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Mitrić A, Castellano I. Targeting gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase: A pleiotropic enzyme involved in glutathione metabolism and in the control of redox homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:672-683. [PMID: 37739139 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is an enzyme located on the outer membrane of the cells where it regulates the metabolism of glutathione (GSH), the most abundant intracellular antioxidant thiol. GGT plays a key role in the control of redox homeostasis, by hydrolyzing extracellular GSH and providing the cell with the recovery of cysteine, which is necessary for de novo intracellular GSH and protein biosynthesis. Therefore, the upregulation of GGT confers to the cell greater resistance to oxidative stress and the advantage of growing fast. Indeed, GGT is upregulated in inflammatory conditions and in the progression of various human tumors and it is involved in many physiological disorders related to oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Currently, increased GGT expression is considered a marker of liver damage, cancer, and low-grade chronic inflammation. This review addresses the current knowledge on the structure-function relationship of GGT, focusing on human GGT, and provides information on the pleiotropic biological role and relevance of the enzyme as a target of drugs aimed at alleviating oxidative stress-related diseases. The development of new GGT inhibitors is critically discussed, as are the advantages and disadvantages of their potential use in clinics. Considering its pleiotropic activities and evolved functions, GGT is a potential "moonlighting protein".
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Mitrić
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy; Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy.
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2
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Chenot C, Collin S, Suc L, Roland A. Evidence of Enzymatic and Chemical Interconversions of Barley Malt 3-Sulfanylhexanol Conjugates during Mashing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13107-13113. [PMID: 37610825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted in malt the occurrence of the glutathionylated precursor of 3-sulfanylhexanol (G-3SHol) at concentrations reaching hundreds of μg/kg. Here, SIDA-LC-MS/MS was used to investigate the potential conversion of G-3SHol to its dipeptide and cysteinyl analogues during mashing. At 45 and 55 °C, malt γGT and carboxypeptidase activities quickly degrade G-3SHol (up to 90% loss), first to the cysteinylglycine conjugate and then to the cysteine conjugate (up to 205% increase). No γ-glutamylcysteine S-conjugate formation is observed. At 80 °C, despite enzyme inactivation, the G-3SHol level decreases steadily because of suspected imine formation with wort aldehydes at pH 5.5. More surprisingly, CysGly-3SHol is still generated at 80 °C. This indicates the presence in the wort of as yet unidentified precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Chenot
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 2 box L7.05.07, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sonia Collin
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 2 box L7.05.07, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Lucas Suc
- SPO, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - Aurélie Roland
- SPO, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier 34060, France
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Jankovic T, Danilovic Lukovic J, Goc S, Mitic N, Hajdukovic L, Jankovic M. Gamma-glutamyltransferase-associated glycoprotein patterns in human seminal plasma of normozoospermic men: a new aspect of biomarker heterogeneity. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2023. [PMID: 37465893 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2023.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a well-known laboratory biomarker. In spite of high concentration and the possible biomedical importance of estimating GGT in human seminal plasma (hSP), it has not been widely explored in reproductive physiology. This study aimed to complement existing data on its diversity, previously obtained on seminal extracellular vesicles, by analyzing matched soluble fraction of hSP. The GGT-associated patterns of selected glycoproteins were analyzed in order to establish an adjunct referent parameter for differentiation between known high molecular mass forms of GGT. Getting insight into distinct GGT-associated glycoprotein patterns should contribute to define them together as possible multimarkers. METHODS GGT forms in soluble, membrane-free-fraction isolated form hSP of normozoospermic men were analyzed using gel filtration and lectin blotting using WGA (wheat germ agglutinin) and Con A (concanavalin A). RESULTS Widely distributed GGT (with two to three partially resolved peaks), which may correspond to high molecular mass aggregates, were detected. GGT-associated patterns of selected glycoproteins (at position of big, medium, and small-GGT) all comprised high molecular mass WGA-reactive smears, but differed in the presence of Con A-reactive glycans, as well as mucin-associated antigens CA19-9 and CA125. CONCLUSIONS GGT contributes to several molecular patterns that differ between the soluble and extracellular vesicle fractions of hSP. Their glycobiochemical heterogeneity is due to difference in the presence of distinct sialylated and mannosylated glycans. Moreover, GGT-associated glycoprotein patterns differentiate between high molecular mass forms of GGT in the soluble fraction of hSP. They hold promise as possible targets for increasing biomarker potential of GGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Jankovic
- Department for Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Danilovic Lukovic
- Department for Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Goc
- Department for Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ninoslav Mitic
- Department for Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Hajdukovic
- Department for Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslava Jankovic
- Department for Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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Chen M, Chen L, Yuan D, Niu L, Hu J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Ling P, Liu F, Zhang D. Preparation, function, and safety evaluation of a novel degradable dermal filler, the cross-linked poly-γ-glutamic acid hydrogel particles. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:1407-1418. [PMID: 36930047 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) is a naturally degradable hydrophilic linear microbial polymer with moisturizing, immunogenic, cross-linking, and hydrogel water absorption properties similar to hyaluronic acid, a biomaterial that is commonly used as a dermal filler. To explore the development feasibility of cross-linked PGA as a novel dermal filler, we studied the local skin response to PGA fillers and the effect of various cross-linking preparations on the average longevity of dermal injection. Injection site inflammation and the formation of collagen and elastin were also determined. PGA hydrogel particles prepared using 28% PGA and 10% 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether showed optimal filler properties, resistance to moist heat sterilization, and an average filling longevity of 94.7 ± 61.6 days in the dermis of rabbit ears. Local redness and swelling due to filler injection recovered within 14.2 ± 3.6 days. Local tissue necrosis or systemic allergic reactions were not observed, and local collagen formation was promoted. Preliminary results suggested that dermal injection of cross-linked PGA particles appeared safe and effective, suggesting that cross-linked PGA particles could be developed as a new hydrogel dermal filler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Chen
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Jinan, China
| | - Dandan Yuan
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Jinan, China
| | - Linlin Niu
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Jinan, China
| | - Jianting Hu
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuhua Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Jinan, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangjun Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Jinan, China
| | - Peixue Ling
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Jinan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Jinan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Polysaccharide drugs, Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Jinan, China
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Al Shap NF, El-Sherbeny EME, El Masry DMA. The efficacy of metal nanocomposite (Fe 3O 4/CuO/ZnO) to ameliorate the toxic effects of ochratoxin in broilers. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:312. [PMID: 35971170 PMCID: PMC9377104 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of different doses of metal nanocomposite (MNc) (Fe3O4/CuO/ZnO) lower than its cytotoxic level in order to overcome or minimize the ochratoxin (OTA) adverse effects in broilers fed on contaminated ration. The study conducted on 120 one-day old chicks which were divided into equal 6 groups; G1: negative control, G2: positive control (fed on OTA 17 ppb), G3& G4 (fed MNc only with low and high doses respectively). The rest two groups G5 & G6 (treatment groups) were fed on OTA, post induced ochratoxification, treated with low and high doses respectively. RESULTS Body weight gain and heamatocellular elements in both treated groups increased significantly than control. Serum phagocytic nitric oxide levels were increased significantly in both treated groups than control groups. Prothrombin time (PT), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in both treated groups than intoxicated control group (G2) but still higher than non-intoxicated control group (G1). Total protein, albumin, globulin, calcium and phosphorus increased significantly in both treated groups than intoxicated control group. Kidney function tests showed significant improvement in both treated groups than intoxicated control group. Antioxidant study revealed that malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly in treated groups than intoxicated control group. Ochratoxin residue decreased significantly in treated groups. Metal residues in tested liver and muscle of treated groups showed no-significant difference with non-intoxicated control group (G1) at the experiment's end. In conclusion, feeding either low or high doses of MNc to broilers were significantly counteracting the negative impacts of OTA or its residue and increase their body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagla F Al Shap
- Toxicology Unit Animal Health Research Institute, Tanta lab.Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman M El El-Sherbeny
- Pharmacology Unit Animal Health Research Institute, Tanta lab. Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalia M A El Masry
- Nanomaterials Research and Synthesis Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, 264, Egypt.
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Saini M, Kalra S, Kaushik JK, Gupta R. Functional characterization of the extra sequence in the large subunit of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus atrophaeus: Role in autoprocessing and activity. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang H, Li L, Zhang S. Non-linear relationship between gamma-glutamyl transferase and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk: secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520937911. [PMID: 32662704 PMCID: PMC7361500 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520937911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk. METHODS This was a secondary analysis based on a publicly available DRYAD dataset that included 15 444 study participants that received medical examinations at a single centre in Japan between 2004 and 2015. Crude, minimally-adjusted and fully-adjusted regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between GGT levels and T2DM risk. RESULTS The study participants (mean ± SD age of 43.72 ± 8.90 years; 8415 of 15 444 [54.49%] were male) were followed-up for a median of 1968 days (5.39 years). After adjusting for potential covariates, a non-linear relationship between the baseline GGT level and T2DM incidence was observed. The inflection point for T2DM risk was 10 IU/l GGT; below this point, the T2DM incidence increased by 1.18-fold per unit change in GGT. Above this point, the association between GGT and the incidence rate of T2DM became nonsignificant. CONCLUSION Baseline GGT exhibited a non-linear association with T2DM incidence. Elevated GGT levels should be incorporated into routine screening for individuals at high risk of T2DM, allowing for early intervention targeting GGT to potentially reduce T2DM-related morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Department of Cardiology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Shouyan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
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Saini M, Kashyap A, Bindal S, Saini K, Gupta R. Bacterial Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, an Emerging Biocatalyst: Insights Into Structure-Function Relationship and Its Biotechnological Applications. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:641251. [PMID: 33897647 PMCID: PMC8062742 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.641251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) enzyme is ubiquitously present in all life forms and plays a variety of roles in diverse organisms. Higher eukaryotes mainly utilize GGT for glutathione degradation, and mammalian GGTs have implications in many physiological disorders also. GGTs from unicellular prokaryotes serve different physiological functions in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In the present review, the physiological significance of bacterial GGTs has been discussed categorizing GGTs from Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli as glutathione degraders and from pathogenic species like Helicobacter pylori as virulence factors. Gram-positive bacilli, however, are considered separately as poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) degraders. The structure-function relationship of the GGT is also discussed mainly focusing on the crystallization of bacterial GGTs along with functional characterization of conserved regions by site-directed mutagenesis that unravels molecular aspects of autoprocessing and catalysis. Only a few crystal structures have been deciphered so far. Further, different reports on heterologous expression of bacterial GGTs in E. coli and Bacillus subtilis as hosts have been presented in a table pointing toward the lack of fermentation studies for large-scale production. Physicochemical properties of bacterial GGTs have also been described, followed by a detailed discussion on various applications of bacterial GGTs in different biotechnological sectors. This review emphasizes the potential of bacterial GGTs as an industrial biocatalyst relevant to the current switch toward green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rani Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Feasibility of synthesizing γ-[Glu] -Gln using high solid concentrations and glutaminase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as the catalyst. Food Chem 2020; 310:125920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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10
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Lin J, Sun-Waterhouse D, Cui C, Lu H. Increasing antioxidant activities of the glutamine-cysteine mixture by the glutaminase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Food Chem 2020; 308:125701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Selenium Treatment Enhanced Clearance of Salmonella in Chicken Macrophages (HD11). Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8110532. [PMID: 31703342 PMCID: PMC6912687 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8110532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important micronutrient, selenium (Se) plays many essential roles in immune response and protection against pathogens in humans and animals, but underlying mechanisms of Se-based control of salmonella growth within macrophages remain poorly elucidated. In this study, using RNA-seq analyses, we demonstrate that Se treatment (at an appropriate concentration) can modulate the global transcriptome of chicken macrophages HD11. The bioinformatic analyses (KEGG pathway analysis) revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in retinol and glutathione metabolism, revealing that Se may be associated with retinol and glutathione metabolism. Meanwhile, Se treatment increased the number of salmonella invading the HD11 cells, but reduced the number of salmonella within HD11 cells, suggesting that enhanced clearance of salmonella within HD11 cells was potentially modulated by Se treatment. Furthermore, RNA-seq analyses also revealed that nine genes including SIVA1, FAS, and HMOX1 were differentially expressed in HD11 cells infected with salmonella following Se treatment, and GO enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly enriched in an extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. In summary, these results indicate that Se treatment may not only affect retinol and glutathione metabolism in macrophages, but could also inhibit salmonella-induced macrophage apoptosis via an extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway involving SIVA1.
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Philips JG, Dumin W, Winefield C. Functional Characterization of the Grapevine γ-Glutamyl Transferase/Transpeptidase (E.C. 2.3.2.2) Gene Family Reveals a Single Functional Gene Whose Encoded Protein Product Is Not Located in Either the Vacuole or Apoplast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1402. [PMID: 31749820 PMCID: PMC6843540 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
γ-glutamyl transferases/transpeptidases (E.C. 2.3.2.2, GGTs) are involved in the catabolism of many compounds that are conjugated to glutathione (GSH), which have a variety of roles. GSH can act as storage and transport vehicle for reduced sulfur; it is involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and also acts as a redox buffer by utilizing its thiol residue to protect against reactive oxygen species, which accumulate in response to biotic and abiotic stress. Furthermore, many distinctive flavor and aroma compounds in Sauvignon blanc wines originate from odorless C5- and C6-GSH conjugates or their GGT catabolized derivatives. These precursors are then processed into their volatile forms by yeast during fermentation. In many plant species, two or more isoforms of GGTs exist that target GSH-conjugates to either the apoplast or the vacuole. A bioinformatics approach identified multiple GGT candidates in grapevine (Vitis vinifera). However, only a single candidate, VvGGT3, has all the conserved residues needed for GGT activity. This is intriguing given the variety of roles of GSH and GGTs in plant cells. Characterization of VvGGT3 from cv. Sauvignon blanc was then undertaken. The VvGGT3 transcript is present in roots, leaves, inflorescences, and tendril and at equal abundance in the skin, pulp, and seed of mature berries and shows steady accumulation over the course of whole berry development. In addition, the VvGGT3 transcript in whole berries is upregulated upon Botrytis cinerea infection as well as mechanical damage to leaf tissue. VvGGT3-GFP fusion proteins transiently over-expressed in onion cells were used to study subcellular localization. To confirm VvGGT3 activity and localization in vivo, the fluorescent γ-glutamyl-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin substrate was added to Nicotiana benthamiana leaves transiently over-expressing VvGGT3. In combination, these results suggest that the functional VvGGT3 is associated with membrane-like structures. This is not consistent with its closely related functionally characterized GGTs from Arabidopsis, radish and garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher Winefield
- Department of Wine Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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An R, Wei S, Huang Z, Liu F, Ye D. An Activatable Chemiluminescent Probe for Sensitive Detection of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Activity in Vivo. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13639-13646. [PMID: 31560193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activatable chemiluminescent probes that show enhanced chemiluminescence upon interaction with a molecular target of interest have offered promising tools for sensing and bioimaging in terms of low background, high sensitivity, and improved penetration depth in biological tissues. Here, we reported a γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activatable chemiluminescent probe for real-time detection of GGT activity in vitro and in living mice. The probe was designed by caging an electron-withdrawing acrylic group-substituted Schaap's phenoxy-dioxetane with a GGT-recognitive substrate (γ-Glu) and a self-immolative linker (p-aminobenzyl alcohol), which was initially chemiluminescence off. Upon interaction with GGT, strong chemiluminescence with a more than 800-fold turn-on ratio could be achieved in aqueous solution, allowing to specifically detect GGT activity with ultrahigh signal-to-background ratio and sensitivity in vitro and in live cells. We demonstrated that the probe was reliable to quantify the GGT in serum, permitting to accurately report the elevated levels of GGT in lipopolysaccharide-treated mouse serum. Moreover, through real-time chemiluminescence imaging of GGT activity, the designed probe was feasible to detect GGT-positive tumors in living mice after intravenous systemic administration. This study demonstrates the high potential of GGT-activatable chemiluminescent probe for serum assays and molecular imaging, which might find wide applications in diagnosis of GGT-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibing An
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Shixuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Zheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Deju Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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14
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Gamma glutamyl peptides: The food source, enzymatic synthesis, kokumi-active and the potential functional properties – A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Yang J, Sun-Waterhouse D, Xie J, Wang L, Chen HZ, Cui C, Zhao M. Comparison of kokumi γ -[Glu] (n>1) -Val and γ -[Glu] (n>1) -Met synthesized through transpeptidation catalyzed by glutaminase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Food Chem 2018; 247:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutathione degradation has for long been thought to occur only on noncytosolic pools. This is because there has been only one enzyme known to degrade glutathione (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase) and this localizes to either the plasma membrane (mammals, bacteria) or the vacuolar membrane (yeast, plants) and acts on extracellular or vacuolar pools. The last few years have seen the discovery of several new enzymes of glutathione degradation that function in the cytosol, throwing new light on glutathione degradation. Recent Advances: The new enzymes that have been identified in the last few years that can initiate glutathione degradation include the Dug enzyme found in yeast and fungi, the ChaC1 enzyme found among higher eukaryotes, the ChaC2 enzyme found from bacteria to man, and the RipAY enzyme found in some bacteria. These enzymes play roles ranging from housekeeping functions to stress responses and are involved in processes such as embryonic neural development and pathogenesis. CRITICAL ISSUES In addition to delineating the pathways of glutathione degradation in detail, a critical issue is to find how these new enzymes impact cellular physiology and homeostasis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Glutathione degradation plays a far greater role in cellular physiology than previously envisaged. The differential regulation and differential specificities of various enzymes, each acting on distinct pools, can lead to different consequences to the cell. It is likely that the coming years will see these downstream effects being unraveled in greater detail and will lead to a better understanding and appreciation of glutathione degradation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1200-1216.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Bachhawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Mohali, Mohali, India
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17
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Saini M, Bindal S, Gupta R. Heterologous expression of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus atrophaeus GS-16 and its application in the synthesis of γ- d -glutamyl- l -tryptophan, a known immunomodulatory peptide. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 99:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Bindal S, Sharma S, Singh TP, Gupta R. Evolving transpeptidase and hydrolytic variants of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis by targeted mutations of conserved residue Arg109 and their biotechnological relevance. J Biotechnol 2017; 249:82-90. [PMID: 28365292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) catalyzes the transfer of the γ-glutamyl moiety from donor compounds such as l-glutamine (Gln) and glutathione (GSH) to an acceptor. During the biosynthesis of various γ-glutamyl-containing compounds using GGT enzyme, auto-transpeptidation reaction leads to the formation of unwanted byproducts. Therefore, in order to alter the auto-transpeptidase activity of the GGT enzyme, the binding affinity of Gln should be modified. Structural studies of the Bacillus licheniformis GGT (BlGT) complexed with the glutamic acid has shown that glutamic acid has strong ionic interactions through its α-carboxlic group with the guanidine moiety of Arg109. This interaction appears to be an important contributor for the binding affinity of Gln. In view of this, six mutants of Bacillus licheniformis ER15 GGT (BlGGT) viz. Arg109Lys, Arg109Ser, Arg109Met, Arg109Leu, Arg109Glu and Arg109Phe were prepared. As seen from the structure of BlGT, the mutation of Arg109 to Lys109 may reduce the affinity for Gln to some extent, whereas the other mutations are expected to lower the affinity much more. Biophysical characterization and functional studies revealed that Arg109Lys mutant has increased transpeptidation activity and catalytic efficiency than the other mutants. The Arg109Lys mutant showed high conversion rates for l-theanine synthesis as well. Moreover, the Arg109Met mutant showed increased hydrolytic activity as it completely altered the binding of Gln at the active site. Also, the salt stability of the enzyme was significantly improved on replacing Arg109 by Met109 which is required for hydrolytic applications of GGTs in food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Bindal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Tej P Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Rani Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
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19
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Zhu Q, Song W, Xia D, Fan W, Yu M, Guo S, Zhu C, Gan Y. A poly-l-glutamic acid functionalized nanocomplex for improved oral drug absorption. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:8508-8517. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01425e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A PGA-based complex enhanced intestinal absorption due to the improved active epithelial endocytosis through specific interactions with epithelium-bound γ-GT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanlei Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Wenyi Song
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
- Department of Pharmacy
| | - Dengning Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Weiwei Fan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Miaorong Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Shiyan Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Chunliu Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Yong Gan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
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20
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Poirié M, Colinet D, Gatti JL. Insights into function and evolution of parasitoid wasp venoms. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 6:52-60. [PMID: 32846678 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most species in the order Hymenoptera are parasitoids that lay eggs and develop in or on the body of arthropod hosts. Several factors contribute to successful parasitism including venoms that wasps inject into hosts when ovipositing. Here, we review the composition, function and diversity of parasitoid venoms with emphasis on studies of wasps that parasitize hosts in the genus Drosophila. The comparative literature indicates that some closely related species parasitizing the same host do not share any abundant venom protein while unrelated species sometimes have the same major venom component. Within species, studies also identify intraspecific variation that suggests parasitoid venoms may rapidly evolve. Overall, however, our picture of venom function remains largely unclear and will require additional comparative data on the composition of venoms from a greater diversity of species than exists currently. Further advances will come mainly from experimental data using functional tools, such as RNA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marylène Poirié
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Evolution and Specificity of Multitrophic Interactions (ESIM), UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7254, Sophia Antipolis, France; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UFR Sciences, Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Dominique Colinet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Evolution and Specificity of Multitrophic Interactions (ESIM), UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7254, Sophia Antipolis, France; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UFR Sciences, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Evolution and Specificity of Multitrophic Interactions (ESIM), UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7254, Sophia Antipolis, France; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UFR Sciences, Sophia Antipolis, France
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