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Thaxton JE, Li Z. To affinity and beyond: harnessing the T cell receptor for cancer immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3313-21. [PMID: 25483644 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.973314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell adoptive therapies for immune-mediated regression of cancers have attracted a great deal of recent attention. Clinical results are glamorous, yet much remains to be uncovered behind the basic science that allows us to engineer T cells and T cell receptors (TCRs) for clinical use. We discuss the development of TCRs for therapeutic use in the context of thymic selection toward central tolerance and we review therapies based on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), endogenous antigen specific TCRs, and engineered TCRs. Further we discuss the development of low and high affinity TCRs and the extent to which each challenges central tolerance. Current results suggest that adaptation of TCR engineering of moderate affinity TCRs coupled with co-regulatory and stimulatory molecules may be the safest and most efficacious road for TCR development aimed at tumor abolition.
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Key Words
- AIRE, autoimmune regulator
- CDR, complementarity determining region
- CTA, cancer testis antigen
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- SLEC, short-lived effector cell
- T cell receptor
- TAA, tumor-associated antigen
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TIL, tumor infiltrating lymphocyte
- TSA, tissue-specific self-antigen
- adoptive cell therapy
- affinity
- cancer
- co-receptor
- mTEC, medullary thymic epithelial cell
- tumor
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Thaxton
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Hollings Cancer Center ; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA
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Moon EK, Ranganathan R, Eruslanov E, Kim S, Newick K, O'Brien S, Lo A, Liu X, Zhao Y, Albelda SM. Blockade of Programmed Death 1 Augments the Ability of Human T Cells Engineered to Target NY-ESO-1 to Control Tumor Growth after Adoptive Transfer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:436-47. [PMID: 26324743 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) become hypofunctional, although the mechanisms are not clear. Our goal was to generate a model of human tumor-induced TIL hypofunction to study mechanisms and to test anti-human therapeutics. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We transduced human T cells with a published, optimized T-cell receptor (TCR) that is directed to a peptide within the cancer testis antigen, NY-ESO-1. After demonstrating antigen-specific in vitro activity, these cells were used to target a human lung cancer line that expressed NY-ESO-1 in the appropriate HLA context growing in immunodeficient mice. The ability of anti-PD1 antibody to augment efficacy was tested. RESULTS Injection of transgenic T cells had some antitumor activity, but did not eliminate the tumors. The injected T cells became profoundly hypofunctional accompanied by upregulation of PD1, Tim3, and Lag3 with coexpression of multiple inhibitory receptors in a high percentage of cells. This model allowed us to test reagents targeted specifically to human T cells. We found that injections of an anti-PD1 antibody in combination with T cells led to decreased TIL hypofunction and augmented the efficacy of the adoptively transferred T cells. CONCLUSIONS This model offers a platform for preclinical testing of adjuvant immunotherapeutics targeted to human T cells prior to transition to the bedside. Because the model employs engineering of human T cells with a TCR clone instead of a CAR, it allows for study of the biology of tumor-reactive TILs that signal through an endogenous TCR. The lessons learned from TCR-engineered TILs can thus be applied to tumor-reactive TILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund K Moon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Raghuveer Ranganathan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Evgeniy Eruslanov
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kheng Newick
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shaun O'Brien
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Albert Lo
- Department of Animal Biology and Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yangbing Zhao
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Zhang Z, Wang LP, Zhao XL, Wang F, Huang L, Wang M, Chen XF, Li H, Zhang Y. Pseudomonas aeruginosa injection enhanced antitumor cytotoxicity of cytokine-induced killer cells derived from cord blood. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:1057-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Caux C, Zitvogel L. Recent successes of cancer immunotherapy: a new dimension in personalized medicine? Target Oncol 2012; 7:1-2. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-012-0211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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