsifying properties with 0.5%, 1% and 5% oil (v/v). The emulsion with a polysaccharide concentration of 600 μg mL-1 with 5% oil (v/v) provides stability against coalescence for 3 days. CONCLUSION The overall findings indicated that UAE of AAM polysaccharide can be used for an efficient extraction method, and the obtained polysaccharide is nontoxic in nature and bears emulsifying properties. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhajit Sarkhel
- Laboratory of Applied Food Chemistry, Microbiology, and Process Engineering, Centre for Food Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Mrinmoy Mondal
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, GB Marg, CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, India
| | - Deepanwita Datta
- Laboratory of Applied Food Chemistry, Microbiology, and Process Engineering, Centre for Food Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Bijendra Sahoo
- Laboratory of Applied Food Chemistry, Microbiology, and Process Engineering, Centre for Food Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Ankanksha Kumari
- Laboratory of Applied Food Chemistry, Microbiology, and Process Engineering, Centre for Food Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Sreyajit Saha
- Laboratory of Applied Food Chemistry, Microbiology, and Process Engineering, Centre for Food Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Sandipan Bera
- Laboratory of Applied Food Chemistry, Microbiology, and Process Engineering, Centre for Food Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Malabendu Jana
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amit Tiwari
- Laboratory of Applied Food Chemistry, Microbiology, and Process Engineering, Centre for Food Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Anupam Roy
- Laboratory of Applied Food Chemistry, Microbiology, and Process Engineering, Centre for Food Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, India
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4
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Zhou H, Vu G, Ju Q, Julian McClements D. Development of plant-based whole egg analogs using emulsion technology. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114406. [PMID: 38763658 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
RuBisCO is a plant protein that can be derived from abundant and sustainable natural resources (such as duckweed), which can be used as both an emulsifying and gelling agent. Consequently, it has the potential to formulate emulsion gels that can be used for the development of plant-based replacements of whole eggs. In this study, we investigated the ability of RuBisCO-based emulsion gels to mimic the desirable properties of whole eggs. The emulsion gels contained 12.5 wt% RuBisCO and 10 wt% corn oil to mimic the macronutrient composition of real whole eggs. Initially, an oil-in-water emulsion was formed, which was then heated to convert it into an emulsion gel. The impact of oil droplet diameter (∼15, 1, and 0.2 μm) on the physicochemical properties of the emulsion gels was investigated. The lightness and hardness of the emulsion gels increased as the droplet size decreased, which meant that their appearance and texture could be modified by controlling droplet size. Different concentrations of curcumin (3, 6, and 9 mg/g oil) were incorporated into the emulsions using a pH-driven approach. The curcumin was used as a natural dual functional ingredient (colorant and nutraceutical). The yellow-orange color of curcumin allowed us to match the appearance of raw and cooked whole eggs. This study shows that whole egg analogs can be formulated using plant-based emulsion gels containing natural pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualu Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA.
| | - Giang Vu
- Biopolymers and Colloids Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Qian Ju
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - David Julian McClements
- Biopolymers and Colloids Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Food Science & Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 18 Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
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McClements DJ, Grossmann L. Next-Generation Plant-Based Foods: Challenges and Opportunities. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2024; 15:79-101. [PMID: 37963430 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-072023-034414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Owing to environmental, ethical, health, and safety concerns, there has been considerable interest in replacing traditional animal-sourced foods like meat, seafood, egg, and dairy products with next-generation plant-based analogs that accurately mimic their properties. Numerous plant-based foods have already been successfully introduced to the market, but there are still several challenges that must be overcome before they are adopted by more consumers. In this article, we review the current status of the science behind the development of next-generation plant-based foods and highlight areas where further research is needed to improve their quality, increase their variety, and reduce their cost, including improving ingredient performance, developing innovative processing methods, establishing structure-function relationships, and improving nutritional profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA;
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lutz Grossmann
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA;
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Balanč B, Salević-Jelić A, Đorđević V, Bugarski B, Nedović V, Petrović P, Knežević-Jugović Z. The Application of Protein Concentrate Obtained from Green Leaf Biomass in Structuring Nanofibers for Delivery of Vitamin B12. Foods 2024; 13:1576. [PMID: 38790876 PMCID: PMC11121456 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanofibers made of natural proteins have caught the increasing attention of food scientists because of their edibility, renewability, and possibility for various applications. The objective of this study was to prepare nanofibers based on pumpkin leaf protein concentrate (LPC) as a by-product from some crops and gelatin as carriers for vitamin B12 using the electrospinning technique. The starting mixtures were analyzed in terms of viscosity, density, surface tension, and electrical conductivity. Scanning electron micrographs of the obtained nanofibers showed a slight increase in fiber average diameter with the addition of LPC and vitamin B12 (~81 nm to 109 nm). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy verified the physical blending of gelatin and LPC without phase separation. Thermal analysis showed the fibers had good thermal stability up to 220 °C, highlighting their potential for food applications, regardless of the thermal processing. Additionally, the newly developed fibers have good storage stability, as detected by low water activity values ranging from 0.336 to 0.376. Finally, the release study illustrates the promising sustained release of vitamin B12 from gelatin-LPC nanofibers, mainly governed by the Fickian diffusion mechanism. The obtained results implied the potential of these nanofibers in the development of functional food products with improved nutritional profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Balanč
- Innovation Centre of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.B.); (P.P.)
| | - Ana Salević-Jelić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Beograd, Serbia; (A.S.-J.); (V.N.)
| | - Verica Đorđević
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.B.); (Z.K.-J.)
| | - Branko Bugarski
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.B.); (Z.K.-J.)
| | - Viktor Nedović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Beograd, Serbia; (A.S.-J.); (V.N.)
| | - Predrag Petrović
- Innovation Centre of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.B.); (P.P.)
| | - Zorica Knežević-Jugović
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.B.); (Z.K.-J.)
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Patil ND, Bains A, Sridhar K, Bhaswant M, Kaur S, Tripathi M, Lanterbecq D, Chawla P, Sharma M. Extraction, Modification, Biofunctionality, and Food Applications of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Protein: An Up-to-Date Review. Foods 2024; 13:1398. [PMID: 38731769 PMCID: PMC11083271 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-based proteins have gained popularity in the food industry as a good protein source. Among these, chickpea protein has gained significant attention in recent times due to its high yields, high nutritional content, and health benefits. With an abundance of essential amino acids, particularly lysine, and a highly digestible indispensable amino acid score of 76 (DIAAS), chickpea protein is considered a substitute for animal proteins. However, the application of chickpea protein in food products is limited due to its poor functional properties, such as solubility, water-holding capacity, and emulsifying and gelling properties. To overcome these limitations, various modification methods, including physical, biological, chemical, and a combination of these, have been applied to enhance the functional properties of chickpea protein and expand its applications in healthy food products. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively examine recent advances in Cicer arietinum (chickpea) protein extraction techniques, characterizing its properties, exploring post-modification strategies, and assessing its diverse applications in the food industry. Moreover, we reviewed the nutritional benefits and sustainability implications, along with addressing regulatory considerations. This review intends to provide insights into maximizing the potential of Cicer arietinum protein in diverse applications while ensuring sustainability and compliance with regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Dnyaneshwar Patil
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; (N.D.P.)
| | - Aarti Bains
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Kandi Sridhar
- Department of Food Technology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education Deemed to be University, Coimbatore 641021, India
| | - Maharshi Bhaswant
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai 9808579, Japan
- Center for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India
| | - Sawinder Kaur
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; (N.D.P.)
| | - Manikant Tripathi
- Biotechnology Program, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224001, India
| | | | - Prince Chawla
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; (N.D.P.)
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Gkinali AA, Matsakidou A, Paraskevopoulou A. Assessing the emulsifying properties of Tenebrio molitor larvae protein preparations: Impact of storage, thermal, and freeze-thaw treatments on o/w emulsion stability. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126165. [PMID: 37558041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Insect proteins have gained attention as novel ingredients, which may contribute to the development of high-value-added products. This study evaluates the emulsifying and emulsion-stabilizing properties of Tenebrio molitor larvae protein preparations obtained through different procedures, leading to the following rich-in-protein samples: ASP (∼67 %), AIP (∼75 %), and SSP (∼62 %). The method applied for protein isolation influenced the molecular and structural characteristics of the preparations, thus affecting their adsorption behaviour at oil-water interfaces and ability to stabilize emulsions. O/w emulsions were prepared, and their physicochemical stability was assessed with respect to droplet size, oil droplet flocculation/coalescence, microstructure, and creaming upon storage as well as after thermal and freeze-thaw treatments. The use of ASP and AIP protein preparation as emulsifiers led to higher stability during storage. All emulsions were stable upon heating and able to withstand two freeze-thaw cycles without phase separation, although there was an increase in droplet size. Interestingly, the AIP emulsion remained stable after the 3rd freeze-thaw cycle, indicating remarkable stability under freezing compared to the other two emulsions. These findings are of great importance for the formulation of food-grade emulsions using insect protein preparations and their future exploitation in developing food items subjected to different treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkmini-Anna Gkinali
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anthia Matsakidou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Adamantini Paraskevopoulou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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9
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Kasprzak MM, Jarzębski M, Smułek W, Berski W, Zając M, Östbring K, Ahlström C, Ptasznik S, Domagała J. Effects of Concentration and Type of Lipids on the Droplet Size, Encapsulation, Colour and Viscosity in the Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilised by Rapeseed Protein. Foods 2023; 12:2288. [PMID: 37372498 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to extract the rapeseed protein from by-products and further examine the effect of lab-made rapeseed protein on the droplet size, microstructure, colour, encapsulation and apparent viscosity of emulsions. Rapeseed protein-stabilised emulsions with an increasing gradient of milk fat or rapeseed oil (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%, v/v) were fabricated using a high shear rate homogenisation. All emulsions showed 100% oil encapsulation for 30 days of storage, irrespective of lipid type and the concentration used. Rapeseed oil emulsions were stable against coalescence, whereas the milk fat emulsion showed a partial micro-coalescence. The apparent viscosity of emulsions raised with increased lipid concentrations. Each of the emulsions showed a shear thinning behaviour, a typical behaviour of non-Newtonian fluids. The average droplet size was raised in milk fat and rapeseed oil emulsions when the concentration of lipids increased. A simple approach to manufacturing stable emulsions offers a feasible hint to convert protein-rich by-products into a valuable carrier of saturated or unsaturated lipids for the design of foods with a targeted lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław M Kasprzak
- Department of Animal Product Processing, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, 122 Balicka Str., 30-149 Cracow, Poland
| | - Maciej Jarzębski
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 38/42, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Smułek
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-695 Poznań, Poland
| | - Wiktor Berski
- Department of Carbohydrates Technology and Cereals Processing, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, 122 Balicka Str., 30-149 Cracow, Poland
| | - Marzena Zając
- Department of Animal Product Processing, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, 122 Balicka Str., 30-149 Cracow, Poland
| | - Karolina Östbring
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Ahlström
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stanisław Ptasznik
- Lipid Processing Group, The Department of Meat and Fat Technology, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, State Research Institute, 4 Jubilerska Str., 04-190 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Domagała
- Department of Animal Product Processing, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, 122 Balicka Str., 30-149 Cracow, Poland
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Can Karaca A, Assadpour E, Jafari SM. Plant protein-based emulsions for the delivery of bioactive compounds. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 316:102918. [PMID: 37172542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Emulsion-based delivery systems (EBDSs) can be used as effective carriers for bioactive compounds (bioactives). Recent studies have shown that plant proteins (PLPs) have the potential to be utilized as stabilizers of emulsions for loading, protection and delivery of bioactives. Different strategies combining physical, chemical and biological techniques can be applied for alteration of the structural characteristics and improving the emulsification and encapsulation performance of PLPs. The stability, release, and bioavailability of the encapsulated bioactives can be tailored via optimizing the processing conditions and formulation of the emulsions. This paper presents cutting-edge information on PLP-based emulsions carrying bioactives in terms of their preparation methods, physicochemical characteristics, stability, encapsulation efficiency and release behavior of bioactives. Strategies applied for improvement of emulsifying and encapsulation properties of PLPs used in EBDSs are also reviewed. Special emphasis is given to the use of PLP-carbohydrate complexes for stabilizing bioactive-loaded emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Can Karaca
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Elham Assadpour
- Food Industry Research Co., Gorgan, Iran; Food and Bio-Nanotech International Research Center (Fabiano), Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran; Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China.
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11
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Tan Y, Zhang Z, McClements DJ. Preparation of plant-based meat analogs using emulsion gels: Lipid-filled RuBisCo protein hydrogels. Food Res Int 2023; 167:112708. [PMID: 37087213 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
RuBisCo from duckweed is a sustainable source of plant proteins with a high water-solubility and good gelling properties. In this study, we examined the impact of RuBisCo concentration (9-33 wt %) and oil droplet concentration (0 to 14 wt %) on the properties of emulsion gels designed to simulate the properties of chicken breast. The color (L*a*b*), water holding capacity (WHC), textural profile analysis, shear modulus, and microstructure of the emulsion gels were measured. The gel hardness and WHC increased significantly with increasing protein concentration, reaching values equivalent to chicken breast. The lightness of the emulsion gels was less than that of chicken breast, due to the presence of pigments (such as polyphenols) in the protein. Shear modulus versus temperature measurements showed that gelation began when the protein solutions were heated to around 40 °C and then the gels hardened appreciably when the temperature was further raised to 90 °C. The shear modulus of the gels then increased during cooling, which was attributed to the strengthening of hydrogen bonds at lower temperatures. The hardness of the gels increased slightly but then decreased when the oil droplet concentration was raised from 0 to 14 %. The lightness of the protein gels increased after adding the oil droplets, which was attributed to increased light scattering. Microstructure analysis showed that the RuBisCo proteins formed a particulate gel after heating, with the oil droplets being in the interstices between the particulates. In summary, RuBisCo proteins can be dissolved at high concentrations and can form strong emulsion gels. Consequently, they may be able to mimic the composition and textural attributes of real chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbing Tan
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Zhiyun Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Food Science & Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 18 Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
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12
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Impact of Operating Parameters on the Production of Nanoemulsions Using a High-Pressure Homogenizer with Flow Pattern and Back Pressure Control. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids7010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to establish the relative importance of the main operating parameters impacting the formation of food-grade oil-in-water nanoemulsions by high-pressure homogenization. The goal of this unit operation was to create uniform and stable emulsified products with small mean particle diameters and narrow polydispersity indices. In this study, we examined the performance of a new commercial high-pressure valve homogenizer, which has several features that provide good control over the particle size distribution of nanoemulsions, including variable homogenization pressures (up to 45,000 psi), nozzle dimensions (0.13/0.22 mm), flow patterns (parallel/reverse), and back pressures. The impact of homogenization pressure, number of passes, flow pattern, nozzle dimensions, back pressure, oil concentration, emulsifier concentration, and emulsifier type on the particle size distribution of corn oil-in-water emulsions was systematically examined. The droplet size decreased with increasing homogenization pressure, number of passes, back pressure, and emulsifier-to-oil ratio. Moreover, it was slightly smaller when a reverse rather than parallel flow profile was used. The emulsifying performance of plant, animal, and synthetic emulsifiers was compared because there is increasing interest in replacing animal and synthetic emulsifiers with plant-based ones in the food industry. Under fixed homogenization conditions, the mean particle diameter decreased in the following order: gum arabic (0.66 µm) > soy protein (0.18 µm) > whey protein (0.14 µm) ≈ Tween 20 (0.14 µm). The information reported in this study is useful for the optimization of the production of food-grade nanoemulsions using high-pressure homogenization.
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Pearce FG, Brunke JE. Is now the time for a Rubiscuit or Ruburger? Increased interest in Rubisco as a food protein. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:627-637. [PMID: 36260435 PMCID: PMC9833043 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Much of the research on Rubisco aims at increasing crop yields, with the ultimate aim of increasing plant production to feed an increasing global population. However, since the identification of Rubisco as the most abundant protein in leaf material, it has also been touted as a direct source of dietary protein. The nutritional and functional properties of Rubisco are on a par with those of many animal proteins, and are superior to those of many other plant proteins. Purified Rubisco isolates are easily digestible, nutritionally complete, and have excellent foaming, gelling, and emulsifying properties. Despite this potential, challenges in efficiently extracting and separating Rubisco have limited its use as a global foodstuff. Leaves are lower in protein than seeds, requiring large amounts of biomass to be processed. This material normally needs to be processed quickly to avoid degradation of the final product. Extraction of Rubisco from the plant material requires breaking down the cell walls and rupturing the chloroplast. In order to obtain high-quality protein, Rubisco needs to be separated from chlorophyll, and then concentrated for final use. However, with increased consumer demand for plant protein, there is increased interest in the potential of leaf protein, and many commercial plants are now being established aimed at producing Rubisco as a food protein, with over US$60 million of funding invested in the past 5 years. Is now the time for increased use of Rubisco in food production as a nitrogen source, rather than just providing a carbon source?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel E Brunke
- Biomolecular Interactions Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Lutein-Fortified Plant-Based Egg Analogs Designed to Improve Eye Health: Formation, Characterization, In Vitro Digestion, and Bioaccessibility. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010002. [PMID: 36613218 PMCID: PMC9818212 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein is a carotenoid found in real eggs that has been reported to have beneficial effects on eye health by reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration. However, lutein is not often included in plant based (PB) egg analogs. It would, therefore, be advantageous to fortify PB eggs with this health-promoting carotenoid. Moreover, lutein is a natural pigment with a bright red to yellowish color depending on its concentration and environment. It can, therefore, also be used as a plant-based pigment to mimic the desirable appearance of egg yolk. Some of the main challenges to using lutein as a nutraceutical and pigment in PB foods are its poor water-solubility, chemical stability, and bioavailability. In this study, we encapsulated lutein in oil-in-water emulsions, which were then utilized to formulate whole egg analogs. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) protein isolated from a sustainable plant-based source (duckweed) was used to mimic the thermally irreversible heat-set gelling properties of globular egg proteins, with the aim of obtaining a similar cookability and texture as real eggs. The lutein content (80 mg/100 g) of the egg analogs was designed to be at a level where there should be health benefits. The protein (12.5 wt.%) and oil (10 wt.%) contents of the egg analogs were selected to match those of real egg. The effects of oil droplet size and oil type on the bioaccessibility of the encapsulated lutein were examined using the INFOGEST in vitro digestion model. For the emulsions formulated with long chain triglycerides (LCTs, corn oil), lutein bioaccessibility significantly increased when the initial droplet diameter decreased from around 10 to 0.3 μm, which was attributed to more rapid and complete digestion of the lipid phase for smaller droplets. For medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), however, no impact of droplet size on lutein bioaccessibility was observed. A high lutein bioaccessibility (around 80%) could be obtained for both LCTs and MCTs emulsions containing small oil droplets. Thus, both types of oil can be good carriers for lutein. In summary, we have shown that lutein-fortified PB eggs with good digestibility and bioaccessibility can be created, which may play an important role in ensuring the health of those adopting a more plant-based diet.
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Gregersen Echers S, Abdul-Khalek N, Mikkelsen RK, Holdt SL, Jacobsen C, Hansen EB, Olsen TH, Sejberg JJ, Overgaard MT. Is Gigartina a potential source of food protein and functional peptide-based ingredients? Evaluating an industrial, pilot-scale extract by proteomics and bioinformatics. FUTURE FOODS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Utilization of potato protein fractions to form oil-in-water nanoemulsions: Impact of pH, salt, and heat on their stability. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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