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Brandão-Teles C, Zuccoli GS, de Moraes Vrechi TA, Ramos-da-Silva L, Santos AVS, Crunfli F, Martins-de-Souza D. Induced-pluripotent stem cells and neuroproteomics as tools for studying neurodegeneration. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:163-176. [PMID: 38288874 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The investigation of neurodegenerative diseases advanced significantly with the advent of cell-reprogramming technology, leading to the creation of new models of human illness. These models, derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), facilitate the study of sporadic as well as hereditary diseases and provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved with neurodegeneration. Through proteomics, a quantitative tool capable of identifying thousands of proteins from small sample volumes, researchers have attempted to identify disease mechanisms by detecting differentially expressed proteins and proteoforms in disease models, biofluids, and postmortem brain tissue. The integration of these two technologies allows for the identification of novel pathological targets within the realm of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we highlight studies from the past 5 years on the contributions of iPSCs within neuroproteomic investigations, which uncover the molecular mechanisms behind these illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Brandão-Teles
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Giuliana S Zuccoli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Talita Aparecida de Moraes Vrechi
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lívia Ramos-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Aline Valéria Sousa Santos
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Crunfli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil
- INCT in Modelling Human Complex Diseases with 3D Platforms (Model3D)
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Awuah WA, Tan JK, Shkodina AD, Ferreira T, Adebusoye FT, Mazzoleni A, Wellington J, David L, Chilcott E, Huang H, Abdul-Rahman T, Shet V, Atallah O, Kalmanovich J, Jiffry R, Madhu DE, Sikora K, Kmyta O, Delva MY. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: Novel insights into the pathogenesis and management. SAGE Open Med 2023; 12:20503121231221941. [PMID: 38162912 PMCID: PMC10757446 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231221941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia is a genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder characterised primarily by muscle stiffness in the lower limbs. Neurodegenerative disorders are conditions that result from cellular and metabolic abnormalities, many of which have strong genetic ties. While ageing is a known contributor to these changes, certain neurodegenerative disorders can manifest early in life, progressively affecting a person's quality of life. Hereditary spastic paraplegia is one such condition that can appear in individuals of any age. In hereditary spastic paraplegia, a distinctive feature is the degeneration of long nerve fibres in the corticospinal tract of the lower limbs. This degeneration is linked to various cellular and metabolic processes, including mitochondrial dysfunction, remodelling of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, autophagy, abnormal myelination processes and alterations in lipid metabolism. Additionally, hereditary spastic paraplegia affects processes like endosome membrane trafficking, oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms. Disease-causing genetic loci and associated genes influence the progression and severity of hereditary spastic paraplegia, potentially affecting various cellular and metabolic functions. Although hereditary spastic paraplegia does not reduce a person's lifespan, it significantly impairs their quality of life as they age, particularly with more severe symptoms. Regrettably, there are currently no treatments available to halt or reverse the pathological progression of hereditary spastic paraplegia. This review aims to explore the metabolic mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of hereditary spastic paraplegia, emphasising the interactions of various genes identified in recent network studies. By comprehending these associations, targeted molecular therapies that address these biochemical processes can be developed to enhance treatment strategies for hereditary spastic paraplegia and guide clinical practice effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anastasiia D Shkodina
- Department of Neurological Diseases, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Tomas Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Adele Mazzoleni
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Jack Wellington
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Lian David
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Ellie Chilcott
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Helen Huang
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Vallabh Shet
- Faculty of Medicine, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Karnataka, India
| | - Oday Atallah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Riaz Jiffry
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Mykhailo Yu Delva
- Department of Neurological Diseases, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
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3
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Chai E, Chen Z, Mou Y, Thakur G, Zhan W, Li XJ. Liver-X-receptor agonists rescue axonal degeneration in SPG11-deficient neurons via regulating cholesterol trafficking. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106293. [PMID: 37709208 PMCID: PMC10655618 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spastic paraplegia type 11 (SPG11) is a common autosomal recessive form of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) characterized by the degeneration of cortical motor neuron axons, leading to muscle spasticity and weakness. Impaired lipid trafficking is an emerging pathology in neurodegenerative diseases including SPG11, though its role in axonal degeneration of human SPG11 neurons remains unknown. Here, we established a pluripotent stem cell-based SPG11 model by knocking down the SPG11 gene in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). These stem cells were then differentiated into cortical projection neurons (PNs), the cell types affected in HSP patients, to examine axonal defects and cholesterol distributions. Our data revealed that SPG11 deficiency led to reduced axonal outgrowth, impaired axonal transport, and accumulated swellings, recapitulating disease-specific phenotypes. In SPG11-knockdown neurons, cholesterol was accumulated in lysosome and reduced in plasma membrane, revealing impairments in cholesterol trafficking. Strikingly, the liver-X-receptor (LXR) agonists restored cholesterol homeostasis, leading to the rescue of subsequent axonal defects in SPG11-deficient cortical PNs. To further determine the implication of impaired cholesterol homeostasis in SPG11, we examined the cholesterol distribution in cortical PNs generated from SPG11 disease-mutation knock-in hESCs, and observed a similar cholesterol trafficking impairment. Moreover, LXR agonists rescued the aberrant cholesterol distribution and mitigated the degeneration of SPG11 disease-mutated neurons. Taken together, our data demonstrate impaired cholesterol trafficking underlying axonal degeneration of SPG11 human neurons, and highlight the therapeutic potential of LXR agonists for SPG11 through restoring cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA.; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Yongchao Mou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA.; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Gitika Thakur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
| | - Weihai Zhan
- Office of Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
| | - Xue-Jun Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA.; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA..
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4
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Chen Z, Chai E, Mou Y, Roda RH, Blackstone C, Li XJ. Inhibiting mitochondrial fission rescues degeneration in hereditary spastic paraplegia neurons. Brain 2022; 145:4016-4031. [PMID: 35026838 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are characterized by lower limb spasticity resulting from degeneration of long corticospinal axons. SPG11 is one of the most common autosomal recessive HSPs, and the SPG11 protein spatacsin forms a complex with the SPG15 protein spastizin and heterotetrameric AP5 adaptor protein complex, which includes the SPG48 protein AP5Z1. Using the integration-free episomal method, we established SPG11 patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patient fibroblasts. We differentiated SPG11 iPSCs, as well as SPG48 iPSCs previously established, into cortical projection neurons (PNs) and examined protective effects by targeting mitochondrial dynamics using P110, a peptide that selectively inhibits mitochondrial fission GTPase Drp1. P110 treatment mitigates mitochondrial fragmentation, improves mitochondrial motility, and restores mitochondrial health and ATP levels in SPG11 and SPG48 neurons. Neurofilament (NF) aggregations are increased in SPG11 and SPG48 axons, and these are also suppressed by P110. Similarly, P110 mitigates NF disruption in both SPG11 and SPG48 knockdown cortical PNs, confirming the contribution of HSP gene deficiency to subsequent NF and mitochondrial defects. Strikingly, NF aggregations in SPG11 and SPG48 deficient neurons double stain with ubiquitin and autophagy related proteins, resembling the pathological hallmark observed in SPG11 autopsy brain sections. To confirm the cause-effect relationship between the SPG11 mutations and disease phenotypes, we knocked-in SPG11 disease mutations to human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and differentiated these stem cells into cortical PNs. Reduced ATP levels and accumulated NF aggregations along axons are observed, and both are mitigated by P110. Furthermore, rescue experiment with expression of wildtype SPG11 in cortical PNs derived from both SPG11 patient iPSCs and SPG11 disease mutation knock-in hESCs leads to rescue of mitochondrial dysfunction and NF aggregations in these SPG11 neurons. Finally, in SPG11 and SPG48 long-term cultures, increased release of phosphoNF-H, a biomarker for nerve degeneration, is significantly reduced by inhibiting mitochondrial fission pharmacologically using P110 and genetically using Drp1 shRNA. Taken together, our results demonstrate that impaired mitochondrial dynamics underlie both cytoskeletal disorganization and axonal degeneration in SPG11 and SPG48 neurons, highlighting the importance of targeting these pathologies therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Eric Chai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
| | - Yongchao Mou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Ricardo H. Roda
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Craig Blackstone
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Xue-Jun Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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5
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Genetic architecture of motor neuron diseases. J Neurol Sci 2021; 434:120099. [PMID: 34965490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.120099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are rare and frequently fatal neurological disorders in which motor neurons within the brainstem and spinal cord regions slowly die. MNDs are primarily caused by genetic mutations, and > 100 different mutant genes in humans have been discovered thus far. Given the fact that many more MND-related genes have yet to be discovered, the growing body of genetic evidence has offered new insights into the diverse cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the aetiology and pathogenesis of MNDs. This search may aid in the selection of potential candidate genes for future investigation and, eventually, may open the door to novel interventions to slow down disease progression. In this review paper, we have summarized detailed existing research findings of different MNDs, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), spinal bulbar muscle atrophy (SBMA) and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) in relation to their complex genetic architecture.
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6
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Piermarini E, Akarsu S, Connors T, Kneussel M, Lane MA, Morfini G, Karabay A, Baas PW, Qiang L. Modeling gain-of-function and loss-of-function components of SPAST-based hereditary spastic paraplegia using transgenic mice. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:1844-1859. [PMID: 34935948 PMCID: PMC9169457 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a disease in which dieback degeneration of corticospinal tracts, accompanied by axonal swellings, leads to gait deficiencies. SPG4-HSP, the most common form of the disease, results from mutations of human spastin gene (SPAST), which is the gene that encodes spastin, a microtubule-severing protein. The lack of a vertebrate model that recapitulates both the etiology and symptoms of SPG4-HSP has stymied the development of effective therapies for the disease. hSPAST-C448Y mice, which express human mutant spastin at the ROSA26 locus, display corticospinal dieback and gait deficiencies but not axonal swellings. On the other hand, mouse spastin gene (Spast)-knockout (KO) mice display axonal swellings but not corticospinal dieback or gait deficiencies. One possibility is that reduced spastin function, resulting in axonal swellings, is not the cause of the disease but exacerbates the toxic effects of the mutant protein. To explore this idea, Spast-KO and hSPAST-C448Y mice were crossbred, and the offspring were compared with the parental lines via histological and behavioral analyses. The crossbred animals displayed axonal swellings as well as earlier onset, worsened gait deficiencies and corticospinal dieback compared with the hSPAST-C448Y mouse. These results, together with observations on changes in histone deacetylases 6 and tubulin modifications in the axon, indicate that each of these three transgenic mouse lines is valuable for investigating a different component of the disease pathology. Moreover, the crossbred mice are the best vertebrate model to date for testing potential therapies for SPG4-HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Piermarini
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Seyma Akarsu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Theresa Connors
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Michael A Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Arzu Karabay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Peter W Baas
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA. Tel: +1 2159918311; Fax: +1 2158439082; ; Tel: +1 2159918298;
| | - Liang Qiang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA. Tel: +1 2159918311; Fax: +1 2158439082; ; Tel: +1 2159918298;
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7
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Mohan N, Qiang L, Morfini G, Baas PW. Therapeutic Strategies for Mutant SPAST-Based Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11081081. [PMID: 34439700 PMCID: PMC8394973 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the SPAST gene that encodes the microtubule-severing enzyme called spastin are the chief cause of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. Growing evidence indicates that pathogenic mutations functionally compromise the spastin protein and endow it with toxic gain-of-function properties. With each of these two factors potentially relevant to disease etiology, the present article discusses possible therapeutic strategies that may ameliorate symptoms in patients suffering from SPAST-based Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia, which is usually termed SPG4-HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mohan
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19422, USA; (N.M.); (L.Q.)
| | - Liang Qiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19422, USA; (N.M.); (L.Q.)
| | - Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Peter W. Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19422, USA; (N.M.); (L.Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-991-8289; Fax: +1-215-843-9082
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8
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Toupenet Marchesi L, Leblanc M, Stevanin G. Current Knowledge of Endolysosomal and Autophagy Defects in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071678. [PMID: 34359848 PMCID: PMC8307360 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) refers to a group of neurological disorders involving the degeneration of motor neurons. Due to their clinical and genetic heterogeneity, finding common effective therapeutics is difficult. Therefore, a better understanding of the common pathological mechanisms is necessary. The role of several HSP genes/proteins is linked to the endolysosomal and autophagic pathways, suggesting a functional convergence. Furthermore, impairment of these pathways is particularly interesting since it has been linked to other neurodegenerative diseases, which would suggest that the nervous system is particularly sensitive to the disruption of the endolysosomal and autophagic systems. In this review, we will summarize the involvement of HSP proteins in the endolysosomal and autophagic pathways in order to clarify their functioning and decipher some of the pathological mechanisms leading to HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liriopé Toupenet Marchesi
- Institut du Cerveau—Paris Brain Institute—ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France; (L.T.M.); (M.L.)
- Neurogenetics Team, EPHE, Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, 75000 Paris, France
| | - Marion Leblanc
- Institut du Cerveau—Paris Brain Institute—ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France; (L.T.M.); (M.L.)
- Neurogenetics Team, EPHE, Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, 75000 Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Institut du Cerveau—Paris Brain Institute—ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France; (L.T.M.); (M.L.)
- Neurogenetics Team, EPHE, Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, 75000 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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9
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Castellanos-Montiel MJ, Chaineau M, Durcan TM. The Neglected Genes of ALS: Cytoskeletal Dynamics Impact Synaptic Degeneration in ALS. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:594975. [PMID: 33281562 PMCID: PMC7691654 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.594975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that selectively affects motor neurons (MNs) of the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Several genes have been linked to both familial (fALS) and sporadic (sALS) cases of ALS. Among all the ALS-related genes, a group of genes known to directly affect cytoskeletal dynamics (ALS2, DCTN1, PFN1, KIF5A, NF-L, NF-H, PRPH, SPAST, and TUBA4A) is of high importance for MN health and survival, considering that MNs are large polarized cells with axons that can reach up to 1 m in length. In particular, cytoskeletal dynamics facilitate the transport of organelles and molecules across the long axonal distances within the cell, playing a key role in synapse maintenance. The majority of ALS-related genes affecting cytoskeletal dynamics were identified within the past two decades, making it a new area to explore for ALS. The purpose of this review is to provide insights into ALS-associated cytoskeletal genes and outline how recent studies have pointed towards novel pathways that might be impacted in ALS. Further studies making use of extensive analysis models to look for true hits, the newest technologies such as CRIPSR/Cas9, human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and axon sequencing, as well as the development of more transgenic animal models could potentially help to: differentiate the variants that truly act as a primary cause of the disease from the ones that act as risk factors or disease modifiers, identify potential interactions between two or more ALS-related genes in disease onset and progression and increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to cytoskeletal defects. Altogether, this information will give us a hint on the real contribution of the cytoskeletal ALS-related genes during this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathilde Chaineau
- Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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10
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Hauser S, Schuster S, Heuten E, Höflinger P, Admard J, Schelling Y, Velic A, Macek B, Ossowski S, Schöls L. Comparative Transcriptional Profiling of Motor Neuron Disorder-Associated Genes in Various Human Cell Culture Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:544043. [PMID: 33072739 PMCID: PMC7543453 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.544043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease modeling requires appropriate cellular models that best mimic the underlying pathophysiology. Human origin and an adequate expression of the disease protein are pre-requisites that support information from a model to be meaningful. In this study we investigated expression profiles of (i) PBMCs and (ii) fibroblasts as patient derived cells as well as (iii) lymphoblasts and (iv) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) as immortalized sources, and (v) iPSC-derived cortical neurons to assess their aptitude to model motor neuron diseases (MNDs) including hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). We generated all five different cell types from two healthy donors and performed RNA sequencing to display expression patterns in MND-related genes. For the ten most common HSP genotypes we validated gene expression by qPCR. To verify the results on protein level, proteome analysis of fibroblasts, iPSCs and cortical neurons was performed. Depending on the specific MND gene we found largely different expression patterns. Out of 168 MND-related genes, 50 had their highest expression in iPSC-derived cortical neurons, 41 were most strongly expressed in fibroblasts, 26 in lymphoblasts, 22 in iPSCs, and 14 in PBMCs. Pathophysiologically related MNDs like HSPs associated with axonal transport deficits shared highest expression in cortical neurons. 15 MND-related genes were not detectable in any of the analyzed cell types. This may reflect the critical dependency of motor neurons on support of other cell types like oligodendrocytes which express myelin proteins like L1CAM (SPG1), PLP1 (SPG2) and MAG (SPG75) which are lacking in neurons but cause MNDs if mutated. This study provides comprehensive information on expression of genes associated with a large spectrum of MNDs. Expression profiles can be used to inform on appropriate cell models for genotype specific motor neuron research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hauser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schuster
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elena Heuten
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philip Höflinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Admard
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Schelling
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana Velic
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Boris Macek
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Ossowski
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center of Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center of Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Rare novel CYP2U1 and ZFYVE26 variants identified in two Pakistani families with spastic paraplegia. J Neurol Sci 2020; 411:116669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Siow SF, Cameron Smail R, Ng K, Kumar KR, Sue CM. Motor Evoked Potentials in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia-A Systematic Review. Front Neurol 2019; 10:967. [PMID: 31620065 PMCID: PMC6759520 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no disease modifying treatment. Potential therapeutic approaches are emerging and large-scale clinical drug trials for patients with HSP are imminent. A sensitive biomarker to measure the drug efficacy in these trials is required. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) are a potential biomarker for HSP as they assess the central motor pathways and can be standardized with set protocols and guidelines. Objectives: We performed a systematic review to investigate the utility of MEPs as a diagnostic and disease severity biomarker for HSP. Search Methods: Systematic searches of PubMed, Embase, Medline, and Scopus were performed. Selection Criteria: Studies reporting on central motor conduction time measured with MEPs in adult and pediatric patients with HSP were included. We excluded studies in non-HSP patient cohorts, not in English, not original research, and unpublished journal articles. Data Collection and analysis: Search results were de-duplicated and screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The included papers were reviewed independently by two reviewers and data was collected on patient cohorts, test methods, results, and study quality. Results were analyzed using descriptive methods. Results: Of the 882 search results, 32 studies were included in the review. The most common finding was absent or prolonged lower limb (LL) central motor conduction time (CMCT) in patients with HSP (78% of patients studied). Quality assessment revealed variability in study methodology and reporting of results. Variations included patient cohorts of various genotypes as well as variations in equipment and techniques used. Aside from CMCT, none of the MEP parameter measures correlated with disease severity and many did not show significant difference between HSP patients and controls. Conclusion: Systematic review of MEP studies in HSP patient cohorts demonstrated mixed findings. Lower limb CMCT was the most promising parameter in terms of differentiating HSP patients from controls, with one study demonstrating a weak correlation with clinical disease severity. It is possible that the lack of consistency in study methodologies and small patient cohorts have contributed to the variable findings. A longitudinal study of MEPs in a large cohort of HSP patients with the same genotype will help clarify the utility of MEPs as a biomarker for disease severity and use in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Faye Siow
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Northern Clinical School, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruaridh Cameron Smail
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Northern Clinical School, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Karl Ng
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Northern Clinical School, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kishore R Kumar
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Northern Clinical School, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Guo W, Stoklund Dittlau K, Van Den Bosch L. Axonal transport defects and neurodegeneration: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 99:133-150. [PMID: 31542222 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Because of the extremely polarized morphology, the proper functioning of neurons largely relies on the efficient cargo transport along the axon. Axonal transport defects have been reported in multiple neurodegenerative diseases as an early pathological feature. The discovery of mutations in human genes involved in the transport machinery provide a direct causative relationship between axonal transport defects and neurodegeneration. Here, we summarize the current genetic findings related to axonal transport in neurodegenerative diseases, and we discuss the relationship between axonal transport defects and other pathological changes observed in neurodegeneration. In addition, we summarize the therapeutic approaches targeting the axonal transport machinery in studies of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we review the technical advances in tracking axonal transport both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Guo
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven-Stem Cell Institute (SCIL), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katarina Stoklund Dittlau
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium.
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14
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A de novo variant in RAC3 causes severe global developmental delay and a middle interhemispheric variant of holoprosencephaly. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:1127-1132. [DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Jeong B, Kim TH, Kim DS, Shin WH, Lee JR, Kim NS, Lee DY. Spastin Contributes to Neural Development through the Regulation of Microtubule Dynamics in the Primary Cilia of Neural Stem Cells. Neuroscience 2019; 411:76-85. [PMID: 31150727 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Spastin is a microtubule-severing enzyme encoded by SPAST, which is broadly expressed in various cell types originated from multiple organs. Even though SPAST is well known as a regulator of the axon growth and arborization in neurons and a genetic factor of hereditary spastic paraplegia, it also takes part in a wide range of other cellular functions including the regulation of cell division and proliferation. In this study, we investigated a novel biological role of spastin in developing brain using Spast deficient mouse embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) and perinatal mouse brain. We found that the expression of spastin begins at early embryonic stages in mouse brain. Using Spast shRNA treated NSCs and mouse brain, we showed that Spast deficiency leads to decrease of NSC proliferation and neuronal lineage differentiation. Finally, we found that spastin controls NSC proliferation by regulating microtubule dynamics in primary cilia. Collectively, these data demonstrate that spastin controls brain development by the regulation of NSC functions at early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohyeon Jeong
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Won-Ho Shin
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ran Lee
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Nam-Soon Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Da Yong Lee
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
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16
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Qiang L, Piermarini E, Baas PW. New hypothesis for the etiology of SPAST-based hereditary spastic paraplegia. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:289-297. [PMID: 31108029 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of the SPAST gene are the chief cause of hereditary spastic paraplegia. Controversy exists in the medical community as to whether the etiology of the disease is haploinsufficiency or toxic gain-of-function properties of the mutant spastin proteins. In recognition of strong reasons that support each possible mechanism, here we present a novel perspective, based in part on new studies with mouse models and in part on the largest study to date on patients with the disease. We posit that haploinsufficiency does not cause the disease but makes the corticospinal tracts vulnerable to a second hit, which is usually the mutant spastin proteins but could also be proteins generated by mutations of other genes that may or may not cause the disease on their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emanuela Piermarini
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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17
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Qiang L, Piermarini E, Muralidharan H, Yu W, Leo L, Hennessy LE, Fernandes S, Connors T, Yates PL, Swift M, Zholudeva LV, Lane MA, Morfini G, Alexander GM, Heiman-Patterson TD, Baas PW. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: gain-of-function mechanisms revealed by new transgenic mouse. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1136-1152. [PMID: 30520996 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the SPAST gene, which encodes the microtubule-severing protein spastin, are the most common cause of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). Haploinsufficiency is the prevalent opinion as to the mechanism of the disease, but gain-of-function toxicity of the mutant proteins is another possibility. Here, we report a new transgenic mouse (termed SPASTC448Y mouse) that is not haploinsufficient but expresses human spastin bearing the HSP pathogenic C448Y mutation. Expression of the mutant spastin was documented from fetus to adult, but gait defects reminiscent of HSP (not observed in spastin knockout mice) were adult onset, as is typical of human patients. Results of histological and tracer studies on the mouse are consistent with progressive dying back of corticospinal axons, which is characteristic of the disease. The C448Y-mutated spastin alters microtubule stability in a manner that is opposite to the expectations of haploinsufficiency. Neurons cultured from the mouse display deficits in organelle transport typical of axonal degenerative diseases, and these deficits were worsened by depletion of endogenous mouse spastin. These results on the SPASTC448Y mouse are consistent with a gain-of-function mechanism underlying HSP, with spastin haploinsufficiency exacerbating the toxicity of the mutant spastin proteins. These findings reveal the need for a different therapeutic approach than indicated by haploinsufficiency alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura E Hennessy
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guillermo M Alexander
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Terry D Heiman-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Mou Y, Li XJ. Rescue axonal defects by targeting mitochondrial dynamics in hereditary spastic paraplegias. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:574-577. [PMID: 30632492 PMCID: PMC6352593 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.248108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired axonal development and degeneration underlie debilitating neurodegenerative diseases including hereditary spastic paraplegia, a large group of inherited diseases. Hereditary spastic paraplegia is caused by retrograde degeneration of the long corticospinal tract axons, leading to progressive spasticity and weakness of leg and hip muscles. There are over 70 subtypes with various underlying pathophysiological processes, such as defective vesicular trafficking, lipid metabolism, organelle shaping, axonal transport, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Although hereditary spastic paraplegia consists of various subtypes with different pathological characteristics, defects in mitochondrial morphology and function emerge as one of the common cellular themes in hereditary spastic paraplegia. Mitochondrial morphology and function are remodeled by mitochondrial dynamics regulated by several key fission and fusion mediators. However, the role of mitochondrial dynamics in axonal defects of hereditary spastic paraplegia remains largely unknown. Recently, studies reported perturbed mitochondrial morphology in hereditary spastic paraplegia neurons. Moreover, downregulation of mitochondrial fission regulator dynamin-related protein 1, both pharmacologically and genetically, could rescue axonal outgrowth defects in hereditary spastic paraplegia neurons, providing a potential therapeutic target for treating these hereditary spastic paraplegia. This mini-review will describe the regulation of mitochondrial fission/fusion, the link between mitochondrial dynamics and axonal defects, and the recent progress on the role of mitochondrial dynamics in axonal defects of hereditary spastic paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Mou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xue-Jun Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Hebbar M, Shukla A, Nampoothiri S, Bielas S, Girisha KM. Locus and allelic heterogeneity in five families with hereditary spastic paraplegia. J Hum Genet 2018; 64:17-21. [PMID: 30337681 PMCID: PMC6344291 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias are a group of genetically heterogeneous neurological disorders characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity of lower limbs. We ascertained five families with eight individuals with hereditary spastic paraplegia. Pathogenic variants were identified by exome sequencing of index cases. The cohort consists of three families with spastic paraplegia type 47 (AP4B1) with a common mutation in two families, a family with spastic paraplegia type 50 (AP4M1), and two male siblings with X-linked spastic paraplegia 2 (PLP1). This work illustrates locus and allelic heterogeneity in five families with hereditary spastic paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Hebbar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Anju Shukla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Stephanie Bielas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katta M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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20
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Mariano V, Domínguez-Iturza N, Neukomm LJ, Bagni C. Maintenance mechanisms of circuit-integrated axons. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 53:162-173. [PMID: 30241058 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adult, circuit-integrated neurons must be maintained and supported for the life span of their host. The attenuation of either maintenance or plasticity leads to impaired circuit function and ultimately to neurodegenerative disorders. Over the last few years, significant discoveries of molecular mechanisms were made that mediate the formation and maintenance of axons. Here, we highlight intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that ensure the health and survival of axons. We also briefly discuss examples of mutations associated with impaired axonal maintenance identified in specific neurological conditions. A better understanding of these mechanisms will therefore help to define targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Mariano
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nuria Domínguez-Iturza
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lukas J Neukomm
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy.
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