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Abbotts R, Dellomo AJ, Rassool FV. Pharmacologic Induction of BRCAness in BRCA-Proficient Cancers: Expanding PARP Inhibitor Use. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2640. [PMID: 35681619 PMCID: PMC9179544 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of proteins has been implicated in numerous cellular processes, including DNA repair, translation, transcription, telomere maintenance, and chromatin remodeling. Best characterized is PARP1, which plays a central role in the repair of single strand DNA damage, thus prompting the development of small molecule PARP inhibitors (PARPi) with the intent of potentiating the genotoxic effects of DNA damaging agents such as chemo- and radiotherapy. However, preclinical studies rapidly uncovered tumor-specific cytotoxicity of PARPi in a subset of cancers carrying mutations in the BReast CAncer 1 and 2 genes (BRCA1/2), which are defective in the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathway, and several PARPi are now FDA-approved for single agent treatment in BRCA-mutated tumors. This phenomenon, termed synthetic lethality, has now been demonstrated in tumors harboring a number of repair gene mutations that produce a BRCA-like impairment of HR (also known as a 'BRCAness' phenotype). However, BRCA mutations or BRCAness is present in only a small subset of cancers, limiting PARPi therapeutic utility. Fortunately, it is now increasingly recognized that many small molecule agents, targeting a variety of molecular pathways, can induce therapeutic BRCAness as a downstream effect of activity. This review will discuss the potential for targeting a broad range of molecular pathways to therapeutically induce BRCAness and PARPi synthetic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Abbotts
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.J.D.); (F.V.R.)
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Anna J. Dellomo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.J.D.); (F.V.R.)
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Feyruz V. Rassool
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.J.D.); (F.V.R.)
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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2
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Depletion of RNASEH2 Activity Leads to Accumulation of DNA Double-strand Breaks and Reduced Cellular Survivability in T Cell Leukemia. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Gopalakrishnan V, Sharma S, Ray U, Manjunath M, Lakshmanan D, Vartak SV, Gopinatha VK, Srivastava M, Kempegowda M, Choudhary B, Raghavan SC. SCR7, an inhibitor of NHEJ can sensitize tumor cells to ionization radiation. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:627-643. [PMID: 34192388 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), one of the major DNA double-strand break repair pathways, plays a significant role in cancer cell proliferation and resistance to radio and chemotherapeutic agents. Previously, we had described a small molecule inhibitor, SCR7, which inhibited NHEJ in a DNA Ligase IV dependent manner. Here, we report that SCR7 potentiates the effect of γ-radiation (IR) that induces DNA breaks as intermediates to eradicate cancer cells. Dose fractionation studies revealed that coadministration of SCR7 and IR (0.5 Gy) in mice Dalton's lymphoma (DLA) model led to a significant reduction in mice tumor cell proliferation, which was equivalent to that observed for 2 Gy dose when both solid and liquid tumor models were used. Besides, co-treatment with SCR7 and 1 Gy of IR further improved the efficacy. Notably, there was no significant change in blood parameters, kidney and liver functions upon combinatorial treatment of SCR7 and IR. Further, the co-treatment of SCR7 and IR resulted in a significant increase in unrepaired DSBs within cancer cells compared to either of the agent alone. Anatomy, histology, and other studies in tumor models confirmed the cumulative effects of both agents in activating apoptotic pathways to induce cytotoxicity by modulating DNA damage response and repair pathways. Thus, we report that SCR7 has the potential to reduce the side effects of radiotherapy by lowering its effective dose ex vivo and in mice tumor models, with implications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Irinjalakuda, Kerala, India
| | - Shivangi Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ujjayinee Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Meghana Manjunath
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Divya Lakshmanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Supriya V Vartak
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vindya K Gopinatha
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mrinal Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Bibha Choudhary
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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4
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Lu H, Bai L, Zhou Y, Lu Y, Jiang Z, Shi J. Recent Study of Dual HDAC/PARP Inhibitor for the Treatment of Tumor. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1041-1050. [PMID: 31161991 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190603092407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence and development of tumors are closely related to epigenetic instability which modulates gene expression through DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and RNA-related silencing. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are targets of epigenetic regulation. Over the years, a large number of studies have shown that HDAC inhibitors and PARP inhibitors have synergistic effects in the treatment of tumors, and there are reports of related dual HDAC/PARP inhibitors. This review will give a brief summary of the synergistic mechanisms of HDAC inhibitors and PARP inhibitors and introduce the design of the first dual HDAC/PARP inhibitor, which may guide the design of more dual HDAC/PARP inhibitors for the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanping Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongping Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongliang Jiang
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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5
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Waking up dormant tumor suppressor genes with zinc fingers, TALEs and the CRISPR/dCas9 system. Oncotarget 2018; 7:60535-60554. [PMID: 27528034 PMCID: PMC5312401 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) plays a major role during carcinogenesis and regaining these dormant functions by engineering of sequence-specific epigenome editing tools offers a unique opportunity for targeted therapies. However, effectively normalizing the expression and regaining tumor suppressive functions of silenced TSGs by artificial transcription factors (ATFs) still remains a major challenge. Herein we describe novel combinatorial strategies for the potent reactivation of two class II TSGs, MASPIN and REPRIMO, in cell lines with varying epigenetic states, using the CRISPR/dCas9 associated system linked to a panel of effector domains (VP64, p300, VPR and SAM complex), as well as with protein-based ATFs, Zinc Fingers and TALEs. We found that co-delivery of multiple effector domains using a combination of CRISPR/dCas9 and TALEs or SAM complex maximized activation in highly methylated promoters. In particular, CRISPR/dCas9 VPR with SAM upregulated MASPIN mRNA (22,145-fold change) in H157 lung cancer cells, with accompanying re-expression of MASPIN protein, which led to a concomitant inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptotic cell death. Consistently, CRISPR/dCas9 VP64 with SAM upregulated REPRIMO (680-fold change), which led to phenotypic reprogramming in AGS gastric cancer cells. Altogether, our results outlined novel sequence-specific, combinatorial epigenome editing approaches to reactivate highly methylated TSGs as a promising therapy for cancer and other diseases.
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Valdez BC, Li Y, Murray D, Liu Y, Nieto Y, Champlin RE, Andersson BS. Combination of a hypomethylating agent and inhibitors of PARP and HDAC traps PARP1 and DNMT1 to chromatin, acetylates DNA repair proteins, down-regulates NuRD and induces apoptosis in human leukemia and lymphoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 9:3908-3921. [PMID: 29423093 PMCID: PMC5790510 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination of drugs that target different aspects of aberrant cellular processes is an efficacious treatment for hematological malignancies. Hypomethylating agents (HMAs) and inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPis) and histone deacetylases (HDACis) are clinically active anti-tumor drugs. We hypothesized that their combination would be synergistically cytotoxic to leukemia and lymphoma cells. Exposure of AML and lymphoma cell lines to the combination of the PARPi niraparib (Npb), the HMA decitabine (DAC) and the HDACi romidepsin (Rom) or panobinostat (Pano) synergistically inhibited cell proliferation by up to 70% via activation of the ATM pathway, increased production of reactive oxygen species, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and activated apoptosis. Addition of the DNA alkylating agents busulfan (Bu) and/or melphalan enhanced the anti-proliferative/cytotoxic effects of the triple-drug combination. [Npb+DAC+Rom] significantly increased the level of chromatin-bound PARP1 and DNMT1 and caused acetylation of DNA repair proteins, including Ku70, Ku80, PARP1, DDB1, ERCC1 and XPF/ERCC4. This three-drug combination down-regulated the components of the nucleosome-remodeling deacetylase (NuRD) complex, which is involved in DNA-damage repair. Addition of Bu to this combination further enhanced these effects on NuRD. The trapping of PARP1 and DNMT1 to chromatin, acetylation of DNA repair proteins, and down-regulation of NuRD may all have increased double-strand DNA break (DSB) formation as suggested by activation of the DNA-damage response, concomitantly resulting in tumor cell death. Similar synergistic cytotoxicity was observed in blood mononuclear cells isolated from patients with AML and lymphoma. Our results provide a rationale for the development of [Npb+DAC+Rom/Pano] combination therapies for leukemia and lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigno C Valdez
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - David Murray
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yago Nieto
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Richard E Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Borje S Andersson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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7
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Hegde M, Vartak SV, Kavitha CV, Ananda H, Prasanna DS, Gopalakrishnan V, Choudhary B, Rangappa KS, Raghavan SC. A Benzothiazole Derivative (5g) Induces DNA Damage And Potent G2/M Arrest In Cancer Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2533. [PMID: 28566733 PMCID: PMC5451441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically synthesized small molecules play important role in anticancer therapy. Several chemical compounds have been reported to damage the DNA, either directly or indirectly slowing down the cancer cell progression by causing a cell cycle arrest. Direct or indirect reactive oxygen species formation causes DNA damage leading to cell cycle arrest and subsequent cell death. Therefore, identification of chemically synthesized compounds with anticancer potential is important. Here we investigate the effect of benzothiazole derivative (5g) for its ability to inhibit cell proliferation in different cancer models. Interestingly, 5g interfered with cell proliferation in both, cell lines and tumor cells leading to significant G2/M arrest. 5g treatment resulted in elevated levels of ROS and subsequently, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) explaining observed G2/M arrest. Consistently, we observed deregulation of many cell cycle associated proteins such as CDK1, BCL2 and their phosphorylated form, CyclinB1, CDC25c etc. Besides, 5g treatment led to decreased levels of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of apoptosis. Interestingly, 5g administration inhibited tumor growth in mice without significant side effects. Thus, our study identifies 5g as a potent biochemical inhibitor to induce G2/M phase arrest of the cell cycle, and demonstrates its anticancer properties both ex vivo and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Hegde
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.,Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Mysuru, 570006, India
| | - Supriya V Vartak
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Hanumappa Ananda
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Doddakunche S Prasanna
- Department of Nanotechnology, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Center for Postgraduate Studies, Bengaluru Region, Muddenahalli, Chikkaballapur, Bangalore, 562101, India
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, 560100, India
| | - Bibha Choudhary
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, 560100, India
| | | | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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8
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Vartak SV, Iyer D, Santhoshkumar T, Sharma S, Mishra A, Goldsmith G, Srivastava M, Srivastava S, Karki SS, Surolia A, Choudhary B, Raghavan SC. Novel BCL2 inhibitor, Disarib induces apoptosis by disruption of BCL2-BAK interaction. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 131:16-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Xia Q, Zheng Y, Jiang W, Huang Z, Wang M, Rodriguez R, Jin X. Valproic acid induces autophagy by suppressing the Akt/mTOR pathway in human prostate cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1826-1832. [PMID: 27588130 PMCID: PMC4998110 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the chronic administration of valproic acid (VPA) suppresses angiogenesis in vivo; however, the mechanisms implicated in VPA-induced autophagy remain unclear. The current study aimed to assess VPA-induced autophagy in three prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, DU145 and LNCaP), in addition to analyzing the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal pathway. Prostate cancer cell lines were cultured with various doses of VPA. Cell cycle was analyzed using flow cytometry, and autophagy markers [1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-II and Beclin-1] were examined using transmission electron microscopy, fluorescent microscopy and western blotting. Activation of the Akt/mTOR signal pathway was also assessed by western blotting. The results demonstrated that VPA induced autophagosomes and suppressed the Akt/mTOR signal pathway. This was confirmed by detection of increased LC3-II and Beclin-1 in VPA-treated cells compared with untreated controls. Phosphorylated forms of Akt (PC3, P=0.048; DU145, P=0.045; LNCaP, P=0.039) and mTOR (PC3, P=0.012; DU145, P=0.41; LNCaP, P=0.35) were significantly reduced following VPA treatment. These results suggest that VPA may function as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, suppressing the growth of prostate cancer cells by modulating autophagy pathways, including inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway. Further experiments are required to determine the significance of all involved pathways regarding VPA-induced growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Xia
- Department of Minimally Invasive Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhongxian Huang
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Muwen Wang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Ronald Rodriguez
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Xunbo Jin
- Department of Minimally Invasive Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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