1
|
Delaeter M, Magnin-Robert M, Randoux B, Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui A. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Biostimulant and Biocontrol Agents: A Review. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1281. [PMID: 39065050 PMCID: PMC11278648 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are soil microorganisms living in symbiosis with most terrestrial plants. They are known to improve plant tolerance to numerous abiotic and biotic stresses through the systemic induction of resistance mechanisms. With the aim of developing more sustainable agriculture, reducing the use of chemical inputs is becoming a major concern. After providing an overview on AMF history, phylogeny, development cycle and symbiosis benefits, the current review aims to explore the potential of AMF as biostimulants and/or biocontrol agents. Nowadays, AMF inoculums are already increasingly used as biostimulants, improving mineral nutrient plant acquisition. However, their role as a promising tool in the biocontrol market, as an alternative to chemical phytosanitary products, is underexplored and underdiscussed. Thus, in the current review, we will address the mechanisms of mycorrhized plant resistance to biotic stresses induced by AMF, and highlight the various factors in favor of inoculum application, but also the challenges that remain to be overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV, UR 4492), Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, 50 Rue Ferdinand Buisson, 62228 Calais, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kemmelmeier K, Dos Santos DA, Grittz GS, Stürmer SL. Composition and seasonal variation of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spore community in litter, root mat, and soil from a subtropical rain forest. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:409-423. [PMID: 35727347 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Community composition and seasonal variation of sporulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been studied in soils from many ecosystems including subtropical forest. Yet, AMF community composition has been surveyed only from the mineral soil but not from the litter layer and the root mat, and long-term variation in sporulation is not fully understood. We sampled a 75-m2 plot from a subtropical forest to determine AMF community composition in the following habitats: the litter layer, the root mat, and the mineral soil. Moreover, samples were taken in fall, winter, spring, and summer over a 2-year period to follow the seasonal variation of AMF sporulation. We detected 47 AMF species belonging to six families and 14 genera, Glomeraceae and Acaulosporaceae being the most represented families. Sixteen species were common to all three habitats, five species were shared between two habitats, and 26 species were recovered exclusively from single habitats. While species richness was not significantly different among habitats, AMF total spore numbers were significantly higher in the litter and root mat compared to the soil. PERMANOVA did not detect a significant effect of habitats on community composition when species presence/absence was considered, but significant differences between litter versus soil and root mat versus soil were detected when spore abundance was considered. A seasonal pattern of spore abundance for species was not observed over the 2-year sampling period regardless of habitat. This study revealed that (i) different AMF species sporulate in the different habitats; thus, field surveys considering only the mineral soil might underestimate species richness and (ii) AMF species sporulate asynchronously in subtropical forest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kemmelmeier
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, 89030-903, Brazil
| | - Denis A Dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, 89030-903, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S Grittz
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, 89030-903, Brazil
| | - Sidney L Stürmer
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, 89030-903, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yamato M, Yamada H, Maeda T, Yamamoto K, Kusakabe R, Orihara T. Clonal spore populations in sporocarps of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:373-385. [PMID: 35767052 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Some arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species known to form sporocarps (i.e., aggregations of spores) are polyphyletic in two orders, Glomerales and Diversisporales. Spore clusters (sporocarp-like structures) often formed in pot cultures or in vitro conditions are supposed to be clonal populations, while sporocarps in natural habitats with a fungal peridium are morphologically similar to those of epigeous sexual (zygosporic) sporocarps of Endogone species. Thus, in this study, we explored the genetics of sporocarpic spores of two AM fungi with a view to possibilities of clonal or sexual reproduction during sporocarps formation. To examine these possibilities, we investigated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in reduced genomic libraries of spores isolated from sporocarps molecularly identified as Rhizophagus irregularis and Diversispora epigaea. In addition, partial sequences of the MAT locus HD2 gene of R. irregularis were phylogenetically analyzed to determine the nuclear status of the spores. We found that most SNPs were shared among the spores isolated from each sporocarp in both species. Furthermore, all HD2 sequences from spores isolated from three R. irregularis sporocarps were identical. These results indicate that those sporocarps comprise clonal spores. Therefore, sporocarps with clonal spores may have different functions than sexual reproduction, such as massive spore production or spore dispersal via mycophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Yamato
- Faculty of Education, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Yamada
- Graduate School of Education, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Taro Maeda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Kakuganji 246-2, Mizukami, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamamoto
- Tochigi Prefectural Museum, 2-2 Mutsumi-cho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0865, Japan
| | - Ryota Kusakabe
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Takamichi Orihara
- Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, 499 Iryuda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0031, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
da Silva KJG, Fernandes JAL, Magurno F, Leandro LBA, Goto BT, Theodoro RC. Phylogenetic Review of Acaulospora ( Diversisporales, Glomeromycota) and the Homoplasic Nature of Its Ornamentations. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:892. [PMID: 36135617 PMCID: PMC9502532 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Acaulospora has undergone many updates since it was first described; however, there are some missing pieces in the phylogenetic relationships among Acaulospora species. The present review aimed to: (i) understand the evolutionary meaning of their different spore wall ornamentations; (ii) define the best molecular marker for phylogenetic inferences, (iii) address some specific issues concerning the polyphyletic nature of Acaulospora lacunosa and Acaulospora scrobiculata, and the inclusion of Kuklospora species; and (iv) update the global geographical distribution of Acaulospora species. As such, the wall ornamentation of previously described Acaulospora species was reviewed and phylogenetic analyses were carried out based on ITS and SSU-ITS-LSU (nrDNA). Moreover, the already available type material of A. sporocarpia was inspected. According to the data obtained, temperate and tropical zones are the richest in Acaulospora species. We also confirmed that A. sporocarpia does not belong to Acaulospora. Furthermore, our phylogeny supported the monophyly of Acaulospora genus, including the Kuklospora species, K. colombiana and K. kentinensis. The nrDNA phylogeny presented the best resolution and revealed the homoplasic nature of many ornamentations in Acaulospora species, pointing out their unfeasible phylogenetic signal. This review reinforces the urgency of more molecular markers, in addition to the nrDNA sequences, for the definition of a multi-locus phylogeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kássia J. G. da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Centro de Biociências, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
- Centro de Biociências, Campus Central, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59064-741, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Franco Magurno
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Larissa B. A. Leandro
- Centro de Biociências, Campus Central, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59064-741, RN, Brazil
| | - Bruno T. Goto
- Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59064-741, RN, Brazil
| | - Raquel C. Theodoro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59064-741, RN, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Błaszkowski J, Niezgoda P, Zubek S, Meller E, Milczarski P, Malinowski R, Malicka M, Uszok S, Goto BT, Bierza W, Casieri L, Magurno F. Three new species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the genus Diversispora from maritime dunes of Poland. Mycologia 2022; 114:453-466. [PMID: 35358026 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Three new species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the genus Diversispora (phylum Glomeromycota) were described based on their morphology and molecular phylogeny. The phylogeny was inferred from the analyses of the partial 45S rDNA sequences (18S-ITS-28S) and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb1) gene. These species were associated in the field with plants colonizing maritime sand dunes of the Baltic Sea in Poland and formed mycorrhiza in single-species cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Błaszkowski
- Department of Protection and Shaping of Environment, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Niezgoda
- Department of Protection and Shaping of Environment, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Szymon Zubek
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Edward Meller
- Laboratory of Soil Science and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Shaping of Environment, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paweł Milczarski
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding & Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ryszard Malinowski
- Laboratory of Soil Science and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Shaping of Environment, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Malicka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Sylwia Uszok
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Bruno Tomio Goto
- Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, 59072-970, Natal, Brazil
| | - Wojciech Bierza
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Leonardo Casieri
- Mycorrhizal Applications LLC at Bio-Research & Development Growth Park, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Franco Magurno
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu F, Goto BT, Magurno F, Błaszkowski J, Wang J, Ma W, Feng H, Liu Y. Glomus chinense and Dominikia gansuensis, two new Glomeraceae species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from high altitude in the Tibetan Plateau. Mycol Prog 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-022-01799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
7
|
Caiafa MV, Jusino MA, Wilkie AC, Díaz IA, Sieving KE, Smith ME. Discovering the role of Patagonian birds in the dispersal of truffles and other mycorrhizal fungi. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5558-5570.e3. [PMID: 34715015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal is a key process that impacts population dynamics and structures biotic communities. Dispersal limitation influences the assembly of plant and microbial communities, including mycorrhizal fungi and their plant hosts. Mycorrhizal fungi play key ecological roles in forests by feeding nutrients to plants in exchange for sugars, so the dispersal of mycorrhizal fungi spores actively shapes plant communities. Although many fungi rely on wind for spore dispersal, some fungi have lost the ability to shoot their spores into the air and instead produce enclosed belowground fruiting bodies (truffles) that rely on animals for dispersal. The role of mammals in fungal spore dispersal is well documented, but the relevance of birds as dispersal agents of fungi has been understudied, despite the prominence of birds as seed dispersal vectors. Here, we use metagenomics and epifluorescence microscopy to demonstrate that two common, widespread, and endemic Patagonian birds, chucao tapaculos (Scelorchilus rubecula) and black-throated huet-huets (Pteroptochos tarnii), regularly consume mycorrhizal fungi and disperse viable spores via mycophagy. Our metagenomic analysis indicates that these birds routinely consume diverse mycorrhizal fungi, including many truffles, that are symbiotically associated with Nothofagaceae trees that dominate Patagonian forests. Epifluorescence microscopy of fecal samples confirmed that the birds dispersed copious viable spores from truffles and other mycorrhizal fungi. We show that fungi are a common food for both bird species and that this animal-fungi symbiosis is widespread and ecologically important in Patagonia. Our findings indicate that birds may also act as cryptic but critical fungal dispersal agents in other ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V Caiafa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Michelle A Jusino
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Center for Forest Mycology Research, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Ann C Wilkie
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Iván A Díaz
- Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Kathryn E Sieving
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Matthew E Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Komur P, Chachuła P, Kapusta J, Wierzbowska IA, Rola K, Olejniczak P, Mleczko P. What determines species composition and diversity of hypogeous fungi in the diet of small mammals? A comparison across mammal species, habitat types and seasons in Central European mountains. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
9
|
Dominikia bonfanteae and Glomus atlanticum, two new species in the Glomeraceae (phylum Glomeromycota) with molecular phylogenies reconstructed from two unlinked loci. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-020-01659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
10
|
Stürmer SL, Kemmelmeier K. The Glomeromycota in the Neotropics. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:553679. [PMID: 33510711 PMCID: PMC7835493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.553679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF—Glomeromycota) are a group of soil fungi with a widespread occurrence in terrestrial ecosystems where they play important roles that influence plant growth and ecosystem processes. The aim of this paper is to reveal AMF distribution in the Neotropics based on an extensive biogeography database with literature data from the last five decades. All four orders and 11 families were reported in the Neotropics. 221 species (69% of the total number of species for the phylum) were registered in the Neotropics pertaining to 37 genera. Acaulospora, Glomus, Scutellospora, and Funneliformis were the most speciose genera and represented by 47, 29, 15, and 13 species, respectively. Seventy-six species were originally described from Neotropics, which represents 24% of the total diversity of Glomeromycota. The most representative families were Gigasporaceae, Ambisporaceae, and Acaulosporaceae with 89%, 80%, and 79% of species within each family detected in the Neotropics, respectively. AMF were detected in 11 biomes and 52 ecological regions in 19 countries. Biomes with the largest number of species were Tropical and Subtropical Moist Forests (186 species), Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf forests (127 species), and Tropical and Subtropical Grasslands (124 species), and Jaccard’s similarity among them was 53–57%. Mean annual temperature and precipitation were not correlated with total AMF species richness. The Neotropics biomes shelter a large amount of the total diversity of Glomeromycota and studies of occurrence of these fungi should be encouraged considering their importance in maintaining terrestrial ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Luiz Stürmer
- Laboratory of Mycorrhiza, Department of Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Karl Kemmelmeier
- Laboratory of Mycorrhiza, Department of Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nanoglomus plukenetiae, a new fungus from Peru, and a key to small-spored Glomeraceae species, including three new genera in the “Dominikia complex/clades”. Mycol Prog 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-019-01522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
12
|
Błaszkowski J, Niezgoda P, de Paiva JN, da Silva KJG, Theodoro RC, Jobim K, Orfanoudakis M, Goto BT. Sieverdingia gen. nov., S. tortuosa comb. nov., and Diversispora peloponnesiaca sp. nov. in the Diversisporaceae (Glomeromycota). Mycol Prog 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-019-01534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPhylogenetic analyses of 18S–ITS–28S nuc rDNA sequences indicated that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus originally described asGlomus tortuosumand later transferred to the genusCorymbiglomusrepresents a separate, previously unrecognized clade at the rank of genus in the family Diversisporaceae (order Diversisporales, phylum Glomeromycota). The analyses located the clade between clades representing the generaDesertisporaandRedeckera. Consequently, a new genus,Sieverdingia, was erected, withS. tortuosacomb. nov. The unique morphological feature ofS. tortuosais the formation of glomoid-like spores with a single-layered spore wall covered with a hyphal mantle. Importantly, the erection ofSieverdingiaclarified the definition ofCorymbiglomus, which currently consists of three species producing glomoid-like spores with one, three- to four-layered spore wall. The features of the innermost layer, which is hyaline, laminate, flexible to semi-flexible, indicate that it is a synapomorphy ofCorymbiglomus. The definitions ofCorymbiglomusand its species were emended. Moreover, the distribution ofS. tortuosaand the three species ofCorymbiglomuswas discussed based on own studies, literature data, and molecular sequences deposited in public databases. We concluded that the distribution ofS. tortuosaandC. globiferumknown in environmental studies based on their partial 28S nuc rDNA sequences only may be understated because the main molecular characteristics distinguishing these species reside outside the 28S region. Finally, we described a new species in the genusDiversisporaoriginating from Mediterranean dunes of the Peloponnese peninsula, Greece. The same phylogenetic analyses mentioned above indicated that the closest relative of the new species, producing dark-coloured spores, isD. clara, whose spores are creamy white at most.
Collapse
|
13
|
Błaszkowski J, Niezgoda P, Piątek M, Magurno F, Malicka M, Zubek S, Mleczko P, Yorou NS, Jobim K, Vista XM, Lima JLR, Goto BT. Rhizoglomus dalpeae, R. maiae, and R. silesianum, new species. Mycologia 2019; 111:965-980. [PMID: 31560606 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1654637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We examined three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; phylum Glomeromycota) producing glomoid spores. The mode of formation and morphology of these spores suggested that they represent undescribed species in the genus Rhizoglomus of the family Glomeraceae. Subsequent morphological studies of the spores and molecular phylogenetic analyses of sequences of the nuc rDNA small subunit (18S), internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS), and large subunit (28S) region (= 18S-ITS-28S) confirmed the suggestion and indicated that the fungi strongly differ from all previously described Rhizoglomus species with known DNA barcodes. Consequently, the fungi were described here as new species: R. dalpeae, R. maiae, and R. silesianum. Two of these species lived hypogeously in the field in habitats subjected to strong environmental stresses. Rhizoglomus dalpeae originated from an inselberg located within Guineo-Sudanian transition savanna zone in Benin, West Africa, where the temperature of the inselberg rock during a 5-mo drought ranges from 40 to 60 C. Rhizoglomus silesianum originated from a coal mine spoil heap in Poland, whose substrate is extremely poor in nutrients, has unfavorable texture, and may heat up to 50 C. By contrast, R. maiae was found in more favorable habitat conditions. It produced an epigeous cluster of spores among shrubs growing in a tropical humid reserve in Brazil. Moreover, the compatibility of phylogenies of species of the family Glomeraceae reconstructed from analyses of sequences of 18S-ITS-28S and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1) gene was discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Błaszkowski
- Department of Ecology, Protection and Shaping of Environment, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Słowackiego 17, PL-71-434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Niezgoda
- Department of Ecology, Protection and Shaping of Environment, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Słowackiego 17, PL-71-434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marcin Piątek
- Department of Mycology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Kraków, Poland
| | - Franco Magurno
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Malicka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Szymon Zubek
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, PL-30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Mleczko
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, PL-30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Nourou S Yorou
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, BP 123, Parakou, Benin
| | - Khadija Jobim
- Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, 59072-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Xochtil Margarito Vista
- Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, 59072-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Juliana L R Lima
- Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, 59072-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Bruno Tomio Goto
- Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, 59072-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|