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Liang JJ, Peng H, Wang JJ, Liu XH, Ma L, Ni YR, Yang HJ, Zhang YQ, Ai WB, Wu JF. Relationship between the structure and function of the transcriptional regulator E2A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:15. [PMID: 34271975 PMCID: PMC8283981 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-021-00146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
E proteins are transcriptional regulators that regulate many developmental processes in animals and lymphocytosis and leukemia in Homo sapiens. In particular, E2A, a member of the E protein family, plays a major role in the transcriptional regulatory network that promotes the differentiation and development of B and T lymphocytes. E2A-mediated transcriptional regulation usually requires the formation of E2A dimers, which then bind to coregulators. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which E2A participates in transcriptional regulation from a structural perspective. More specifically, the C-terminal helix-loop-helix (HLH) region of the basic HLH (bHLH) domain first dimerizes, and then the activation domains of E2A bind to different coactivators or corepressors in different cell contexts, resulting in histone acetylation or deacetylation, respectively. Then, the N-terminal basic region (b) of the bHLH domain binds to or dissociates from a specific DNA motif (E-box sequence). Last, trans-activation or trans-repression occurs. We also summarize the properties of these E2A domains and their interactions with the domains of other proteins. The feasibility of developing drugs based on these domains is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jie Liang
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China.,Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Hu Peng
- Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China.,The Yiling Hospital of Yichang, 32 Donghu Road, Yi Ling District, Yichang, 443100, Hubei, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Wang
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Liu
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China.,Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Yi-Ran Ni
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China.,Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Huai-Jie Yang
- The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, 31 Huti Subdistrict, Xi Ling District, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Zhang
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China.,Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Wen-Bing Ai
- The Yiling Hospital of Yichang, 32 Donghu Road, Yi Ling District, Yichang, 443100, Hubei, China.
| | - Jiang-Feng Wu
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China. .,Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, 8 Daxue Road, Xiling District, Yichang, 443002, China. .,The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, 31 Huti Subdistrict, Xi Ling District, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, China. .,The Yiling Hospital of Yichang, 32 Donghu Road, Yi Ling District, Yichang, 443100, Hubei, China.
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Kellaway S, Chin PS, Barneh F, Bonifer C, Heidenreich O. t(8;21) Acute Myeloid Leukemia as a Paradigm for the Understanding of Leukemogenesis at the Level of Gene Regulation and Chromatin Programming. Cells 2020; 9:E2681. [PMID: 33322186 PMCID: PMC7763303 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous disease with multiple sub-types which are defined by different somatic mutations that cause blood cell differentiation to go astray. Mutations occur in genes encoding members of the cellular machinery controlling transcription and chromatin structure, including transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, DNA-methyltransferases, but also signaling molecules that activate inducible transcription factors controlling gene expression and cell growth. Mutant cells in AML patients are unable to differentiate and adopt new identities that are shaped by the original driver mutation and by rewiring their gene regulatory networks into regulatory phenotypes with enhanced fitness. One of the best-studied AML-subtypes is the t(8;21) AML which carries a translocation fusing the DNA-binding domain of the hematopoietic master regulator RUNX1 to the ETO gene. The resulting oncoprotein, RUNX1/ETO has been studied for decades, both at the biochemical but also at the systems biology level. It functions as a dominant-negative version of RUNX1 and interferes with multiple cellular processes associated with myeloid differentiation, growth regulation and genome stability. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of how this protein reprograms normal into malignant cells and how our current knowledge could be harnessed to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kellaway
- Institute of Cancer and Genomica Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.C.)
| | - Paulynn S. Chin
- Institute of Cancer and Genomica Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.C.)
| | - Farnaz Barneh
- Princess Máxima Centrum for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584CS Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Institute of Cancer and Genomica Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.C.)
| | - Olaf Heidenreich
- Princess Máxima Centrum for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584CS Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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