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Goswami L, Gupta L, Paul S, Vijayaraghavan P, Bhattacharya AK. Design and Synthesis of 1,3-Diynes as Potent Antifungal Agents against Aspergillus fumigatus. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300013. [PMID: 36852543 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Eugenol and isoeugenol, secondary metabolites isolated from the plant Myristica fragrans have displayed antifungal activities against Aspergillus fumigatus (IC50 1900 μM). Compounds having conjugated unsaturation have been of great use as antifungals i. e. amphotericin B, nystatin and terbinafine etc. Hence, in the present study, we have designed and synthesised 1,3-diynes by utilizing Glaser-Hay and Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling reactions to furnish possible antifungal agents. Synthesis of 1,6-diphenoxyhexa-2,4-diyne derivatives was achieved by Cu(I) catalysed coupling of propargylated eugenol, isoeugenol, guaiacol, vanillin and dihydrogenated eugenol or eugenol in good to excellent yields. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated against pathogenic fungus A. fumigatus. Among all the synthesized compounds, one of the compounds was found to be exhibiting promising antifungal activity with IC50 value of 7.75 μM thereby suggesting that this type of scaffold could pave the way for developing new antifungal agents. The most active compound was found to be low cytotoxic when assayed against L-132 cancer cell line. Effect of the most active compound on ergosterol biosynthesis has also been studied. Also, the most active compound exhibited significant anti-biofilm activity although the concentration was found to be higher than its anti-fungal activity. Morphological changes in the biofilm were remarkable under confocal laser scanning microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Goswami
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Lovely Gupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Sector-125, Noida, India
| | - Sayantan Paul
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Pooja Vijayaraghavan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Sector-125, Noida, India
| | - Asish K Bhattacharya
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
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Gupta L, Sen P, Bhattacharya AK, Vijayaraghavan P. Isoeugenol affects expression pattern of conidial hydrophobin gene RodA and transcriptional regulators MedA and SomA responsible for adherence and biofilm formation in Aspergillus fumigatus. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:214. [PMID: 35314887 PMCID: PMC8938220 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02817-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the major pathogenic fungal species, causing life-threatening infections. Due to a limited spectrum of available antifungals, exploration of new drug targets as well as potential antifungal molecules has become pertinent. Rodlet layer plays an important role in adherence of fungal conidia to hydrophobic cell surfaces in host, which also leads to A. fumigatus biofilm formation, contributing factor to fungal pathogenicity. From decades, natural sources have been known for the development of new active molecules. The present study investigates effect of isoeugenol on genes responsible for hydrophobins (RodA), adhesion as well as biofilm formation (MedA and SomA) of A. fumigatus. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC and IC50) of isoeugenol against A. fumigatus were determined using broth microdilution assay. The IC50 results showed reduced hydrophobicity and biofilm formation as well as eradication after treatment with the compound and electron micrograph data corroborated these findings. The qRT-PCR showed a significant downregulation of genes RodA, MedA, SomA and pksP involved in hydrophobicity and biofilm formation. SwissADME studies potentiated drug-like propensity for isoeugenol which formed four hydrogen bonds with low binding energy (− 4.54 kcal/mol) at the catalytic site of RodA protein studied via AutoDock4. Hence, the findings conclude that isoeugenol inhibits conidial hydrophobicity and biofilm formation of A. fumigatus and further investigations are warranted in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovely Gupta
- Antimycotic and Drug Susceptibility Laboratory, Lab 120, J3 block, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pooja Sen
- Antimycotic and Drug Susceptibility Laboratory, Lab 120, J3 block, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asish K Bhattacharya
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pooja Vijayaraghavan
- Antimycotic and Drug Susceptibility Laboratory, Lab 120, J3 block, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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