1
|
Kahana Y, Aberdam A, Amar A, Cohen I. Deep-Learning-Based Classification of Cyclic-Alternating-Pattern Sleep Phases. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1395. [PMID: 37895516 PMCID: PMC10606713 DOI: 10.3390/e25101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Determining the cyclic-alternating-pattern (CAP) phases in sleep using electroencephalography (EEG) signals is crucial for assessing sleep quality. However, most current methods for CAP classification primarily rely on classical machine learning techniques, with limited implementation of deep-learning-based tools. Furthermore, these methods often require manual feature extraction. Herein, we propose a fully automatic deep-learning-based algorithm that leverages convolutional neural network architectures to classify the EEG signals via their time-frequency representations. Through our investigation, we explored using time-frequency analysis techniques and found that Wigner-based representations outperform the commonly used short-time Fourier transform for CAP classification. Additionally, our algorithm incorporates contextual information of the EEG signals and employs data augmentation techniques specifically designed to preserve the time-frequency structure. The model is developed using EEG signals of healthy subjects from the publicly available CAP sleep database (CAPSLPDB) on Physionet. An experimental study demonstrates that our algorithm surpasses existing machine-learning-based methods, achieving an accuracy of 77.5% on a balanced test set and 81.8% when evaluated on an unbalanced test set. Notably, the proposed algorithm exhibits efficiency and scalability, making it suitable for on-device implementation to enhance CAP identification procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Kahana
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200003, Israel;
| | | | - Alon Amar
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200003, Israel;
| | - Israel Cohen
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200003, Israel;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mendonça F, Mostafa SS, Morgado-Dias F, Ravelo-García AG, Rosenzweig I. Towards automatic EEG cyclic alternating pattern analysis: a systematic review. Biomed Eng Lett 2023; 13:273-291. [PMID: 37519874 PMCID: PMC10382419 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-023-00303-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study conducted a systematic review to determine the feasibility of automatic Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP) analysis. Specifically, this review followed the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to address the formulated research question: is automatic CAP analysis viable for clinical application? From the identified 1,280 articles, the review included 35 studies that proposed various methods for examining CAP, including the classification of A phase, their subtypes, or the CAP cycles. Three main trends were observed over time regarding A phase classification, starting with mathematical models or features classified with a tuned threshold, followed by using conventional machine learning models and, recently, deep learning models. Regarding the CAP cycle detection, it was observed that most studies employed a finite state machine to implement the CAP scoring rules, which depended on an initial A phase classifier, stressing the importance of developing suitable A phase detection models. The assessment of A-phase subtypes has proven challenging due to various approaches used in the state-of-the-art for their detection, ranging from multiclass models to creating a model for each subtype. The review provided a positive answer to the main research question, concluding that automatic CAP analysis can be reliably performed. The main recommended research agenda involves validating the proposed methodologies on larger datasets, including more subjects with sleep-related disorders, and providing the source code for independent confirmation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Mendonça
- University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI/ARDITI/LARSyS), Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - Fernando Morgado-Dias
- University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI/ARDITI/LARSyS), Funchal, Portugal
| | - Antonio G. Ravelo-García
- Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI/ARDITI/LARSyS), Funchal, Portugal
- Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ivana Rosenzweig
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hartmann S, Baumert M. Subject-level Normalization to Improve A-phase Detection of Cyclic Alternating Pattern in Sleep EEG. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-4. [PMID: 38083045 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Automatic detection systems for activation phases (A-phase) of the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in electroencephalograms (EEG) are designed to automatically score A-phases in any individual but typically fail to factor in EEG signal variations between individuals, e.g. due to sleep disorders, recording site differences or equipment differences. Here, we investigate the effect of subject-level normalization on the performance of an automatic A-phase detection system consisting of a recurrent neural network. We compared the classification performance of various subject-level normalization methods to the standard training set normalization. Systems were trained and tested on subjects with different sleep disorders using the publicly available CAP Sleep Database on Physionet. Subject-level normalization using Zscore or median and interquartile range (IQR) increases the F1-score for A1-phases by +11-22% (Z-Score: +11-20%, Median/IQR: +16-22%), for A2-phases by +2-9% (Z-Score: +59%, Median/IQR: +2-7%), for A3-phases by -1 - +8% (Z-Score: +3-8%, Median/IQR: -1-+5%) as compared to the standard training data normalization when tested across sleep disorders. Our results show that subject-level normalization drastically improves the precision of A-phase detection in case the training population differs from the testing population.Clinical Relevance- Subject-level normalisation improves the automatic CAP scoring system performances for the general population by minimizing the effect of individual EEG differences.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sharma M, Lodhi H, Yadav R, Elphick H, Acharya UR. Computerized detection of cyclic alternating patterns of sleep: A new paradigm, future scope and challenges. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 235:107471. [PMID: 37037163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Sleep quality is associated with wellness, and its assessment can help diagnose several disorders and diseases. Sleep analysis is commonly performed based on self-rating indices, sleep duration, environmental factors, physiologically and polysomnographic-derived parameters, and the occurrence of disorders. However, the correlation that has been observed between the subjective assessment and objective measurements of sleep quality is small. Recently, a few automated systems have been suugested to measure sleep quality to address this challenge. Sleep quality can be assessed by evaluating macrostructure-based sleep analysis via the examination of sleep cycles, namely Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and Non Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) with N1, N2, and N3 stages. However, macrostructure sleep analysis does not consider transitory phenomena like K-complexes and transient fluctuations, which are indispensable in diagnosing various sleep disorders. The CAP, part of the microstructure of sleep, may offer a more precise and relevant examination of sleep and can be considered one of the candidates to measure sleep quality and identify sleep disorders such as insomnia and apnea. CAP is characterized by very subtle changes in the brain's electroencephalogram (EEG) signals that occur during the NREM stage of sleep. The variations among these patterns in healthy subjects and subjects with sleep disorders can be used to identify sleep disorders. Studying CAP is highly arduous for human experts; thus, developing automated systems for assessing CAP is gaining momentum. Developing new techniques for automated CAP detection installed in clinical setups is essential. This paper aims to analyze the algorithms and methods presented in the literature for the automatic assessment of CAP and the development of CAP-based sleep markers that may enhance sleep quality assessment, helping diagnose sleep disorders. METHODS This literature survey examined the automated assessment of CAP and related parameters. We have reviewed 34 research articles, including fourteen ML, nine DL, and ten based on some other techniques. RESULTS The review includes various algorithms, databases, features, classifiers, and classification performances and their comparisons, advantages, and limitations of automated systems for CAP assessment. CONCLUSION A detailed description of state-of-the-art research findings on automated CAP assessment and associated challenges has been presented. Also, the research gaps have been identified based on our review. Further, future research directions are suggested for sleep quality assessment using CAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Sharma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Science Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure, Technology, Research and Management (IITRAM), Ahmedabad, India.
| | - Harsh Lodhi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Science Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure, Technology, Research and Management (IITRAM), Ahmedabad, India.
| | - Rishita Yadav
- Department of Electrical and Computer Science Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure, Technology, Research and Management (IITRAM), Ahmedabad, India.
| | | | - U Rajendra Acharya
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mendonça F, Mostafa SS, Gupta A, Arnardottir ES, Leppänen T, Morgado-Dias F, Ravelo-García AG. A-phase index: an alternative view for sleep stability analysis based on automatic detection of the A-phases from the cyclic alternating pattern. Sleep 2023; 46:6696631. [PMID: 36098558 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep stability can be studied by evaluating the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The present study presents a novel approach for assessing sleep stability, developing an index based on the CAP A-phase characteristics to display a sleep stability profile for a whole night's sleep. METHODS Two ensemble classifiers were developed to automatically score the signals, one for "A-phase" and the other for "non-rapid eye movement" estimation. Both were based on three one-dimension convolutional neural networks. Six different inputs were produced from the EEG signal to feed the ensembles' classifiers. A proposed heuristic-oriented search algorithm individually tuned the classifiers' structures. The outputs of the two ensembles were combined to estimate the A-phase index (API). The models can also assess the A-phase subtypes, their API, and the CAP cycles and rate. RESULTS Four dataset variations were considered, examining healthy and sleep-disordered subjects. The A-phase average estimation's accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity range was 82%-87%, 72%-80%, and 82%-88%, respectively. A similar performance was attained for the A-phase subtype's assessments, with an accuracy range of 82%-88%. Furthermore, in the examined dataset's variations, the API metric's average error varied from 0.15 to 0.25 (with a median range of 0.11-0.24). These results were attained without manually removing wake or rapid eye movement periods, leading to a methodology suitable to produce a fully automatic CAP scoring algorithm. CONCLUSIONS Metrics based on API can be understood as a new view for CAP analysis, where the goal is to produce and examine a sleep stability profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Mendonça
- University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal.,Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI/LARSyS) and M-ITI, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - Ankit Gupta
- University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal.,Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI/LARSyS) and M-ITI, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Erna Sif Arnardottir
- Reykjavik University Sleep Institute, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Internal Medicine Services, Landspitali-National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Timo Leppänen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fernando Morgado-Dias
- University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal.,Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI/LARSyS) and M-ITI, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Antonio G Ravelo-García
- Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI/LARSyS) and M-ITI, Funchal, Portugal.,Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mendonça F, Mostafa SS, Freitas D, Morgado-Dias F, Ravelo-García AG. Multiple Time Series Fusion Based on LSTM: An Application to CAP A Phase Classification Using EEG. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710892. [PMID: 36078611 PMCID: PMC9518445 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP) is a periodic activity detected in the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. This pattern was identified as a marker of unstable sleep with several possible clinical applications; however, there is a need to develop automatic methodologies to facilitate real-world applications based on CAP assessment. Therefore, a deep learning-based EEG channels' feature level fusion was proposed in this work and employed for the CAP A phase classification. Two optimization algorithms optimized the channel selection, fusion, and classification procedures. The developed methodologies were evaluated by fusing the information from multiple EEG channels for patients with nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy and patients without neurological disorders. Results showed that both optimization algorithms selected a comparable structure with similar feature level fusion, consisting of three electroencephalogram channels (Fp2-F4, C4-A1, F4-C4), which is in line with the CAP protocol to ensure multiple channels' arousals for CAP detection. Moreover, the two optimized models reached an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.82, with average accuracy ranging from 77% to 79%, a result in the upper range of the specialist agreement and best state-of-the-art works, despite a challenging dataset. The proposed methodology also has the advantage of providing a fully automatic analysis without requiring any manual procedure. Ultimately, the models were revealed to be noise-resistant and resilient to multiple channel loss, being thus suitable for real-world application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Mendonça
- Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI/LARSyS and ARDITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Higher School of Technologies and Management, University of Madeira, 9000-082 Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - Diogo Freitas
- Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI/LARSyS and ARDITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Madeira, 9000-082 Funchal, Portugal
- NOVA Laboratory for Computer Science and Informatics, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fernando Morgado-Dias
- Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI/LARSyS and ARDITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Madeira, 9000-082 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Antonio G. Ravelo-García
- Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI/LARSyS and ARDITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Automatic detection of A-phase onsets based on convolutional neural networks. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.103800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
8
|
GTransU-CAP: Automatic labeling for cyclic alternating patterns in sleep EEG using gated transformer-based U-Net framework. Comput Biol Med 2022; 147:105804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Heuristic Optimization of Deep and Shallow Classifiers: An Application for Electroencephalogram Cyclic Alternating Pattern Detection. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24050688. [PMID: 35626571 PMCID: PMC9140662 DOI: 10.3390/e24050688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Methodologies for automatic non-rapid eye movement and cyclic alternating pattern analysis were proposed to examine the signal from one electroencephalogram monopolar derivation for the A phase, cyclic alternating pattern cycles, and cyclic alternating pattern rate assessments. A population composed of subjects free of neurological disorders and subjects diagnosed with sleep-disordered breathing was studied. Parallel classifications were performed for non-rapid eye movement and A phase estimations, examining a one-dimension convolutional neural network (fed with the electroencephalogram signal), a long short-term memory (fed with the electroencephalogram signal or with proposed features), and a feed-forward neural network (fed with proposed features), along with a finite state machine for the cyclic alternating pattern cycle scoring. Two hyper-parameter tuning algorithms were developed to optimize the classifiers. The model with long short-term memory fed with proposed features was found to be the best, with accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 83% and 0.88, respectively, for the A phase classification, while for the non-rapid eye movement estimation, the results were 88% and 0.95, respectively. The cyclic alternating pattern cycle classification accuracy was 79% for the same model, while the cyclic alternating pattern rate percentage error was 22%.
Collapse
|
10
|
Automated classification of cyclic alternating pattern sleep phases in healthy and sleep-disordered subjects using convolutional neural network. Comput Biol Med 2022; 146:105594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
11
|
Qian X, Qiu Y, He Q, Lu Y, Lin H, Xu F, Zhu F, Liu Z, Li X, Cao Y, Shuai J. A Review of Methods for Sleep Arousal Detection Using Polysomnographic Signals. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1274. [PMID: 34679339 PMCID: PMC8533904 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple types of sleep arousal account for a large proportion of the causes of sleep disorders. The detection of sleep arousals is very important for diagnosing sleep disorders and reducing the risk of further complications including heart disease and cognitive impairment. Sleep arousal scoring is manually completed by sleep experts by checking the recordings of several periods of sleep polysomnography (PSG), which is a time-consuming and tedious work. Therefore, the development of efficient, fast, and reliable automatic sleep arousal detection system from PSG may provide powerful help for clinicians. This paper reviews the automatic arousal detection methods in recent years, which are based on statistical rules and deep learning methods. For statistical detection methods, three important processes are typically involved, including preprocessing, feature extraction and classifier selection. For deep learning methods, different models are discussed by now, including convolution neural network (CNN), recurrent neural network (RNN), long-term and short-term memory neural network (LSTM), residual neural network (ResNet), and the combinations of these neural networks. The prediction results of these neural network models are close to the judgments of human experts, and these methods have shown robust generalization capabilities on different data sets. Therefore, we conclude that the deep neural network will be the main research method of automatic arousal detection in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Qian
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (X.Q.); (Y.Q.); (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (F.X.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Ye Qiu
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (X.Q.); (Y.Q.); (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (F.X.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Qingzu He
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (X.Q.); (Y.Q.); (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (F.X.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Yuer Lu
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (X.Q.); (Y.Q.); (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (F.X.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (X.Q.); (Y.Q.); (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (F.X.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (X.Q.); (Y.Q.); (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (F.X.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Fangfang Zhu
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (X.Q.); (Y.Q.); (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (F.X.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhilong Liu
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (X.Q.); (Y.Q.); (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (F.X.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (X.Q.); (Y.Q.); (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (F.X.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Yuping Cao
- Department of Psychiatry of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Jianwei Shuai
- Department of Physics, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (X.Q.); (Y.Q.); (Q.H.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (F.X.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (X.L.)
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou 325001, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Automated detection of cyclic alternating pattern and classification of sleep stages using deep neural network. APPL INTELL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10489-021-02597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
13
|
Mendonça F, Mostafa SS, Morgado-Dias F, Ravelo-García AG. On the use of patterns obtained from LSTM and feature-based methods for time series analysis: application in automatic classification of the CAP A phase subtypes. J Neural Eng 2020; 18. [PMID: 33271524 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abd047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic alternating pattern is a marker of sleep instability identified in the electroencephalogram signals whose sequence of transient variations compose the A phases. These phases are divided into three subtypes (A1, A2, and A3) according to the presented patterns. The traditional approach of manually scoring the cyclic alternating pattern events for the full night is unpractical, with a high probability of miss classification, due to the large quantity of information that is produced during a full night recording. To address this concern, automatic methodologies were proposed using a long short-term memory to perform the classification of one electroencephalogram monopolar derivation signal. The proposed model is composed of three classifiers, one for each subtype, performing binary classification in a one versus all procedure. Two methodologies were tested: feed the pre-processed electroencephalogram signal to the classifiers; create features from the pre-processed electroencephalogram signal which were fed to the classifiers (feature-based methods). It was verified that the A1 subtype classification performance was similar for both methods and the A2 subtype classification was higher for the feature-based methods. However, the A3 subtype classification was found to be the most challenging to be performed, and for this classification, the feature-based methods were superior. A characterization analysis was also performed using a recurrence quantification analysis to further examine the subtypes characteristics. The average accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the A1, A2, and A3 subtypes of the feature-based methods were respectively: 82% and 0.92; 80% and 0.88; 85% and 0.86.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Mendonça
- Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisboa, PORTUGAL
| | | | | | - Antonio G Ravelo-García
- Señales y Comunicaciones, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria - Campus de Tafira, Campus de Tafira, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, SPAIN
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mendonça F, Mostafa SS, Morgado-Dias F, Ravelo-García AG. Cyclic alternating pattern estimation based on a probabilistic model over an EEG signal. Biomed Signal Process Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2020.102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
15
|
Mendonça F, Mostafa SS, Morgado-Dias F, Ravelo-García AG. Matrix of Lags: A tool for analysis of multiple dependent time series applied for CAP scoring. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 189:105314. [PMID: 31978807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple methods have been developed to assess what happens between and within time series. In a particular type of these series, the previous values of the currently observed series are contingent on the lagged values of another series. These cases can commonly be addressed by regression. However, a model selection criteria should be employed to evaluate the compromise between the amount of information provided and the model complexity. This is the basis for the development of the Matrix of Lags (MoL), a tool to study dependent time series. METHODS For each input, multiple regressions were applied to produce a model for each lag and a model selection criterion identifies the lags that will populate an auxiliary matrix. Afterwards, the energy of the lags (that are in the auxiliary matrix) was used to define a row of the MoL. Therefore, each input corresponds to a row of the MoL. To test the proposed tool, the heart rate variability and the electrocardiogram derived respiration were employed to perform the indirect estimation of the electroencephalography cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) cycles. Therefore, a support vector machine was fed with the MoL to perform the CAP cycle classification for each input signal. Multiple tests were carried out to further examine the proposed tool, including the effect of balancing the datasets, application of other regression methods and employment of two feature section models. The first was based on sequential backward selection while the second examined characteristics of a return map. RESULTS The best performance of the subject independent model was attained by feeding the lags, selected by sequential backward selection, to a support vector machine, achieving an average accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of, respectively, 77%, 71%, 82% and 0.77. CONCLUSIONS The developed model allows to perform a measurement of a characteristic marker of sleep instability (the CAP cycle) and the results are in the upper bound of the specialist agreement range with visual analysis. Thus, the developed method could possibly be used for clinical diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Mendonça
- Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Madeira Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI/Larsys/M-ITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal.
| | - Sheikh Shanawaz Mostafa
- Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Madeira Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI/Larsys/M-ITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Fernando Morgado-Dias
- Madeira Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI/Larsys/M-ITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, 9000-082 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Antonio G Ravelo-García
- Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hartmann S, Baumert M. Improved A-phase Detection of Cyclic Alternating Pattern Using Deep Learning. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:1842-1845. [PMID: 31946256 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8857006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, machine learning algorithms have become increasingly popular for analyzing biomedical signals. This includes the detection of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in electroencephalography recordings. Here, we investigate the performance gain of a recurrent neural network (RNN) for CAP scoring in comparison to standard classification methods. We analyzed 15 recordings (n1-n15) from the publicly available CAP Sleep Database on Physionet to evaluate each machine learning method. A long short-term memory (LSTM) network increases the accuracy and F1-score by 0.5-3.5% and 3.5-8%, respectively, compared to commonly used classification algorithms such as linear discriminant analysis, k-nearest neighbour or feed-forward neural network. Our results show that by using a LSTM classifier the quantity of correctly detected CAP events can be increased and the number of wrongly classified periods reduced. RNNs significantly improve the precision in CAP scoring by taking advantage of available information from the past for deciding current classification.
Collapse
|
17
|
Dhok S, Pimpalkhute V, Chandurkar A, Bhurane AA, Sharma M, Acharya UR. Automated phase classification in cyclic alternating patterns in sleep stages using Wigner-Ville Distribution based features. Comput Biol Med 2020; 119:103691. [PMID: 32339125 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is one of the most important body mechanisms responsible for the proper functioning of human body. Cyclic alternating patterns (CAP) play an indispensable role in the analysis of sleep quality and related disorders like nocturnal front lobe epilepsy, insomnia, narcolepsy etc. The traditional manual segregation methods of CAP phases by the medical experts are prone to human fatigue and errors which may lead to inaccurate diagnosis of sleep stages. In this paper, we present an automated approach for the classification of CAP phases (A and B) using Wigner-Ville Distribution (WVD) and Rényi entropy (RE) features. The WVD provides a high-resolution time-frequency analysis of the signals whereas RE provides least time-frequency uncertainty with WVD. The classification is performed using medium Gaussian kernel-based support vector machine with 10-fold cross-validation technique. We have presented the results for randomly sampled balanced data sets. The proposed approach does not require any pre-processing or post-processing stages, making it simple as compared to the existing techniques. The proposed method is able to achieve an average classification accuracy of 72.35% and 87.45% for balanced and unbalanced data sets respectively. The proposed method can aid the medical experts to analyze the cerebral stability as well as the sleep quality of a person.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Dhok
- Department of Electronics and Communication, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Nagpur (IIITN), India.
| | - Varad Pimpalkhute
- Department of Electronics and Communication, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Nagpur (IIITN), India.
| | - Ambarish Chandurkar
- Department of Electronics and Communication, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Nagpur (IIITN), India.
| | - Ankit A Bhurane
- Department of Electronics and Communication, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Nagpur (IIITN), India.
| | - Manish Sharma
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure, Technology, Research and Management (IITRAM), Ahmedabad, India.
| | - U Rajendra Acharya
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599489, Singapore; Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taiwan; International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST) Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Arce-Santana ER, Alba A, Mendez MO, Arce-Guevara V. A-phase classification using convolutional neural networks. Med Biol Eng Comput 2020; 58:1003-1014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-020-02144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
19
|
Hartmann S, Baumert M. Automatic A-Phase Detection of Cyclic Alternating Patterns in Sleep Using Dynamic Temporal Information. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2019; 27:1695-1703. [PMID: 31425039 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2019.2934828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The identification of recurrent, transient perturbations in brain activity during sleep, so called cyclic alternating patterns (CAP), is of significant interest as they have been linked to neurological pathologies. CAP sequences comprise multiple, consecutive cycles of phasic activation (A-phases). Here, we propose a novel, automated system exploiting the dynamical, temporal information in electroencephalography (EEG) recordings for the classification of A-phases and their subtypes. Using recurrent neural networks (RNN), crucial information in the temporal behavior of the EEG is extracted. The automatic classification system is equipped to deal with the biasing issue of imbalanced data sets and uses state-of-the-art signal processing methods to reduce inter-subject variation. To evaluate our system, we applied recordings from the publicly available CAP Sleep Database on Physionet. Our results show that the RNN improved the detection accuracy by 3-5% and the F1-score by approximately 7% on two data sets compared to a normal feed-forward neural network. Our system achieves a sensitivity of approximately 76-78% and F1-score between 63-68%, significantly outperforming existing technologies. Moreover, its sensitivity for subtype classification of 60-63% (A1), 42-45% (A2), and 71-74% (A3) indicates superior multi-class classification performance for CAP detection. In conclusion, we have developed a fully automated high performance CAP scoring system that includes A-phase subtype classification. RNN classifiers yield a significant improvement in accuracy and sensitivity compared to previously proposed systems.
Collapse
|
20
|
Li N, Wang J, Wang D, Wang Q, Han F, Jyothi K, Chen R. Correlation of sleep microstructure with daytime sleepiness and cognitive function in young and middle-aged adults with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 276:3525-3532. [PMID: 31263979 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-019-05529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare microstructural features of sleep in young and middle-aged adults with differing severities of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), and to investigate the relationship between sleep microstructural fragmentation and cognitive impairment, as well as daytime sleepiness, in these patients. METHODS A total of 134 adults with snoring (mean age, 37.54 ± 7.66 years) were classified into four groups based on apnea-hypopnea index: primary snoring, mild OSAS, moderate OSAS, and severe OSAS. Overnight polysomnography was performed to assess respiratory, sleep macrostructure (N1, N2, N3, and R), and sleep microstructure (arousal, cyclic alternating pattern [CAP]) parameters. Cognitive function and daytime sleepiness were assessed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). RESULTS As OSAS severity increased, MoCA gradually decreased and ESS gradually increased. N1%, N2%, and N3% sleep were significantly different between the severe OSAS group and the primary snoring, mild OSAS, and moderate OSAS groups (all P < 0.05). Overall arousal index, respiratory-related arousal index, CAP time, CAP rate, phase A index, number of CAP cycles, and phase A average time differed significantly in the moderate and severe OSAS groups compared with the mild OSAS and primary snoring groups (all P < 0.05). The strongest correlations identified by stepwise multiple regression analysis were between phase A3 index and the MoCA and ESS scores. CONCLUSIONS Sleep microstructure exhibited significant fragmentation in patients with moderate and severe OSAS, which was associated with decreased MoCA and increased ESS scores. This suggests that phase A3 index is a sensitive indicator of sleep fragmentation in OSAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningzhen Li
- Sleep Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Sleep Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Delu Wang
- Sleep Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun Wang
- Sleep Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei Han
- Sleep Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Krupakar Jyothi
- Sleep Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Sleep Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China. .,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Largo R, Lopes MC, Spruyt K, Guilleminault C, Wang YP, Rosa AC. Visual and automatic classification of the cyclic alternating pattern in electroencephalography during sleep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 52:e8059. [PMID: 30810623 PMCID: PMC6393849 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20188059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) is a neurophysiological pattern that can be visually scored by international criteria. The aim of this study was to verify the feasibility of visual CAP scoring using only one channel of sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) to evaluate the inter-scorer agreement in a variety of recordings, and to compare agreement between visual scoring and automatic scoring systems. Sixteen hours of single-channel European data format recordings from four different sleep laboratories with either C4-A1 or C3-A2 channels and with different sampling frequencies were used in this study. Seven independent scorers applied visual scoring according to international criteria. Two automatic blind scorings were also evaluated. Event-based inter-scorer agreement analysis was performed. The pairwise inter-scorer agreement (PWISA) was between 55.5 and 84.3%. The average PWISA was above 60% for all scorers and the global average was 69.9%. Automatic scoring systems showed similar results to those of visual scoring. The study showed that CAP could be scored using only one EEG channel. Therefore, CAP scoring might also be integrated in sleep scoring features and automatic scoring systems having similar performances to visual sleep scoring systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Largo
- LaSEEB - Evolutionary Systems and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Institute for Systems and Robotics (ISR-Lisboa), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - M C Lopes
- LaSEEB - Evolutionary Systems and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Institute for Systems and Robotics (ISR-Lisboa), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Psiquiatria (PRATA), Hospital das Cl�nicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - K Spruyt
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR 5292 Waking Team, School of Medicine, University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - C Guilleminault
- Sleep Disorders Clinic, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Y P Wang
- Instituto de Psiquiatria (LIM-23), Hospital das Clinicas (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A C Rosa
- LaSEEB - Evolutionary Systems and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Institute for Systems and Robotics (ISR-Lisboa), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Machado F, Sales F, Santos C, Dourado A, Teixeira CA. A knowledge discovery methodology from EEG data for cyclic alternating pattern detection. Biomed Eng Online 2018; 17:185. [PMID: 30563526 PMCID: PMC6299667 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-018-0616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detection and quantification of cyclic alternating patterns (CAP) components has the potential to serve as a disease bio-marker. Few methods exist to discriminate all the different CAP components, they do not present appropriate sensitivities, and often they are evaluated based on accuracy (AC) that is not an appropriate measure for imbalanced datasets. Methods We describe a knowledge discovery methodology in data (KDD) aiming the development of automatic CAP scoring approaches. Automatic CAP scoring was faced from two perspectives: the binary distinction between A-phases and B-phases, and also for multi-class classification of the different CAP components. The most important KDD stages are: extraction of 55 features, feature ranking/transformation, and classification. Classification is performed by (i) support vector machine (SVM), (ii) k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), and (iii) discriminant analysis. We report the weighted accuracy (WAC) that accounts for class imbalance. Results The study includes 30 subjects from the CAP Sleep Database of Physionet. The best alternative for the discrimination of the different A-phase subtypes involved feature ranking by the minimum redundancy maximum relevance algorithm (mRMR) and classification by SVM, with a WAC of 51%. Concerning the binary discrimination between A-phases and B-phases, k-NN with mRMR ranking achieved the best WAC of 80%. Conclusions We describe a KDD that, to the best of our knowledge, was for the first time applied to CAP scoring. In particular, the fully discrimination of the three different A-phases subtypes is a new perspective, since past works tried multi-class approaches but based on grouping of different sub-types. We also considered the weighted accuracy, in addition to simple accuracy, resulting in a more trustworthy performance assessment. Globally, better subtype sensitivities than other published approaches were achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Machado
- CISUC-Centro de Informática e Sistemas da Universidade de Coimbra, Departamento de Engenharia Informática, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3030-290, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Sales
- Centro Integrado de Epilepsia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Clara Santos
- Centro de Medicina do Sono do Hospital Geral Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Dourado
- CISUC-Centro de Informática e Sistemas da Universidade de Coimbra, Departamento de Engenharia Informática, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3030-290, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C A Teixeira
- CISUC-Centro de Informática e Sistemas da Universidade de Coimbra, Departamento de Engenharia Informática, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3030-290, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Machado F, Teixeira C, Santos C, Bento C, Sales F, Dourado A. A-phases subtype detection using different classification methods. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2016:1026-1029. [PMID: 28268499 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7590877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic alternating patterns (CAPs) occur during normal sleep, but higher CAP rates are associated with abnormal conditions, such as epilepsy. Efficient automatic classification of CAP A-phase sub-types would be of remarkable importance for the consideration of CAP as a disease bio-marker. This paper reports a multi-step methodology for the classification of A-phases subtypes. The methodology encompasses: feature extraction, feature ranking, and classification (Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and Discriminant Analysis (DA)). The study was carried out on 30 subjects with nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. The best classifier is based on a SVM that achieved an accuracy of 71%. For each Aphase subtype, i.e. A1, A2, and A3, the sensitivities were 55%, 37% and 25%, respectively. The classifiers developed are an innovation compared to what is found on literature, because they are designed to detect all subtypes and achieved better performance values. However, the performance values still need to be improved to achieve a reliable classifier that would not need a human technician supervision.
Collapse
|
25
|
Korkmaz SA, Korkmaz MF, Poyraz M. Diagnosis of breast cancer in light microscopic and mammographic images textures using relative entropy via kernel estimation. Med Biol Eng Comput 2015; 54:561-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-015-1361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
26
|
Analysis of A-phase transitions during the cyclic alternating pattern under normal sleep. Med Biol Eng Comput 2015; 54:133-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-015-1349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
27
|
Torabi-Nami M, Mehrabi S, Borhani-Haghighi A, Derman S. Withstanding the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome at the expense of arousal instability, altered cerebral autoregulation and neurocognitive decline. J Integr Neurosci 2015; 14:169-93. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219635215500144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
28
|
Mendez MO, Alba A, Chouvarda I, Milioli G, Grassi A, Terzano MG, Parrino L. On separability of A-phases during the cyclic alternating pattern. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2014; 2014:2253-2256. [PMID: 25570436 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2014.6944068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A statistical analysis of the separability of EEG A-phases, with respect to basal activity, is presented in this study. A-phases are short central events that build up the Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP) during sleep. The CAP is a brain phenomenon which is thought to be related to the construction, destruction and instability of sleep stages dynamics. From the EEG signals, segments obtained around the onset and offset of the A-phases were used to evaluate the separability between A-phases and basal sleep stage oscillations. In addition, a classifier was trained to separate the different A-phase types (A1, A2 and A3). Temporal, energy and complexity measures were used as descriptors for the classifier. The results show a percentage of separation between onset and preceding basal oscillations higher than 85 % for all A-phases types. For Offset separation from following baseline, the accuracy is higher than 80 % but specificity is around 75%. Concerning to A-phase type separation, A1-phase and A3-phase are well separated with accuracy higher than 80, while A1 and A2-phases show a separation lower than 50%. These results encourage the design of automatic classifiers for Onset detection and for separating among A-phases type A1 and A3. On the other hand, the A-phase Offsets present a smooth transition towards the basal sleep stage oscillations, and A2-phases are very similar to A1-phases, suggesting that a high uncertainty may exist during CAP annotation.
Collapse
|
29
|
Mariani S, Grassi A, Mendez MO, Milioli G, Parrino L, Terzano MG, Bianchi AM. EEG segmentation for improving automatic CAP detection. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:1815-23. [PMID: 23643311 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to provide an improved method for the automatic classification of the Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP) sleep by applying a segmentation technique to the computation of descriptors from the EEG. METHODS A dataset of 16 polysomnographic recordings from healthy subjects was employed, and the EEG traces underwent first an automatic isolation of NREM sleep portions by means of an Artificial Neural Network and then a segmentation process based on the Spectral Error Measure. The information content of the descriptors was evaluated by means of ROC curves and compared with that of descriptors obtained without the use of segmentation. Finally, the descriptors were used to train a discriminant function for the automatic classification of CAP phases A. RESULTS A significant improvement with respect to previous scoring methods in terms of both information content carried by the descriptors and accuracy of the classification was obtained. CONCLUSIONS EEG segmentation proves to be a useful step in the computation of descriptors for CAP scoring. SIGNIFICANCE This study provides a complete method for CAP analysis, which is entirely automatic and allows the recognition of A phases with a high accuracy thanks to EEG segmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mariani
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|