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MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA, Barnes M, Ridda I, Seale H, Toms R, Heywood A. The role of pneumonia and secondary bacterial infection in fatal and serious outcomes of pandemic influenza a(H1N1)pdm09. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:637. [PMID: 30526505 PMCID: PMC6286525 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of pneumonia and secondary bacterial infections during the pandemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to identify relevant literature in which clinical outcomes of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection were described. Published studies (between 01/01/2009 and 05/07/2012) describing cases of fatal or hospitalised A(H1N1)pdm09 and including data on bacterial testing or co-infection. RESULTS Seventy five studies met the inclusion criteria. Fatal cases with autopsy specimen testing were reported in 11 studies, in which any co-infection was identified in 23% of cases (Streptococcus pneumoniae 29%). Eleven studies reported bacterial co-infection among hospitalised cases of A(H1N1)2009pdm with confirmed pneumonia, with a mean of 19% positive for bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae 54%). Of 16 studies of intensive care unit (ICU) patients, bacterial co-infection identified in a mean of 19% of cases (Streptococcus pneumoniae 26%). The mean prevalence of bacterial co-infection was 12% in studies of hospitalised patients not requiring ICU (Streptococcus pneumoniae 33%) and 16% in studies of paediatric patients hospitalised in general or pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) wards (Streptococcus pneumoniae 16%). CONCLUSION We found that few studies of the 2009 influenza pandemic reported on bacterial complications and testing. Of studies which did report on this, secondary bacterial infection was identified in almost one in four patients, with Streptococcus pneumoniae the most common bacteria identified. Bacterial complications were associated with serious outcomes such as death and admission to intensive care. Prevention and treatment of bacterial secondary infection should be an integral part of pandemic planning, and improved uptake of routine pneumococcal vaccination in adults with an indication may reduce the impact of a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandini Raina MacIntyre
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Abrar Ahmad Chughtai
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Medicine, the University of New South Wales, Samuels Building, Room 209, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Michelle Barnes
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Medicine, the University of New South Wales, Samuels Building, Room 209, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Iman Ridda
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Medicine, the University of New South Wales, Samuels Building, Room 209, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Holly Seale
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Medicine, the University of New South Wales, Samuels Building, Room 209, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Renin Toms
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Medicine, the University of New South Wales, Samuels Building, Room 209, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Anita Heywood
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Medicine, the University of New South Wales, Samuels Building, Room 209, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
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Nakhla OL, Ali SA, Dola EF, Al Sharawy AM. Radiological & clinical findings in sporadic cases hospitalized for H1N1 pneumonia. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrnm.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Minns F, mhuineachain AN, van Beek E, Ritchie G, Hill A, Murchison J. ‘Presenting CXR phenotype of H1N1’ flu compared with contemporaneous non-H1N1, community acquired pneumonia, during pandemic and post-pandemic outbreaks’. Eur J Radiol 2015; 84:1810-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Hashemian SM, Tabarsi P, Nadji SA, Jamaati H, Mohajerani SA, Shamaee M, Chitsazan M, Radmand G, Maadani M, Mansouri SD. Secondary infection and clinical aspects after pandemic swine-origin influenza a (H1N1) admission in an Iranian critical care unite. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci 2015; 4:309-13. [PMID: 25625063 PMCID: PMC4296334 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5151.147536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: A new flu virus (H1N1) swine origin and cause of human infection with acute lung disease was published in the world and led to many patients were admitted in intensive care unit (ICU). Materials and Methods: In a prospective descriptive study, all ICU patients in a pulmonary disease specialist hospital between April 2010 and July 2011 with confirmed infection (H1N1) were evaluated. Information including demographic, clinical and microbiology using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 16 was studied and classified. Results: Of 46 patients hospitalized with confirmed diagnosis of swine flu pneumonia (H1N1), 20 cases (43.7%) admitted in ICU out of which 10 cases were males (50%), the mean age was 36.9 and the range was 21-66 years. Nine patients (45%) had underlying diseases. Most underlying disease was respiratory disease in which four cases (20%) were of asthma and one patient had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). No admission of pregnant patient with swine flu was reported in the ICU. Cough and sputum were the most frequent symptoms (19 patients equal 95%). Four patients (20%) were admitted with decreased level of consciousness and five cases (25%) died during hospitalization. Conclusion: It seems, swine flu with high mortality and transfer rates is a worldwide health problem. Because of limited treatment regimen, the risk of secondary infection and high need to intensive care in H1N1 pneumonia, environmental control, including vaccination of high risk people and public announcement, make determining role in controlling of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammadreza Hashemian
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Mycobacteriology Research Center Virology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Nadji
- Virology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Jamaati
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Mohajerani
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Shamaee
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandana Chitsazan
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golnar Radmand
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Maadani
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davoud Mansouri
- Mycobacteriology Research Center Virology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Nestor J, Huggins T, Kummerfeldt C, DiVietro M, Walters K, Sahn S. Viral diseases affecting the pleura. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:367-73. [PMID: 23916378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses affect the human body in multiple ways producing various disease states. The infections of the pulmonary parenchyma have been well described. However, there has been no current review of the literature pertaining to the pleura. AIM To review the available literature pertaining to diseases of the pleura that are caused by viral infections. METHODS A Medline search was performed and available research and review articles relating to viral infections that resulted in pleural effusions, pleural masses, pleural thickening, and pleural nodularity were reviewed. CONCLUSION There are numerous viruses that cause diseases of the pleura. Pleural effusions and lesions within the pleura are the most common presentation of the disease state. Polymerase chain reaction has the potential to further diagnose viral infections and expand our knowledge base in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennings Nestor
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 812 - CSB, MSC 630, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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6
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Echenique IA, Chan PA, Chapin KC, Andrea SB, Fava JL, Mermel LA. Clinical characteristics and outcomes in hospitalized patients with respiratory viral co-infection during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60845. [PMID: 23585856 PMCID: PMC3622008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical consequences of co-infection with two or more respiratory viruses are poorly understood. We sought to determine if co-infection with pandemic 2009–2010 influenza A H1N1 (pH1N1) and another respiratory virus was associated with worse clinical outcomes. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed of all hospitalized patients with a positive respiratory viral panel (RVP) for two or more viruses within 72 hours of admission at our institution from October 2009 to December 2009. We compared patients infected with one respiratory virus to those with respiratory viral co-infection. Results We identified 617 inpatients with a positive RVP sample with a single virus and 49 inpatients with a positive RVP sample for two viruses (i.e. co-infection). Co-infected patients were significantly younger, more often had fever/chills, tachypnea, and they more often demonstrated interstitial opacities suggestive of viral pneumonia on the presenting chest radiograph (OR 7.5, 95% CI 3.4–16.5). The likelihood of death, length of stay, and requirement for intensive care unit level of care were similar in both groups, but patients with any respiratory virus co-infection were more likely to experience complications, particularly treatment for a secondary bacterial pneumonia (OR 6.8, 95% CI 3.3–14.2). Patients co-infected with pH1N1 and another respiratory virus were more likely to present with chest radiograph changes suggestive of a viral pneumonia, compared to mono-infection with pH1N1 (OR 16.9, 95% CI 4.5–62.7). By logistic regression using mono-infection with non-PH1N1 viruses as the reference group, co-infection with pH1N1 was the strongest independent predictor of treatment for a secondary bacterial pneumonia (OR 17.8, 95% CI 6.7–47.1). Conclusion Patients with viral co-infection, particularly with pH1N1, were more likely to have chest radiograph features compatible with a viral pneumonia and complications during their hospital course, particularly treatment for secondary bacterial pneumonia. Despite this, co-infection was not associated with ICU admission.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Coinfection
- Female
- Hospitalization
- Humans
- Infant
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
- Influenza, Human/diagnostic imaging
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Influenza, Human/therapy
- Intensive Care Units
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pandemics
- Picornaviridae Infections/diagnostic imaging
- Picornaviridae Infections/epidemiology
- Picornaviridae Infections/pathology
- Picornaviridae Infections/therapy
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/diagnostic imaging
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/pathology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/therapy
- Radiography
- Retrospective Studies
- Rhode Island/epidemiology
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio A. Echenique
- Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Philip A. Chan
- Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Kimberle C. Chapin
- Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Sarah B. Andrea
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. Fava
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Leonard A. Mermel
- Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Okur M, Erbey F, Yazicioglu O, Celik A, Tukenmez B, Sunnetcioglu M, Gassaloglu M, Acar MN, Kaya A. H1N1 influenza A virus Related Pneumonia and Respiratory Failure. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013; 24:85-9. [PMID: 24426265 PMCID: PMC3650195 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are common respiratory pathogens in humans and can cause serious infection that leads to the development of pneumonia. In this study, the clinical and laboratory features of 36 patients from Turkey who are hospitalized in intensive care unit due to pandemic influenza A (H1N1) associated pneumonia and respiratory failure were retrospectively evaluated. The most common symptoms were cough and fever. Consolidation (36.1 %) and interstitial changes (30.6 %) were the most frequently identified findings on chest radiographs at the time of admission. Six of the patients (16.7 %) died. Mortality occurred in 3 of 13 patients (23.1 %) with underlying disease, whilst it occurred in only 3 of 23 patients (13 %) who were previously healthy. Mortality was found to be significantly associated only with an elevated lactate dehydrogenase level. A significant relationship was determined only between the presence of lymphopenia and acute respiratory distress syndrome and the need for intensive care treatment. The average time elapsed from the onset of the symptoms until admission was 8.67 ± 2.87 days for the patients died, and 6.0 ± 3.8 days for the patients survived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Okur
- />Department of Pediatrics, Duzce University Medical Faculty, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Fatih Erbey
- />Department of Pediatrics, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Yazicioglu
- />Department of Infectious Diseases, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Ali Celik
- />Department of Infectious Diseases, Education and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Baris Tukenmez
- />Department of Anesthesiology, Education and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Sunnetcioglu
- />Department of Infectious Diseases, Education and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Mithat Gassaloglu
- />Department of Chest Diseases, Education and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Nuri Acar
- />Department of Pediatrics, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Avni Kaya
- />Department of Pediatrics, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Van, Turkey
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Boonarkart C, Champunot R, Uiprasertkul M, Bunthi C, Kiatboobsri S, Rochanawutanon M, Porncharoenpong S, Suptawiwat O, Auewarakul P. Case report: Increased viral receptor expression associated with high viral load and severe pneumonia in a young patient infected with 2009 H1N1 influenza a with no pre-existing conditions. J Med Virol 2012; 84:380-5. [PMID: 22246822 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A case of unusually high severity of influenza pneumonia leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death was investigated. This was a previously a healthy 28-year-old man with no underlying conditions, admitted to a hospital during the first wave of influenza pandemic in Thailand in July 2009. He had experienced high fever and influenza-like illness for 5 days before coming to the hospital. He developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and expired on day 7 after admission. In comparison to three other cases of influenza pneumonia in the same outbreak with known risk factors for severe influenza, such as pregnancy and diabetes mellitus, a much higher viral load was detected in the lungs of this patient despite antiviral treatment. In agreement with the high viral load, the lung specimens from this patient, but not the other three patients, showed a high expression of α-2,6-linked sialic acid by lectin staining. The gene responsible for the synthesis of this sialic acid was also found to be upregulated. The data indicated overexpression of the viral receptor as a potential mechanism for severe disease in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chompunuch Boonarkart
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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9
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Chest radiological findings of influenza A H1N1 pneumonia. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2012; 18:120-7. [PMID: 22483844 DOI: 10.1016/j.rppneu.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to review chest radiographs (CXR) and chest computer tomography (CT) findings in patients with influenza A H1N1 virus pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Of ninety-eight patients with influenza A H1N1 infections seen in the General Hospitals of Villa Scassi, Genoa, and Sestri Levante from September 2009 to December 2009, twenty-eight developed pneumonia. The initial CXR were evaluated for radiological patterns: (ground-glass, consolidation, nodules, reticulation), distribution, and extent of the disease. Chest CT scans were reviewed for the same findings. A new radiographic score (CXR score) was used to evaluate the severity of the illness. RESULTS The predominant radiological findings on chest CT in the patients at presentation were unilateral or bilateral multifocal ground glass opacities (84.5% of the patients). Consolidation areas had a peribronchovascular and subpleural predominance and were found mainly in the middle and upper zones of the lung. Reticular opacities were found in about 20% of the cases. The most outstanding CXR and chest CT features of the disease were basal and axial alveolar consolidation and ground-glass opacities. The severity of disease as determinate by need for mechanical ventilation was greater in patients with a greater number of lobes involved and a higher CXR score. CONCLUSION Bilateral ground-glass opacities and areas of consolidation were the predominant radiological findings of influenza A (H1N1) virus pneumonia. Multifocal bilateral opacities and CXR score are strictly correlated with the severity of the illness.
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10
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Valente T, Lassandro F, Marino M, Squillante F, Aliperta M, Muto R. H1N1 pneumonia: our experience in 50 patients with a severe clinical course of novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV). LA RADIOLOGIA MEDICA 2012; 117:165-84. [PMID: 22020427 PMCID: PMC7088783 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-011-0734-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors reviewed chest radiographs (CXR) and thin-section computed tomography (CT) findings of pulmonary complications in a selected population of 50 consecutive patients with severe novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV) pneumonia who were seen at the Subintensive Respiratory Unit (UTSIR) and at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy. MATERIALS AND METHODS CXR and CT findings of 50 patients who fulfilled the World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria for S-OIV infection were reviewed by four radiologists. The final study group of 50 patients was divided into two subgroups on the basis of clinical course: group 1 consisted of 42 patients requiring noninvasive mechanical ventilation and admitted to the UTSIR; group 2 consisted of eight patients who required ICU admission and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or advanced mechanical ventilation from October 2009 to December 2009. All patients underwent CXR and thin-section multidetector CT (MDCT) scan; the initial and follow-up radiographs and CT scans were evaluated for the presentation and follow-up pattern (consolidation, ground-glass opacities, nodules, reticulation), distribution and extent of abnormality. RESULTS All patients had radiological signs of pulmonary involvement. Ground-glass opacity and consolidation, which was mainly peripheral, was the most frequent finding. In three patients, we report for the first time in viral pneumonia the reversed halo sign. Lesion extent was related to aggressiveness of the illness. More often, both lungs were involved (82%). Thoracic comorbidity was present in 18% of patients; 22% of patients was obese, and in this group, the clinical course was more aggressive than in the others with the same lesion extent at imaging. Furthermore, superinfection led to worsening of the clinical conditions. CONCLUSIONS The most common CXR and CT findings in patients with S-OIV infection were unilateral or bilateral ground-glass opacities with or without associated focal or multifocal areas of consolidation. On MDCT, ground-glass opacities and areas of consolidation had a predominant peribronchovascular and subpleural distribution, resembling organising pneumonia; they progressed to bilateral extensive airspace disease in severely ill patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Comorbidity
- Critical Care
- Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
- Female
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
- Influenza, Human/complications
- Influenza, Human/diagnostic imaging
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/therapy
- Italy/epidemiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pneumonia, Viral/diagnostic imaging
- Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/etiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/therapy
- Radiography, Thoracic
- Respiration, Artificial
- Retrospective Studies
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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Affiliation(s)
- T Valente
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, A.O. Monaldi, Via Leonardo Bianchi, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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12
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Post-ARDS pulmonary fibrosis in patients with H1N1 pneumonia: role of follow-up CT. Radiol Med 2011; 117:185-200. [PMID: 22020433 PMCID: PMC7102178 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-011-0740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Our aim was to evaluate the evolution of 20 patients with H1N1 pneumonia, focusing our attention on patients with severe clinical and radiological findings who developed post-acute respiratory distress syndrome (post-ARDS) pulmonary fibrosis. Materials and methods Twenty adult patients (nine women and 11 men; mean age 43.5±16.4 years) with a diagnosis of H1N1 infection confirmed by pharyngeal swab came to our attention from September to November 2009 and were followed up until September 2010. All patients were hospitalised in consideration of the severity of clinical findings, and all underwent chest X-ray. Twelve of them underwent at least one computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest. Results In 75% of cases (15/20), there was complete resolution of the clinical and radiological findings. Twenty-five percent of patients (5/20) developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which progressed to predominantly peripheral pulmonary fibrosis in 10% (2/20; one died and one had late-onset pulmonary fibrosis, documented on day 68). Moreover, in one patient with a CT diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis, we observed progressive regression of radiological findings over 4 months of follow-up. Conclusions In patients with H1N1 pneumonia, post-ARDS pulmonary fibrosis is not a rare complication. Therefore, a CT scan should be performed in all patients with severe clinical findings. Our study demonstrated that in these patients, fibrosis could present a different spatial distribution and a different temporal trend, with delayed late onset; moreover, in one case, the signs of interstitial lung disease partially regressed over time. Therefore, CT should be considered not only in the diagnostic stage, but also during the follow-up.
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13
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Placzek H, Madoff L. Identification of Influenza Cases During the H1N1 Pandemic in Massachusetts Using Population-Based Hospital Discharge Data. PLOS CURRENTS 2011; 3:RRN1256. [PMID: 21858253 PMCID: PMC3156440 DOI: 10.1371/currents.rrn1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives (1) To characterize the epidemiology of H1N1-related hospitalizations in Massachusetts; and (2) to compare characteristics of those hospitalized during periods of seasonal influenza activity and during the H1N1 pandemic. Methods Authors applied maximum and minimum criteria to the Massachusetts Hospital Discharge Database to identify H1N1-related hospitalizations. They constructed annual line graphs describing mean frequencies of influenza-like illness(ILI)-related discharges between 2005-2008, and compared these rates to early waves of H1N1 in 2009. Results During spring and summer 2009, there were significantly higher rates of ILI-related hospital discharges in Massachusetts compared to 2005-2008. Out of 359,344 total discharges between April 26-September 30,2009, H1N1-related hospitalizations ranged from 601 to 10,967 cases. Minimum criteria confirmed that H1N1 affected a younger population (50% were <18 years), with higher rates among African-Americans (18%) and Hispanics (23%) and higher rates of ICU admission (21%) compared to seasonal influenza (39%, 10%, 14%, and 17% respectively). Conclusions This is the first population-based assessment of epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized H1N1 cases in Massachusetts, and it is the first to include all possible hospitalized cases in the analysis. The authors confirm that large administrative data sets can detect hospitalizations for influenza during a pandemic, but estimated case counts vary widely depending on selection criteria used. Maximum criteria overestimated H1N1 activity, and those meeting minimum criteria resemble published accounts of H1N1-related hospitalizations closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Placzek
- Doctoral Candidate in Clinical and Population Health Research at UMass Medical School and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Division of Epidemiology and Immunization, Massachusetts Department of Public Health. ProMED-mail, International Society for Infectious Diseases
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14
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Clark TW, Fleet DH, Wiselka MJ. Severe community-acquired adenovirus pneumonia in an immunocompetent 44-year-old woman: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2011; 5:259. [PMID: 21718493 PMCID: PMC3148995 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-5-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This case report describes a rare condition: community-acquired adenovirus pneumonia in an immunocompetent adult. The diagnosis was achieved by using a multiplex real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay and highlights the usefulness of these novel molecular diagnostic techniques in patients hospitalized with acute respiratory illness. We also performed a literature search for previously published cases and present a summary of the clinical, laboratory and radiological features of this condition. CASE PRESENTATION A 44-year-old immunocompetent Caucasian woman was admitted to our hospital with an acute febrile respiratory illness associated with a rash. Her blood tests were non-specifically abnormal, and tests for bacterial pathogens were negative. Her condition rapidly deteriorated while she was in our hospital and required mechanical ventilation and inotropic support. A multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay performed on respiratory specimens to detect respiratory viruses was negative for influenza but positive for adenovirus DNA. The patient recovered on supportive treatment, and antibiotics were stopped after 5 days. CONCLUSIONS Community-acquired adenovirus pneumonia in immunocompetent adult civilians presents as a non-specific acute febrile respiratory illness followed by the abrupt onset of respiratory failure, often requiring mechanical ventilation. Its laboratory and radiological features are typical of viral infections but also are non-specific. Novel multiplex real-time RT-PCR testing for respiratory viruses enabled us to rapidly make the diagnosis in this case. The new technology could be used more widely in patients with acute respiratory illness and has potential utility for rationalization of the use of antibiotics and improving infection control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan W Clark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Level 6 Windsor Building, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK.
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Jartti A, Rauvala E, Kauma H, Renko M, Kunnari M, Syrjälä H. Chest imaging findings in hospitalized patients with H1N1 influenza. Acta Radiol 2011; 52:297-304. [PMID: 21498366 DOI: 10.1258/ar.2010.100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported chest radiographic findings of consolidation and ground-glass opacity in patients with swine-origin influenza A (H1N1). However, most of these studies include both hospitalized and outpatients. PURPOSE To evaluate initial chest radiographic and CT findings of hospitalized swine flu patients, adults and children, confirmed with a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for H1N1 virus. MATERIAL AND METHODS All PCR-verified swine flu patients admitted to the Department of Emergency Medicine (October 1 to December 15, 2009) at Oulu University Hospital, in Northern Finland, who underwent frontal chest radiography within 24 hours of presentation and who were hospitalized, were included. The radiographs and CT scans were assessed for the presence of pneumonia and characterized by pattern and distribution. The patients' medical records were analyzed for demographics, underlying medical conditions, the admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), initiation of mechanical ventilation or non-invasive ventilation support (NIV) and death. RESULTS Of 159 H1N1 influenza patients, 135 (85%) underwent chest radiographs at admission; 113 adults and 22 children. Findings of pulmonary infiltrates were detected in 62% (70/113) of adults and 64% (14/22) of children, being bilateral in 67% of adults and 64% of the children. The anatomic location of infiltrates was more often peripheral in adults; 42/70 (60%) vs. 4/14 (29%), P = 0.041, and diffuse among children; 9/14 (64%) vs. 26/70 (37%), P = 0.078. When the ICU and NIV patients were compared to less severe cases, on their chest radiographs four or five lobes were more often affected (65%, 11/17 vs. 34% 23/67, P = 0.029 ). The predominant radiographic findings were consolidation (93% of all patients, 91% of adults and 100% of children) and ground-glass opacity (74% of all, 77% of adults and 57% of children). Pulmonary emboli were detected by CT in 2/9 (22%) patients. CONCLUSION The pandemic 2009 swine influenza causes common and widely distributed infiltrates on chest radiographs among hospitalized patients, which are not peculiar to usual respiratory viral infections, and these findings can not be differentiated from usual bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Jartti
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital
| | - Erkki Rauvala
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital
| | - Heikki Kauma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Oulu University Hospital
| | - Marjo Renko
- Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital
| | | | - Hannu Syrjälä
- Department of Infection Control, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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