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Sung K, Jo S, Lee J, Park JH, Park YH, Moon J, Kim SJ, Jeong J, Lee J, Eom K. Computational analysis of multichannel magnetothermal neural stimulation using magnetic resonator array. Biomed Eng Lett 2023; 13:209-219. [PMID: 37124115 PMCID: PMC10130299 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-023-00267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Heating nanoparticles with a magnetic field could facilitate selective remote control of neural activity in deep tissue. However, current magnetothermal stimulation approaches are limited to single-channel stimulation. Here, we investigated various designs for multichannel magnetothermal stimulation based on an array of resonant coils that are driven by a single loop coil. Using a tuning capacitor that allows resonant coils to resonate at the operating frequency, each coil's ON and OFF resonance can be controlled, enabling us to select stimulation channels. We found that smaller inner diameters of resonant coils produce more localized magnetic fields while larger coils produce magnetic fields over a longer distance. The constructed multichannel resonant coil arrays can provide a high enough magnetic field intensity to raise the temperature of nanoparticles by 8 °C when we apply 35.2 W into the loop coil that is spaced 1 mm from the target neurons. This multichannel stimulation using a simple resonant circuit approach would be useful for clinical applications of magnetothermal neural stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmo Sung
- Department of Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghoon Jo
- Department of Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewook Lee
- Department of Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoan Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583 Singapore
| | - Young Hoon Park
- Department of Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongjoo Moon
- Department of Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung June Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Joonsoo Jeong
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612 Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwan Lee
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 USA
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Kyungsik Eom
- Department of Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
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Lee B, Jia Y, Mirbozorgi SA, Connolly M, Tong X, Zeng Z, Mahmoudi B, Ghovanloo M. An Inductively-Powered Wireless Neural Recording and Stimulation System for Freely-Behaving Animals. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2019; 13:413-424. [PMID: 30624226 PMCID: PMC6510586 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2891303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An inductively-powered wireless integrated neural recording and stimulation (WINeRS-8) system-on-a-chip (SoC) that is compatible with the EnerCage-HC2 for wireless/battery-less operation has been presented for neuroscience experiments on freely behaving animals. WINeRS-8 includes a 32-ch recording analog front end, a 4-ch current-controlled stimulator, and a 434 MHz on - off keying data link to an external software- defined radio wideband receiver (Rx). The headstage also has a bluetooth low energy link for controlling the SoC. WINeRS-8/EnerCage-HC2 systems form a bidirectional wireless and battery-less neural interface within a standard homecage, which can support longitudinal experiments in an enriched environment. Both systems were verified in vivo on rat animal model, and the recorded signals were compared with hardwired and battery-powered recording results. Realtime stimulation and recording verified the system's potential for bidirectional neural interfacing within the homecage, while continuously delivering 35 mW to the hybrid WINeRS-8 headstage over an unlimited period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghun Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Incheon National University, South Korea ()
| | - Yaoyao Jia
- GT- Bionics lab, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA ()
| | - S. Abdollah Mirbozorgi
- GT- Bionics lab, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA ()
| | - Mark Connolly
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Xingyuan Tong
- School of Electronics Engineering, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, 710121, China
| | | | - Babak Mahmoudi
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Maysam Ghovanloo
- GT- Bionics lab, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA ()
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Lee B, Koripalli MK, Jia Y, Acosta J, Sendi MSE, Choi Y, Ghovanloo M. An Implantable Peripheral Nerve Recording and Stimulation System for Experiments on Freely Moving Animal Subjects. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6115. [PMID: 29666407 PMCID: PMC5904113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A new study with rat sciatic nerve model for peripheral nerve interfacing is presented using a fully-implanted inductively-powered recording and stimulation system in a wirelessly-powered standard homecage that allows animal subjects move freely within the homecage. The Wireless Implantable Neural Recording and Stimulation (WINeRS) system offers 32-channel peripheral nerve recording and 4-channel current-controlled stimulation capabilities in a 3 × 1.5 × 0.5 cm3 package. A bi-directional data link is established by on-off keying pulse-position modulation (OOK-PPM) in near field for narrow-band downlink and 433 MHz OOK for wideband uplink. An external wideband receiver is designed by adopting a commercial software defined radio (SDR) for a robust wideband data acquisition on a PC. The WINeRS-8 prototypes in two forms of battery-powered headstage and wirelessly-powered implant are validated in vivo, and compared with a commercial system. In the animal study, evoked compound action potentials were recorded to verify the stimulation and recording capabilities of the WINeRS-8 system with 32-ch penetrating and 4-ch cuff electrodes on the sciatic nerve of awake freely-behaving rats. Compared to the conventional battery-powered system, WINeRS can be used in closed-loop recording and stimulation experiments over extended periods without adding the burden of carrying batteries on the animal subject or interrupting the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghun Lee
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Atlanta, 30308, USA.,Incheon National University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Mukhesh K Koripalli
- University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley, Department of Electrical Engineering, Edinburg, 78539, USA
| | - Yaoyao Jia
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Atlanta, 30308, USA
| | - Joshua Acosta
- University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley, Department of Electrical Engineering, Edinburg, 78539, USA
| | - M S E Sendi
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Atlanta, 30308, USA
| | - Yoonsu Choi
- University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley, Department of Electrical Engineering, Edinburg, 78539, USA
| | - Maysam Ghovanloo
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Atlanta, 30308, USA.
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Mei H, Thackston KA, Bercich RA, Jefferys JG, Irazoqui PP. Cavity Resonator Wireless Power Transfer System for Freely Moving Animal Experiments. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 64:775-785. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2576469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mirbozorgi SA, Jia Y, Canales D, Ghovanloo M. A Wirelessly-Powered Homecage With Segmented Copper Foils and Closed-Loop Power Control. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2016; 10:979-989. [PMID: 27654976 PMCID: PMC5258855 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2016.2577705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A new wireless electrophysiology data acquisition system, built around a standard homecage, is presented in this paper, which can power up and communicate with sensors and actuators/stimulators attached to or implanted in small freely behaving animal subjects, such as rodents. Key abilities of the energized homecage (EnerCage) system is enabling longitudinal experiments with minimal operator involvement or interruption, while providing test subjects with an enriched environment closer to their natural habitat, without the burden of being tethered or carrying bulky batteries. The magnetic resonant multi-coil design used in the new EnerCage-HC2 automatically localizes the transmitted electromagnetic power from a single transmitter (Tx) coil at the bottom of the cage toward the receiver coil (Rx), carried on/in the animal body, obviating the need for tracking the animal or switching the coils. In order to increase the resonators' quality factor (Q > 166) at the desired operating frequency of 13.56 MHz, while maintaining a high self-resonance frequency [Formula: see text], they are made of wide copper foils and optimally segmented based on a set of design rules that can be adopted for experimental arenas with different shapes and dimensions. The Rx rectified voltage is regulated at a user-defined window [Formula: see text] by a Tx-Rx closed-loop power control (CLPC) mechanism that creates a volume inside the homecage with 42 mW of power delivered to the load (PDL), and a homogeneous power transfer efficiency (PTE) plane of 14% on average at ∼7 cm height, plus stability against angular mis-alignments of up to 80°.
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Soltani N, Aliroteh MS, Salam MT, Perez Velazquez JL, Genov R. Low-Radiation Cellular Inductive Powering of Rodent Wireless Brain Interfaces: Methodology and Design Guide. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2016; 10:920-932. [PMID: 26960227 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2015.2502840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a general methodology of inductive power delivery in wireless chronic rodent electrophysiology applications. The focus is on such systems design considerations under the following key constraints: maximum power delivery under the allowable specific absorption rate (SAR), low cost and spatial scalability. The methodology includes inductive coil design considerations within a low-frequency ferrite-core-free power transfer link which includes a scalable coil-array power transmitter floor and a single-coil implanted or worn power receiver. A specific design example is presented that includes the concept of low-SAR cellular single-transmitter-coil powering through dynamic tracking of a magnet-less receiver spatial location. The transmitter coil instantaneous supply current is monitored using a small number of low-cost electronic components. A drop in its value indicates the proximity of the receiver due to the reflected impedance of the latter. Only the transmitter coil nearest to the receiver is activated. Operating at the low frequency of 1.5 MHz, the inductive powering floor delivers a maximum of 15.9 W below the IEEE C95 SAR limit, which is over three times greater than that in other recently reported designs. The power transfer efficiency of 39% and 13% at the nominal and maximum distances of 8 cm and 11 cm, respectively, is maintained.
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Bercich RA, Wang Z, Mei H, Hammer LH, Seburn KL, Hargrove LJ, Irazoqui PP. Enhancing the versatility of wireless biopotential acquisition for myoelectric prosthetic control. J Neural Eng 2016; 13:046012. [PMID: 27265358 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/4/046012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A significant challenge in rehabilitating upper-limb amputees with sophisticated, electric-powered prostheses is sourcing reliable and independent channels of motor control information sufficient to precisely direct multiple degrees of freedom simultaneously. APPROACH In response to the expressed needs of clinicians, we have developed a miniature, batteryless recording device that utilizes emerging integrated circuit technology and optimal impedance matching for magnetic resonantly coupled (MRC) wireless power transfer to improve the performance and versatility of wireless electrode interfaces with muscle. MAIN RESULTS In this work we describe the fabrication and performance of a fully wireless and batteryless EMG recording system and use of this system to direct virtual and electric-powered limbs in real-time. The advantage of using MRC to optimize power transfer to a network of wireless devices is exhibited by EMG collected from an array of eight devices placed circumferentially around a human subject's forearm. SIGNIFICANCE This is a comprehensive, low-cost, and non-proprietary solution that provides unprecedented versatility of configuration to direct myoelectric prostheses without wired connections to the body. The amenability of MRC to varied coil geometries and arrangements has the potential to improve the efficiency and robustness of wireless power transfer links at all levels of upper-limb amputation. Additionally, the wireless recording device's programmable flash memory and selectable features will grant clinicians the unique ability to adapt and personalize the recording system's functional protocol for patient- or algorithm-specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Bercich
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Design of a video capsule endoscopy system with low-power ASIC for monitoring gastrointestinal tract. Med Biol Eng Comput 2016; 54:1779-1791. [PMID: 27016367 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-016-1472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) has been a state-of-the-art tool to examine disorders of the human gastrointestinal tract painlessly. However, system miniaturization, enhancement of the image-data transfer rate and power consumption reduction for the capsule are still key challenges. In this paper, a video capsule endoscopy system with a low-power controlling and processing application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is designed and fabricated. In the design, these challenges are resolved by employing a microimage sensor, a novel radio frequency transmitter with an on-off keying modulation rate of 20 Mbps, and an ASIC structure that includes a clock management module, a power-efficient image compression module and a power management unit. An ASIC-based prototype capsule, which measures Φ11 mm × 25 mm, has been developed here. Test results show that the designed ASIC consumes much less power than most of the other WCE systems and that its total power consumption per frame is the least. The image compression module can realize high near-lossless compression rate (3.69) and high image quality (46.2 dB). The proposed system supports multi-spectral imaging, including white light imaging and autofluorescence imaging, at a maximum frame rate of 24 fps and with a resolution of 400 × 400. Tests and in vivo trials in pigs have proved the feasibility of the entire system, but further improvements in capsule control and compression performance inside the ASIC are needed in the future.
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Lee B, Kiani M, Ghovanloo M. A Smart Wirelessly Powered Homecage for Long-Term High-Throughput Behavioral Experiments. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2015; 15:4905-4916. [PMID: 26257586 PMCID: PMC4527654 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2015.2430859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A wirelessly powered homecage system, called the EnerCage-HC, that is equipped with multicoil wireless power transfer, closed-loop power control, optical behavioral tracking, and a graphic user interface is presented for longitudinal electrophysiology and behavioral neuroscience experiments. The EnerCage-HC system can wirelessly power a mobile unit attached to a small animal subject and also track its behavior in real-time as it is housed inside a standard homecage. The EnerCage-HC system is equipped with one central and four overlapping slanted wire-wound coils with optimal geometries to form three- and four-coil power transmission links while operating at 13.56 MHz. Utilizing multicoil links increases the power transfer efficiency (PTE) compared with conventional two-coil links and also reduces the number of power amplifiers to only one, which significantly reduces the system complexity, cost, and heat dissipation. A Microsoft Kinect installed 90 cm above the homecage localizes the animal position and orientation with 1.6-cm accuracy. Moreover, a power management ASIC, including a high efficiency active rectifier and automatic coil resonance tuning, was fabricated in a 0.35-μm 4M2P standard CMOS process for the mobile unit. The EnerCage-HC achieves a max/min PTE of 36.3%/16.1% at the nominal height of 7 cm. In vivo experiments were conducted on freely behaving rats by continuously delivering 24 mW to the mobile unit for >7 h inside a standard homecage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghun Lee
- GT-Bionics Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308 USA
| | - Mehdi Kiani
- Electrical Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Maysam Ghovanloo
- GT-Bionics Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308 USA
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