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Mei N, Zhao N, Tian T, Jiao M, Li C. Biological features, gene expression profile, and mechanisms of drug resistance of two- and three-dimensional hepatocellular carcinoma cell cultures. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00715. [PMID: 33486902 PMCID: PMC7827916 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor with insidious onset and rapid progression. Its treatment is often difficult owing to tumor resistance. In this study, we aimed to understand the different biological characteristics, gene expression profiles, and drug resistance mechanisms of HCC cells cultured under different conditions. A conventional adherence method and a liquid overlay technique were used to prepare two- and three-dimensional cultures of Bel-7402 and 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu)-resistant Bel-7402 (Bel-7402/5-Fu) cells. Morphological characteristics were assessed via microscopy, and cell cycle distribution and apoptotic rate were obtained using flow cytometry. Cell sensitivity to different concentrations of drugs was detected with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays. Gene expression profiles and signal transduction pathways of Bel-7402 and Bel-7402/5-Fu cells under different culture conditions were determined using gene chips. Cells in three-dimensional culture were suspended and they grew into dense multicellular spheroid (MCS) structures, aggregating with each other. In contrast to cells in the two-dimensional culture, cell cycle arrest was observed in MCSs. The sensitivity of Bel-7402 cells in the two-dimensional culture to drugs at high concentrations was significantly higher than that of cells in the three-dimensional culture (p < .05). The apoptotic rate of Bel-7402 and Bel-7402/5-Fu cells was also higher in the two-dimensional culture (p < .05). Signal transduction pathway analysis showed that after Bel-7402 cells acquired resistance to 5-Fu, CCND1, MCM2, and MCM3 gene expression was upregulated in the G1 to S cell cycle control signal transduction pathway, CDKN1C and CCNG2 gene expression was downregulated, and MCM2 and MCM3 gene expression was upregulated in the DNA replication signal transduction pathway. Therefore, the liquid overlay technique is a simple, low-cost procedure to successfully construct three-dimensional culture models of HCC. This study provides new information and methods for exploring the molecular mechanisms of liver cancer resistance, clinical treatment, development of molecular information, and interventional prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mei
- Department of Medical OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anShaanxi ProvincePeople’s Republic of China
| | - Ni Zhao
- Department of Medical OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anShaanxi ProvincePeople’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Tian
- Department of Medical OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anShaanxi ProvincePeople’s Republic of China
| | - Min Jiao
- Department of Medical OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anShaanxi ProvincePeople’s Republic of China
| | - Chunli Li
- Department of Medical OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anShaanxi ProvincePeople’s Republic of China
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van Tienderen GS, Groot Koerkamp B, IJzermans JNM, van der Laan LJW, Verstegen MMA. Recreating Tumour Complexity in a Dish: Organoid Models to Study Liver Cancer Cells and their Extracellular Environment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1706. [PMID: 31683901 PMCID: PMC6896153 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer, consisting predominantly of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), remains one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. This high malignancy is related to the complex and dynamic interactions between tumour cells, stromal cells and the extracellular environment. Novel in vitro models that can recapitulate the tumour are essential in increasing our understanding of liver cancer. Herein, primary liver cancer-derived organoids have opened up new avenues due to their patient-specificity, self-organizing ability and potential recapitulation of many of the tumour properties. Organoids are solely of epithelial origin, but incorporation into co-culture models can enable the investigation of the cellular component of the tumour microenvironment. However, the extracellular component also plays a vital role in cancer progression and representation is lacking within current in vitro models. In this review, organoid technology is discussed in the context of liver cancer models through comparisons to other cell culture systems. In addition, the role of the tumour extracellular environment in primary liver cancer will be highlighted with an emphasis on its importance in in vitro modelling. Converging novel organoid-based models with models incorporating the native tumour microenvironment could lead to experimental models that can better recapitulate liver tumours in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles S van Tienderen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bas Groot Koerkamp
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan N M IJzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abdellatif AA, Abou-Taleb HA, Abd El Ghany AA, Lutz I, Bouazzaoui A. Targeting of somatostatin receptors expressed in blood cells using quantum dots coated with vapreotide. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:1162-1169. [PMID: 30532637 PMCID: PMC6260484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer may be difficult to target, however, if cancer targeted this provides the chance for a better and more effective treatment. Quantum dots (Qdots) coated vapreotide (VAP) as a somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) agonist can be efficient targeting issue since may reduce side effects and increase drug delivery to the target tissue. This study highlights the active targeting of cancer cells by cells imaging with improving the therapeutic outcomes. VAP was conjugated to Qdots using amine-to-sulfhydryl crosslinker. The synthesized Qdots-VAP was characterized by determination of size, measuring the zeta-potential and UV fluorometer. The cellular uptake was studied using different cell lines. Finally, the Qdots-VAP was injected into a rat model. The results showed a size of 479.8 ± 15 and 604.88 ± 17 nm for unmodified Qdots and Qdots-VAP respectively, while the zeta potential of particles went from negative to positive charge which proved the conjugation of VAP to Qdots. The fluorometer recorded a redshift for Qdots-VAP compared with unmodified Qdots. Moreover, cellular uptake exhibited high specific binding with cells which express SSTRs using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry (17.3 MFU comparing to 3.1 MFU of control, P < 0.001). Finally, an in vivo study showed a strong accumulation of Qdots-VAP in the blood cells (70%). In conclusion, Qdots-VAP can play a crucial role in cancer diagnosis and treatment of blood cells diseases when conjugated with VAP as SSTRs agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A.H. Abdellatif
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, 71524 Assiut, Egypt
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba A. Abou-Taleb
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB), Benisuef, Egypt
| | | | - Ilka Lutz
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Abdellatif Bouazzaoui
- Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Internal Medicine 3-Hematology/Oncology Department, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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Subtractive Cell-SELEX Selection of DNA Aptamers Binding Specifically and Selectively to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells with High Metastatic Potential. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5735869. [PMID: 27119081 PMCID: PMC4826907 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5735869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Relapse and metastasis are two key risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis; thus, it is emergent to develop an early and accurate detection method for prognostic evaluation of HCC after surgery. In this study, we sought to acquire oligonucleotide DNA aptamers that specifically bind to HCC cells with high metastatic potential. Two HCC cell lines derived from the same genetic background but with different metastatic potential were employed: MHCC97L (low metastatic properties) as subtractive targets and HCCLM9 (high metastatic properties) as screening targets. To mimic a fluid combining environment, initial DNA aptamers library was firstly labelled with magnetic nanoparticles using biotin-streptavidin system and then applied for aptamers selection. Through 10-round selection with subtractive Cell-SELEX, six aptamers, LY-1, LY-13, LY-46, LY-32, LY-27/45, and LY-7/43, display high affinity to HCCLM9 cells and do not bind to MHCC97L cells, as well as other tumor cell lines, including breast cancer, lung cancer, colon adenocarcinoma, gastric cancer, and cervical cancer, suggesting high specificity for HCCLM9 cells. Thus, the aptamers generated here will provide solid basis for identifying new diagnostic targets to detect HCC metastasis and also may provide valuable clues for developing new targeted therapeutics.
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Xia Y, Cai XY, Fan JQ, Zhang LL, Ren JH, Chen J, Li ZY, Zhang RG, Zhu F, Wu G. Rho Kinase Inhibitor Fasudil Suppresses the Vasculogenic Mimicry of B16 Mouse Melanoma Cells Both In Vitro and In Vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1582-90. [PMID: 25934709 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the biologic role of the Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil in the vasculogenic mimicry (VM) of B16 mouse melanoma cells. It was previously reported that RhoA plays a critical role in angiogenesis by coordinating endothelial cell cytoskeleton remodeling and promoting endothelial cell motility. Although RhoA has been implicated in the regulation of angiogenesis, little has been described regarding its control of these tumor cell-lined channels. In this study, we established an in vitro model of VM using 3-dimensional cell culturing of mouse B16 melanoma cells and studied VM in vivo by transplanting B16 cells into C57/BL mice. Next, we explored the effect of RhoA and Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) on VM formation using the Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil. We provide direct evidence that fasudil leads to reduced vascular-like channels in Matrigel. Additional experiments suggested that fasudil prevents both initial cellular architecture changes and cell migration in vitro. Finally, we provide in-depth evidence for the underlying mechanisms of fasudil-induced VM destruction using the Rho-GTPase agonist lysophosphatidic acid. In vivo studies revealed that fasudil reduced B16 melanoma cell xenograft tumor growth without causing significant toxicity in mice. Fasudil-treated tumors also displayed fewer VM channels. These results suggest that fasudil may be an emerging therapeutic option for targeting cancer VM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xia
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Yi Cai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Quan Fan
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Ling Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Hua Ren
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui-Guang Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Chen H, Shi D, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Wang B, Xia C. The advances in applying inorganic fluorescent nanomaterials for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma and other cancers. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14853g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The advances, drawbacks and application suggestions of QDs, UCNPs and CDs in HCC and other cancer detection fields are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetao Chen
- School of Public Health and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Dongxing Shi
- School of Public Health and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Qiqihaer Medical College
- Qiqihaer
- China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- School of Public Health and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Public Health and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Baiqi Wang
- School of Public Health and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Chunhui Xia
- Department of Chemistry
- Qiqihaer Medical College
- Qiqihaer
- China
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