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Ionic liquid treatment for efficient sample preparation of hydrated bone for scanning electron microscopy. Micron 2021; 153:103192. [PMID: 34896685 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a new protocol for preparing bone samples for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) treatment method. RTIL-based solutions can be adopted as an alternative to lengthy and laborious traditional means of preparation for SEM due to their unique low-vapour pressure and conductive properties. Applied to biological samples, RTILs can be used quickly and efficiently to observe hydrated, unfixed structures in typical SEM systems. This first-time feasibility study of the optimization of this protocol for bone was explored through various SEM modalities using two distinct ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMI][BF4]) and 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMI][BF4]), at varying concentrations of 5, 10, and 25 % v/v in aqueous solution through an addition-based method. Based on qualitative observations in the SEM, a 60-second solution addition treatment of 10 % v/v [BMI][BF4] performed the best in imaging hydrated, unfixed bone samples, resulting in minimal charge buildup and no solution pooling on the surface. The treatment was applied effectively to a variety of bone samples, notably flat and polished, as well as highly topographical bone fracture surfaces of both healthy and osteoporotic human bone samples. In comparison to conventionally dehydrated bone, the RTIL treatment better preserved the natural bone structure, resulting in minimal microcracking in observed structures.
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DiCecco LA, D'Elia A, Miller C, Sask KN, Soleymani L, Grandfield K. Electron Microscopy Imaging Applications of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids in the Biological Field: A Review. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2488-2506. [PMID: 33690961 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
For biological imaging using electron microscopy (EM), the use of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) has been proposed as an alternative to traditional lengthy preparation methods. With their low vapor pressures and conductivity, RTILs can be applied onto hard-to-image soft and/or wet samples without dehydration - allowing for a more representative, hydrated state of material and opening the possibility for visualization of in situ physiological processes using conventional EM systems. However, RTILs have yet to be utilized to their full potential by microscopists and microbiologists alike. To this end, this review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of biological applications of RTILs for EM to bridge the RTIL, in situ microscopy, and biological communities. We outline future research avenues for the use of RTILs for the EM observation of biological samples, notably i) RTIL selection and optimization, ii) applications for live cell processes and iii) electron beam and ionic liquid interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza-Anastasia DiCecco
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Andrew D'Elia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Chelsea Miller
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Kyla N Sask
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Kathryn Grandfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
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Orihara T, Healy R, Corrales A, Smith ME. Multilocus phylogenies reveal three new truffle-like taxa and the traces of interspecific hybridization in Octaviania (Boletaceae, Boletales). IMA Fungus 2021; 12:14. [PMID: 34116729 PMCID: PMC8194053 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-021-00066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Among many convergently evolved sequestrate fungal genera in Boletaceae (Boletales, Basidiomycota), the genus Octaviania is the most diverse. We recently collected many specimens of Octaviania subg. Octaviania, including several undescribed taxa, from Japan and the Americas. Here we describe two new species in subgenus Octaviania, O. tenuipes and O. tomentosa, from temperate to subtropical evergreen Fagaceae forests in Japan based on morphological observation and robust multilocus phylogenetic analyses (nrDNA ITS and partial large subunit [LSU], translation elongation factor 1-α gene [TEF1] and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene [RPB1]). Based on specimens from the Americas as well as studies of the holotype, we also taxonomically re-evaluate O. asterosperma var. potteri. Our analysis suggests that O. asterosperma var. potteri is a distinct taxon within the subgenus Octaviania so we recognize this as O. potteri stat. nov. We unexpectedly collected O. potteri specimens from geographically widespread sites in the USA, Japan and Colombia. This is the first verified report of Octaviania from the South American continent. Our molecular analyses also revealed that the RPB1 sequence of one O. tenuipes specimen was identical to that of a closely related species, O. japonimontana, and that one O. potteri specimen from Minnesota had an RPB1 sequence of an unknown species of O. subg. Octaviania. Additionally, one O. japonimontana specimen had an unusually divergent TEF1 sequence. Gene-tree comparison and phylogenetic network analysis of the multilocus dataset suggest that these heterogenous sequences are most likely the result of previous inter- and intra-specific hybridization. We hypothesize that frequent hybridization events in Octaviania may have promoted the high genetic and species diversity found within the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamichi Orihara
- Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, 499 Iryuda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0031, Japan.
| | - Rosanne Healy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611-0680, USA
| | - Adriana Corrales
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, 111221, Colombia
| | - Matthew E Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611-0680, USA
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Takahashi C, Umemura Y, Naka A, Yamamoto H. SEM imaging of the stimulatory response of RAW264.7 cells against Porphyromonas gingivalis using a simple technique employing new conductive materials. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017. [PMID: 28636123 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the medical biology, it is essential to understand not only biological morphology but also the interaction between biological materials and agents. To study these, electron microscopy (EM) is often utilized. However, sample preparation techniques for EM require a high level of skill and a considerable time. Here, we conducted EM using a simple technique employing a conductive liquid, BEL-1, and compared the results with another simple technique employing an ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4 ]). BEL-1 was used for sample pretreatment, and the morphologies of the mouse RAW 264.7 cell line, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and the RAW 264.7 cell line were stimulated via co-incubation with P. gingivalis and observed using field emission scanning EM (FE-SEM). In the present study, the inflammation-induced system of P. gingivalis was successfully established. FE-SEM results revealed the fine morphology of the RAW 264.7 cell line and P. gingivalis and confirmed a morphological change in the RAW 264.7 cell line caused by P. gingivalis stimulation. Using the developed sample preparation technique employing BEL-1, high-contrast and high-resolution observations of deformable biological materials were conducted without any difficulty or the necessity for complicated technique. This morphological information and the developed techniques can contribute to reveal the interaction between biological materials and agents and thereby accelerate drug formulation and disease treatment. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1280-1285, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Takahashi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Engineering, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100, Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Umemura
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Engineering, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100, Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Ayako Naka
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Engineering, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100, Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Yamamoto
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Engineering, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100, Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
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Tsuda T, Kanetsuku T, Sano T, Oshima Y, Ui K, Yamagata M, Ishikawa M, Kuwabata S. In situSEM observation of the Si negative electrode reaction in an ionic-liquid-based lithium-ion secondary battery. Microscopy (Oxf) 2015; 64:159-68. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfv003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Takahashi C, Saito S, Suda A, Ogawa N, Kawashima Y, Yamamoto H. Antibacterial activities of polymeric poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles and Soluplus® micelles against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm and their characterization. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13885j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have successfully prepared polymeric micelles based on polyvinyl caprolactam–polyvinyl acetate–polyethylene glycol graft copolymer (Soluplus®) for a drug delivery system on a biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- Aichi Gakuin University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Shoko Saito
- Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- Aichi Gakuin University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Asami Suda
- Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- Aichi Gakuin University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Noriko Ogawa
- Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- Aichi Gakuin University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kawashima
- Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- Aichi Gakuin University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- Aichi Gakuin University
- Nagoya
- Japan
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Tsuda T, Mochizuki E, Kishida S, Iwasaki K, Tsunashima K, Kuwabata S. SEM observation of hydrous superabsorbent polymer pretreated with room-temperature ionic liquids. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91193. [PMID: 24621609 PMCID: PMC3951289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), which is a liquid salt at or below room temperature, shows peculiar physicochemical properties such as negligible vapor pressure and relatively-high ionic conductivity. In this investigation, we used six types of RTILs as a liquid material in the pretreatment process for scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of hydrous superabsorbent polymer (SAP) particles. Very clear SEM images of the hydrous SAP particles were obtained if the neat RTILs were used for the pretreatment process. Of them, tri-n-butylmethylphosphonium dimethylphosphate ([P4, 4, 4, 1][DMP]) provided the best result. On the other hand, the surface morphology of the hydrous SAP particles pretreated with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C2mim][BF4]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C4mim][BF4]) was damaged. The results of SEM observation and thermogravimetry analysis of the hydrous SAP pretreated with the RTILs strongly suggested that most water in the SAP particles are replaced with RTIL during the pretreatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tsuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (TT); (S. Kuwabata)
| | - Eiko Mochizuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoko Kishida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Iwasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tsunashima
- Department of Material Science, Wakayama National College of Technology, Gobo, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Susumu Kuwabata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (TT); (S. Kuwabata)
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Brodusch N, Waters K, Demers H, Gauvin R. Ionic liquid-based observation technique for nonconductive materials in the scanning electron microscope: Application to the characterization of a rare earth ore. Microsc Res Tech 2014; 77:225-35. [PMID: 24390705 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new approach for preparing geological materials is proposed to reduce charging during their characterization in a scanning electron microscope. This technique was applied to a sample of the Nechalacho rare earth deposit, which contains a significant amount of the minerals fergusonite and zircon. Instead of covering the specimen surface with a conductive coating, the sample was immersed in a dilute solution of ionic liquid and then air dried prior to SEM analysis. Imaging at a wide range of accelerating voltages was then possible without evidence of charging when using the in-chamber secondary and backscattered electrons detectors, even at 1 kV. High resolution x-ray and electron backscatter diffraction mapping were successfully obtained at 20 and 5 kV with negligible image drifting and permitted the characterization of the microstructure of the zircon/fergusonite-Y aggregates encased in the matrix minerals. Because of the absence of a conductive layer at the surface of the specimen, the Kikuchi band contrast was improved and the backscatter electron signal increased at both 5 and 20 kV as confirmed by Monte Carlo modeling. These major developments led to an improvement of the spatial resolution and efficiency of the above characterization techniques applied to the rare earth ore and it is expected that they can be applied to other types of ores and minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Brodusch
- Mining and Materials Engineering Department, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0C5, Canada
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Takahashi C, Shirai T, Fuji M. FE-SEM observation of swelled seaweed using hydrophilic ionic liquid; 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. Microsc Res Tech 2012; 76:66-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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KUWABATA S, TORIMOTO T, IMANISHI A, TSUDA T. Introduction of Ionic Liquid to Vacuum Conditions for Development of Material Productions and Analyses. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.80.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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