An integrated entropy-spatial framework for automatic gender recognition enhancement of emotion-based EEGs

EEG Signal Complexity Measurements to Enhance BCI-Based Stroke Patients' Rehabilitation

The second leading cause of death and one of the most common causes of disability in the world is stroke. Researchers have found that brain-computer interface (BCI) techniques can result in better stroke patient rehabilitation. This study used the proposed motor imagery (MI) framework to analyze the electroencephalogram (EEG) dataset from eight subjects in order to enhance the MI-based BCI systems for stroke patients. The preprocessing portion of the framework comprises the use of conventional filters and the independent component analysis (ICA) denoising approach. Fractal dimension (FD) and Hurst exponent (Hur) were then calculated as complexity features, and Tsallis entropy (TsEn) and dispersion entropy (DispEn) were assessed as irregularity parameters. The MI-based BCI features were then statistically retrieved from each participant using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to demonstrate the individuals' performances from four classes (left hand, right hand, foot, and tongue). The dimensionality reduction algorithm, Laplacian Eigenmap (LE), was used to enhance the MI-based BCI classification performance. Utilizing k-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF) classifiers, the groups of post-stroke patients were ultimately determined. The findings show that LE with RF and KNN obtained 74.48% and 73.20% accuracy, respectively; therefore, the integrated set of the proposed features along with ICA denoising technique can exactly describe the proposed MI framework, which may be used to explore the four classes of MI-based BCI rehabilitation. This study will help clinicians, doctors, and technicians make a good rehabilitation program for people who have had a stroke.

Classification of mild cognitive impairment based on handwriting dynamics and qEEG

Subtle changes in fine motor control and quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are important in screening for early dementia in primary care populations. In this study, an automated, non-invasive and rapid detection protocol for mild cognitive impairment based on handwriting kinetics and quantitative EEG analysis was proposed, and a classification model based on a dual fusion of feature and decision layers was designed for clinical decision-marking. Seventy-nine volunteers (39 healthy elderly controls and 40 patients with mild cognitive impairment) were recruited for this study, and the handwritten data and the EEG signals were performed using a tablet and MUSE under four designed handwriting tasks. Sixty-eight features were extracted from the EEG and handwriting parameters of each test. Features selected from both models were fused using a late feature fusion strategy with a weighted voting strategy for decision making, and classification accuracy was compared using three different classifiers under handwritten features, EEG features and fused features respectively. The results show that the dual fusion model can further improve the classification accuracy, with the highest classification accuracy for the combined features and the best classification result of 96.3% using SVM with RBF kernel as the base classifier. In addition, this not only supports the greater significance of multimodal data for differentiating MCI, but also tests the feasibility of using the portable EEG headband as a measure of EEG in patients with cognitive impairment.

Subject-independent EEG emotion recognition with hybrid spatio-temporal GRU-Conv architecture

Recently, various deep learning frameworks have shown excellent performance in decoding electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, especially in human emotion recognition. However, most of them just focus on temporal features and ignore the features based on spatial dimensions. Traditional gated recurrent unit (GRU) model performs well in processing time series data, and convolutional neural network (CNN) can obtain spatial characteristics from input data. Therefore, this paper introduces a hybrid GRU and CNN deep learning framework named GRU-Conv to fully leverage the advantages of both. Nevertheless, contrary to most previous GRU architectures, we retain the output information of all GRU units. So, the GRU-Conv model could extract crucial spatio-temporal features from EEG data. And more especially, the proposed model acquires the multi-dimensional features of multi-units after temporal processing in GRU and then uses CNN to extract spatial information from the temporal features. In this way, the EEG signals with different characteristics could be classified more accurately. Finally, the subject-independent experiment shows that our model has good performance on SEED and DEAP databases. The average accuracy of the former is 87.04%. The mean accuracy of the latter is 70.07% for arousal and 67.36% for valence.