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Garrido MP, Hernandez A, Vega M, Araya E, Romero C. Conventional and new proposals of GnRH therapy for ovarian, breast, and prostatic cancers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1143261. [PMID: 37056674 PMCID: PMC10086188 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1143261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs have been used to treat androgen or estrogen-dependent tumors. However, emerging evidence shows that the GnRH receptor (GnRH-R) is overexpressed in several cancer cells, including ovarian, endometrial, and prostate cancer cells, suggesting that GnRH analogs could exert direct antitumoral actions in tumoral tissues that express GnRH-R. Another recent approach based on this knowledge was the use of GnRH peptides for developing specific targeted therapies, improving the delivery and accumulation of drugs in tumoral cells, and decreasing most side effects of current treatments. In this review, we discuss the conventional uses of GnRH analogs, together with the recent advances in GnRH-based drug delivery for ovarian, breast, and prostatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza P. Garrido
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Biología de la Reproducción, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Biología de la Reproducción, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita Vega
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Biología de la Reproducción, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eyleen Araya
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Romero
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Biología de la Reproducción, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Rasiah NP, Albakr A, Kosteniuk S, Starreveld Y. Early and isolated breast cancer metastasis to the pituitary: A case report and systematic review. Surg Neurol Int 2022; 13:462. [PMID: 36324911 PMCID: PMC9609953 DOI: 10.25259/sni_1053_2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pituitary metastases (PMs) arising from breast cancer tend to occur many years following initial diagnosis, and after other systemic metastasis have been identified. Survival is generally considered to be poor. However, there are cases where patients present with an isolated metastatic lesion in the pituitary. Survival in this subset of patients has not been evaluated. We present a case of isolated PM that presented two years after initial diagnosis of breast cancer. We performed a systematic review of 38 breast cancer patients with PM. We report presentation, treatment strategy, and outcomes of breast cancer metastasis to the pituitary and highlight cases of isolated PM. Case Description: A 39 year old female presented with complaints of headache and polydipsia two years after diagnosis with breast cancer. Systemic workup was unremarkable, but brain imaging identified an isolated PM. Transsphenoidal debulking was performed with adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) targeted to the sellar region. Unfortunately, she passed away 9 months later from systemic progression. Conclusion: A total of 38 patients were included systematic review. Of these, 13 had isolated PM. Prevalent signs/ symptoms included visual disturbance, diabetes insipidus (DI), and hypothalamic dysfunction. Patients treated with surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy (ChT), or RT had better survival than those treated with resection alone. Patients that receive treatment for isolated PM may survive for many years without progression or recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neilen P Rasiah
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Suzanne Kosteniuk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Yves Starreveld
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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3
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Li K, Zong D, Sun J, Chen D, Ma M, Jia L. Rewiring of the Endocrine Network in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:830894. [PMID: 35847875 PMCID: PMC9280148 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.830894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunohistochemical definition of estrogen/progesterone receptors dictates endocrine feasibility in the treatment course of breast cancer. Characterized by the deficiency of estrogen receptor α, ERα-negative breast cancers are dissociated from any endocrine regimens in the routine clinical setting, triple-negative breast cancer in particular. However, the stereotype was challenged by triple-negative breast cancers’ retained sensitivity and vulnerability to endocrine agents. The interplay of hormone action and the carcinogenic signaling program previously underscored was gradually recognized along with the increasing investigation. In parallel, the overlooked endocrine-responsiveness in ERα-negative breast cancers attracted attention and supplied fresh insight into the therapeutic strategy in an ERα-independent manner. This review elaborates on the genomic and non-genomic steroid hormone actions and endocrine-related signals in triple-negative breast cancers attached to the hormone insensitivity label. We also shed light on the non-canonical mechanism detected in common hormone agents to showcase their pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jianrong Sun
- School of Clinical Medicine. Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Danxiang Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Minkai Ma
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, The Fourth Central Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Liqun Jia
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liqun Jia,
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4
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Uzonwanne VO, Navabi A, Obayemi JD, Hu J, Salifu AA, Ghahremani S, Ndahiro N, Rahbar N, Soboyejo W. Triptorelin-functionalized PEG-coated biosynthesized gold nanoparticles: Effects of receptor-ligand interactions on adhesion to triple negative breast cancer cells. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 136:212801. [PMID: 35929297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental and computational study of the adhesion of triptorelin-conjugated PEG-coated biosynthesized gold nanoparticles (GNP-PEG-TRP) to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. The adhesion is studied at the nanoscale using a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The AFM measurements showed that the triptorelin-functionalized gold nanoparticles (GNP-TRP and GNP-PEG-TRP) have higher adhesion to triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC) than non-tumorigenic breast cells. The increased adhesion of GNP-TRP and GNP-PEG-TRP to TNBC is also attributed to the overexpression of LHRH receptors on the surfaces of both TNBC. Finally, the molecular dynamics model reveals insights into the effects of receptor density, molecular configuration, and receptor-ligand docking characteristics on the interactions of triptorelin-functionalized PEG-coated gold nanoparticles with TNBC. A three to nine-fold increase in the adhesion is predicted between triptorelin-functionalized PEG-coated gold nanoparticles and TNBC cells. The implications of the results are then discussed for the specific targeting of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa O Uzonwanne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Arvand Navabi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Kaven Hall, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - John D Obayemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Gateway Park, Life Sciences and Bioengineering Center, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jingjie Hu
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Blvd., Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Ali A Salifu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Gateway Park, Life Sciences and Bioengineering Center, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shahnaz Ghahremani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Gateway Park, Life Sciences and Bioengineering Center, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nelson Ndahiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Nima Rahbar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Kaven Hall, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Winston Soboyejo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Gateway Park, Life Sciences and Bioengineering Center, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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5
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Pnueli L, Melamed P. Epigenetic repression of gonadotropin gene expression via a GnRH-mediated DNA delivery system. Gene Ther 2022; 29:294-303. [PMID: 35301447 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-022-00325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The reproductive axis is activated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gonadotropes to secrete hormones that drive gonadal function and steroidogenesis. Thus repression of this axis, which is conserved across mammals and sexes, can reduce steroid levels and/or prevent reproduction. Steroid-dependent pathologies, including various cancers, are commonly treated with GnRH super-analogs which have long-term side-effects, while humane solutions for controlling reproduction in domestic and wild animal populations are lacking. GnRH-conjugated toxins are undergoing clinical trials for GnRHR-expressing cancer cells, and have been examined for gonadotrope ablation in animals, but showed low and/or transient effects and administration of toxins has many potential complications. Here we exploit GnRH targeting to gonadotropes to deliver DNA encoding an effector that induces gonadotropin gene repressive epigenetic modifications which are perpetuated over time. Several layers of specificity are endowed through targeting to GnRHR-expressing cells and due to local cleavage of the peptide packaging the DNA; the DNA-encoded effector is expressed and directed to the target genes by the DNA binding domain of a highly specific transcription factor. This design has multiple advantages over existing methods of shutting down the reproductive axis, and its modular design should allow adaptation for broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Pnueli
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Philippa Melamed
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
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6
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van Barele M, Heemskerk-Gerritsen BAM, Louwers YV, Vastbinder MB, Martens JWM, Hooning MJ, Jager A. Estrogens and Progestogens in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Do They Harm? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2506. [PMID: 34063736 PMCID: PMC8196589 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) occur more frequently in younger women and do not express estrogen receptor (ER) nor progesterone receptor (PR), and are therefore often considered hormone-insensitive. Treatment of premenopausal TNBC patients almost always includes chemotherapy, which may lead to premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and can severely impact quality of life. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is contraindicated for patients with a history of hormone-sensitive breast cancer, but the data on safety for TNBC patients is inconclusive, with a few randomized trials showing increased risk-ratios with wide confidence intervals for recurrence after HRT. Here, we review the literature on alternative pathways from the classical ER/PR. We find that for both estrogens and progestogens, potential alternatives exist for exerting their effects on TNBC, ranging from receptor conversion, to alternative receptors capable of binding estrogens, as well as paracrine pathways, such as RANK/RANKL, which can cause progestogens to indirectly stimulate growth and metastasis of TNBC. Finally, HRT may also influence other hormones, such as androgens, and their effects on TNBCs expressing androgen receptors (AR). Concluding, the assumption that TNBC is completely hormone-insensitive is incorrect. However, the direction of the effects of the alternative pathways is not always clear, and will need to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark van Barele
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Bernadette A. M. Heemskerk-Gerritsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Yvonne V. Louwers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Mijntje B. Vastbinder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ijsselland Hospital, Prins Constantijnweg 2, 2906 ZC Capelle aan den IJssel, The Netherlands;
| | - John W. M. Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Maartje J. Hooning
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Agnes Jager
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
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7
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Study of the Purification of 177Lu-DOTAELA Complex. Pharm Chem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-020-02157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Huerta-Reyes M, Maya-Núñez G, Pérez-Solis MA, López-Muñoz E, Guillén N, Olivo-Marin JC, Aguilar-Rojas A. Treatment of Breast Cancer With Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogs. Front Oncol 2019; 9:943. [PMID: 31632902 PMCID: PMC6779786 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although significant progress has been made in the implementation of new breast cancer treatments over the last three decades, this neoplasm annually continues to show high worldwide rates of morbidity and mortality. In consequence, the search for novel therapies with greater effectiveness and specificity has not come to a stop. Among the alternative therapeutic targets, the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone type I and type II (hGnRH-I and hGnRH–II, respectively) and its receptor, the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor type I (hGnRHR-I), have shown to be powerful therapeutic targets to decrease the adverse effects of this disease. In the present review, we describe how the administration of GnRH analogs is able to reduce circulating concentrations of estrogen in premenopausal women through their action on the hypothalamus–pituitary–ovarian axis, consequently reducing the growth of breast tumors and disease recurrence. Also, it has been mentioned that, regardless of the suppression of synthesis and secretion of ovarian steroids, GnRH agonists exert direct anticancer action, such as the reduction of tumor growth and cell invasion. In addition, we discuss the effects on breast cancer of the hGnRH-I and hGnRH-II agonist and antagonist, non-peptide GnRH antagonists, and cytotoxic analogs of GnRH and their implication as novel adjuvant therapies as antitumor agents for reducing the adverse effects of breast cancer. In conclusion, we suggest that the hGnRH/hGnRHR system is a promising target for pharmaceutical development in the treatment of breast cancer, especially for the treatment of advanced states of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Huerta-Reyes
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Nefrológicas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Hospital de Especialidades, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Maya-Núñez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, IMSS, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad No. 4, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Allán Pérez-Solis
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, IMSS, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad No. 4, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eunice López-Muñoz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, IMSS, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad No. 4, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nancy Guillén
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS-ERL9195, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Olivo-Marin
- Unité d'Analyse d'Images Biologiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS-UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Arturo Aguilar-Rojas
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, IMSS, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad No. 4, Mexico City, Mexico.,Unité d'Analyse d'Images Biologiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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9
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Ranđelović I, Schuster S, Kapuvári B, Fossati G, Steinkühler C, Mező G, Tóvári J. Improved In Vivo Anti-Tumor and Anti-Metastatic Effect of GnRH-III-Daunorubicin Analogs on Colorectal and Breast Carcinoma Bearing Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4763. [PMID: 31557968 PMCID: PMC6801585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among various homing devices, gonadotropin-releasing hormone-III (GnRH-III) peptide represents a suitable targeting moiety for drug delivery systems. The anti-tumor activity of the previously developed GnRH-III-[4Lys(Bu),8Lys(Dau=Aoa)] conjugate and the novel synthesized GnRH-III-[2ΔHis,3d-Tic,4Lys(Bu),8Lys(Dau=Aoa)] conjugate, containing the anti-cancer drug daunorubicin, were evaluated. Here, we demonstrate that both GnRH-III-Dau conjugates possess an efficient growth inhibitory effect on more than 20 cancer cell lines, whereby the biological activity is strongly connected to the expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors (GnRH-R). The novel conjugate showed a higher in vitro anti-proliferative activity and a higher uptake capacity. Moreover, the treatment with GnRH-III-Dau conjugates cause a significant in vivo tumor growth and metastases inhibitory effect in three different orthotopic models, including 4T1 mice and MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma, as well as HT-29 human colorectal cancer bearing BALB/s and SCID mice, while toxic side-effects were substantially reduced in comparison to the treatment with the free drug. These findings illustrate that our novel lead compound is a highly promising candidate for targeted tumor therapy in both colon cancer and metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ranđelović
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Sabine Schuster
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Bence Kapuvári
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gianluca Fossati
- Preclinical R&D, Italfarmaco SpA, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo (Milan), Italy.
| | | | - Gábor Mező
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - József Tóvári
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary.
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10
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Lan L, Xu B, Chen Q, Jiang J, Shen Y. Weighted correlation network analysis of triple-negative breast cancer progression: Identifying specific modules and hub genes based on the GEO and TCGA database. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:1207-1217. [PMID: 31423181 PMCID: PMC6607224 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents an aggressive malignancy of frequent high histologic grade with no effective specific targeted therapies. The present study aimed to identify specific modules and hub genes that may influence the progression of TNBC. The key words ‘breast cancer’ were used to search microarray datasets in the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases that included 5 datasets. A total of 11 co-expression modules were constructed based on the expression levels of 5,782 genes obtained from 456 patients with TNBC using the weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). The results demonstrated that the red module was significantly associated with relapse-free survival (RFS) in patients with TNBC [hazard ratio (HR)=0.381, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.183–0.793; P=0.010]. The functional enrichment analysis revealed that the biological processes corresponding to the red module were ‘mRNA processing’, ‘histone lysine methylation’ and ‘regulation of TOR signaling’. In addition, Hedgehog signaling pathways were considered to serve a critical role in the development of this disease (P<0.001). A total of 12 hub genes were identified, of which α-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) was significantly associated with RFS in patients with TNBC (HR=0.601; 95%CI, 0.376–0.960; P=0.033). The receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that ATRX could distinguish relapse from non-relapse in patients with TNBC (area under the curve=0.570; P=0.023). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that ATRX was associated with TNBC progression, which suggested that ATRX may be involved in a recombination-mediated telomere maintenance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Qu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Yueping Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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11
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Hu J, Obayemi J, Malatesta K, Košmrlj A, Soboyejo W. Enhanced cellular uptake of LHRH-conjugated PEG-coated magnetite nanoparticles for specific targeting of triple negative breast cancer cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 88:32-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Roy J, Kaake M, Srinivasarao M, Low PS. Targeted Tubulysin B Hydrazide Conjugate for the Treatment of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor-Positive Cancers. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2208-2214. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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13
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Hu J, Youssefian S, Obayemi J, Malatesta K, Rahbar N, Soboyejo W. Investigation of adhesive interactions in the specific targeting of Triptorelin-conjugated PEG-coated magnetite nanoparticles to breast cancer cells. Acta Biomater 2018; 71:363-378. [PMID: 29458110 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of adhesive interaction at the nanoscale between functionalized nanoparticles and biological cells is of great importance to develop effective theranostic nanocarriers for targeted cancer therapy. Here, we report a combination of experimental and computational approaches to evaluate the adhesion between Triptorelin (a Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH) agonist)-conjugated poly-(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-coated magnetite nanoparticles (Triptorelin-MNPs) and breast cells. The adhesion forces between Triptorelin-MNPs and normal/cancerous breast cells are obtained using atomic force microscopy. The corresponding work of adhesion is then estimated using Johnson-Kendall-Roberts model. Our results demonstrate that Triptorelin-MNPs have a fourteen-fold greater work of adhesion to breast cancer cells than to normal breast cells. In addition, the work of adhesion between Triptorelin-MNPs and breast cancer cells is found to be three times more than that between unmodified MNPs and breast cancer cells. Hence, the experimental observation indicates that Triptorelin ligands facilitate the specific targeting of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the molecular origins of the adhesive interactions. The simulations reveal that the interactions between molecules (e.g. Triptorelin and PEG) and LHRH receptors are dominated by van der Waals energies, while the interactions of these molecules with cell membrane are dominated by electrostatic interactions. Moreover, both experimental and computational results reveal that PEG serves as an effective coating that enhances adhesive interactions to breast cancer cells that over-express LHRH receptors, while reduces the adhesion to normal breast cells. Our results highlight the potential to develop Triptorelin-MNPs into tumor-specific MRI contrast agents and drug carriers. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Systematic investigation of adhesive interactions between functionalized nanoparticles and cancer cells is of great importance in developing effective theranostic nanocarriers for targeted cancer therapy. Herein, we use a combination of atomic force microscopy technique and molecular dynamics simulations approach to explore the adhesive interactions at the nanoscale between Triptorelin-conjugated polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated magnetite nanoparticles and normal/cancerous breast cells. This study characterizes and quantifies the work of adhesion, as well as adhesion forces, at the nanocarrier/cell interfaces, unravels the molecular origins of adhesive interactions and highlights the effectiveness of PEG coatings and Triptorelin ligands in the specific targeting of breast cancer cells. Our findings expand the fundamental understanding of nanoparticle/cell adhesion and provide guidelines for the design of more rational nanocarriers.
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14
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Corona SP, Roviello G, Strina C, Milani M, Allevi G, Aguggini S, Zanoni D, Generali D. Could gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs be helpful in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer? Future Oncol 2017; 13:2473-2477. [PMID: 29121807 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) imposes great challenges, due to a lack of molecular targets. While use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs has been validated in ER-positive breast cancer, this option has not been investigated in TNBC, even though a significant portion of these tumors upregulate GnRH receptors. We performed a meta-analysis of the literature to evaluate the effect of GnRH analogs in TNBC. METHODS Four studies were included in this study. RESULTS We detected a non-significant improvement in overall survival with GnRH analogs, while progression-free survival was unchanged. DISCUSSION The majority of the trials evaluated in this analysis were designed to test efficacy of GnRH analogs in preventing premature ovarian failure. This may represent a limitation of our study as these trials were not specifically designed to detect differences in survival outcome measures. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that GnRH analogs may be useful as a targeted therapy in TNBC. Randomized prospective clinical trials are needed to investigate this hypothesis in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Paola Corona
- Peter Mac Callum Cancer Centre, Moorabbin Campus, 823-865 Centre Rd, Bentleigh East, VIC 3165, Australia
| | - Giandomenico Roviello
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza Ospitale 1, Trieste, 34129, Italy.,Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology Unit, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, 52100, Italy
| | - Carla Strina
- UO Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, US Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, ASST Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, Cremona, 26100, Italy
| | - Manuela Milani
- UO Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, US Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, ASST Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, Cremona, 26100, Italy
| | - Giovanni Allevi
- UO Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, US Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, ASST Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, Cremona, 26100, Italy
| | - Sergio Aguggini
- UO Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, US Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, ASST Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, Cremona, 26100, Italy
| | - Daniele Zanoni
- UO Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, US Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, ASST Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, Cremona, 26100, Italy
| | - Daniele Generali
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza Ospitale 1, Trieste, 34129, Italy.,UO Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, US Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, ASST Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, Cremona, 26100, Italy
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15
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Sakhteman A, Khoddami M, Negahdaripour M, Mehdizadeh A, Tatar M, Ghasemi Y. Exploring 3D structure of human gonadotropin hormone receptor at antagonist state using homology modeling, molecular dynamic simulation, and cross-docking studies. J Mol Model 2016; 22:225. [PMID: 27561920 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human gonadotropin hormone receptor, a G-protein coupled receptor, is the target of many medications used in fertility disorders. Obtaining more structural information about the receptor could be useful in many studies related to drug design. In this study, the structure of human gonadotropin receptor was subjected to homology modeling studies and molecular dynamic simulation within a DPPC lipid bilayer for 100 ns. Several frames were thereafter extracted from simulation trajectories representing the receptor at different states. In order to find a proper model of the receptor at the antagonist state, all frames were subjected to cross-docking studies of some antagonists with known experimental values (Ki). Frame 194 revealed a reasonable correlation between docking calculated energy scores and experimental activity values (|r| = 0.91). The obtained correlation was validated by means of SSLR and showed the presence of no chance correlation for the obtained model. Different structural features reported for the receptor, such as two disulfide bridges and ionic lock between GLU90 and LYS 121 were also investigated in the final model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Sakhteman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arash Mehdizadeh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tatar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Ghanghoria R, Tekade RK, Mishra AK, Chuttani K, Jain NK. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone peptide tethered nanoparticulate system for enhanced antitumoral efficacy of paclitaxel. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:797-816. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.16.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Paclitaxel (PTX) is an effective anticancer agent used in the therapy of a wide variety of cancers. However, the drug is difficult to formulate due to its low solubility, and therefore, it is administered under slow infusion with castor oil/ethanol solution as surfactant that causes serious side effects. This investigation investigates leutinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)-tethered nanparticulate system as modality for cancer-specific delivery of PTX and therefore minimizing the adverse effects. Materials & methods: LHRH-tethered poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer with poly ethylene glycol side chain was synthesized, characterized and employed to formulate PTX-loaded nanoparticulate system. Results & conclusion: The developed nanoparticulate appears to be proficient in carrying as well as targeted delivery of PTX with improved therapeutic efficacy and better safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha Ghanghoria
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar 470003 MP, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tekade
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Advanced Imaging Research Centre, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- The International Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anil Kumar Mishra
- Division of Cyclotron & Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, 110054 Delhi, India
| | - Krishna Chuttani
- Division of Cyclotron & Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS), DRDO, 110054 Delhi, India
| | - Narendra Kumar Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar 470003 MP, India
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17
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Azim HA, Azim HA. Potential Therapeutic Targets in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-015-0192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Synthesis and in vitro anti-cancer evaluation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-conjugated peptide. Amino Acids 2015; 47:2359-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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19
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Is androgen receptor targeting an emerging treatment strategy for triple negative breast cancer? Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:547-53. [PMID: 25944485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype. The absence of expression and/or amplification of estrogen and progesterone receptor as well as ERBB-2 prevent the use of currently available endocrine options and/or ERBB-2-directed drugs and indicates chemotherapy as the main current therapy. TNBC represents approximately 15% of breast cancer cases with high index of heterogeneity. Here, we review the role of androgen receptor in breast carcinogenesis and its association with alterations in the expression pattern and functional roles of regulatory molecules and signal transduction pathways in TNBC. Additionally, based on the so far preclinical and clinical published data, we evaluate the perspectives for using and/or developing androgen receptor targeting strategies for specific TNBC subtypes.
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