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Liu H, Wang X. Esophageal organoids: applications and future prospects. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:931-945. [PMID: 37380866 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Organoids have been developed in the last decade as a new research tool to simulate organ cell biology and disease. Compared to traditional 2D cell lines and animal models, experimental data based on esophageal organoids are more reliable. In recent years, esophageal organoids derived from multiple cell sources have been established, and relatively mature culture protocols have been developed. Esophageal inflammation and cancer are two directions of esophageal organoid modeling, and organoid models of esophageal adenocarcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and eosinophilic esophagitis have been established. The properties of esophageal organoids, which mimic the real esophagus, contribute to research in drug screening and regenerative medicine. The combination of organoids with other technologies, such as organ chips and xenografts, can complement the deficiencies of organoids and create entirely new research models that are more advantageous for cancer research. In this review, we will summarize the development of tumor and non-tumor esophageal organoids, the current application of esophageal organoids in disease modeling, regenerative medicine, and drug screening. We will also discuss the future prospects of esophageal organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xianli Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Public Health, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Abstract
This review highlights the current state regarding the preparation and characterization of tubular biocellulose materials as well as their application and application potential with a special focus on abdominal oncologic surgery. Biocellulose is a natural polymer synthesized by acetic acid bacteria from low molecular sugars and alcohols as a mechanically stable nanofiber network at the interface between the aqueous culture medium and air. This hydrogel is characterized by very high purity and biocompatibility, dimensional stability, and good surgical handling. With this property profile, biocellulose proves to be a promising candidate for the development of novel medical soft tissue implants. This requires close R&D cooperation between chemists, material scientists, biotechnologists, and surgeons. In this sense, this review spans from the natural polymer to the design of biocellulose implants and surgical suitability. It is also a concern of this article to show concretely the great need for such implants and the fields of application in oncological abdominal surgery where tubular biocellulose is or could be the focus of research. Furthermore, a critical assessment for the use of biocellulose materials concerning incidence malignancy and surgical interventions, complication rates, and current studies is emphasized. The regeneration of damaged bile ducts by the use of biocellulose implants is a first example.
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Zhang YH, Fischer MA, Lehmann H, Johnsson Å, Rouvelas I, Herlin G, Lundell L, Brismar TB. Computed tomography volumetry of esophageal cancer - the role of semiautomatic assessment. BMC Med Imaging 2019; 19:17. [PMID: 30767773 PMCID: PMC6377716 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-019-0317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical and research value of Computed Tomography (CT) volumetry of esophageal cancer tumor size remains controversial. Development in CT technique and image analysis has made CT volumetry less cumbersome and it has gained renewed attention. The aim of this study was to assess esophageal tumor volume by semi-automatic measurements as compared to manual. Methods A total of 23 esophageal cancer patients (median age 65, range 51–71), undergoing CT in the portal-venous phase for tumor staging, were retrospectively included between 2007 and 2012. One radiology resident and one consultant radiologist measured the tumor volume by semiautomatic segmentation and manual segmentation. Reproducibility of the respective measurements was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and by average deviation from mean. Results Mean tumor volume was 46 ml (range 5-137 ml) using manual segmentation and 42 ml (range 3-111 ml) using semiautomatic segmentation. Semiautomatic measurement provided better inter-observer agreement than traditional manual segmentation. The ICC was significantly higher for semiautomatic segmentation in comparison to manual segmentation (0.86, 0.56, p < 0.01). The average absolute percentage difference from mean was reduced from 24 to 14% (p < 0.001) when using semiautomatic segmentation. Conclusions Semiautomatic analysis outperforms manual analysis for assessment of esophageal tumor volume, improving reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CLINTEC, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Division of Medical Imaging and Technology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Michael A Fischer
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CLINTEC, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Lehmann
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CLINTEC, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åse Johnsson
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Rouvelas
- Department of Surgery, Centre for Digestive Diseases and Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CLINTEC, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Herlin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CLINTEC, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Lundell
- Department of Surgery, Centre for Digestive Diseases and Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CLINTEC, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torkel B Brismar
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CLINTEC, Stockholm, Sweden
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Goudarzi F, Asadi A, Afsharpour M, Jamadi RH. In Vitro Characterization and Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity Effects of Nisin and Nisin-Loaded PLA-PEG-PLA Nanoparticles on Gastrointestinal (AGS and KYSE-30), Hepatic (HepG2) and Blood (K562) Cancer Cell Lines. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:1554-1566. [PMID: 29470827 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-0969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was an in vitro evaluation and comparison of the cytotoxic effects of free nisin and nisin-loaded PLA-PEG-PLA nanoparticles on gastrointestinal (AGS and KYSE-30), hepatic (HepG2), and blood (K562) cancer cell lines. To create this novel anti-cancer drug delivery system, the nanoparticles were synthesized and then loaded with nisin. Subsequently, their biocompatibility, ability to enter cells, and physicochemical properties, including formation, size, and shape, were studied using hemolysis, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Then, its loading efficiency and release kinetics were examined to assess the potential impact of this formulation for the nanoparticle carrier candidacy. The cytotoxicities of nisin and nisin-loaded nanoparticles were evaluated by using the MTT and Neutral Red (NR) uptake assays. Detections of the apoptotic cells were done via Ethidium Bromide (EB)/Acridine Orange (AO) staining. The FTIR spectra, SEM images, and DLS graph confirmed the formations of the nanoparticles and nisin-loaded nanoparticles with spherical, distinct, and smooth surfaces and average sizes of 100 and 200 nm, respectively. The loading efficiency of the latter nanoparticles was about 85-90%. The hemolysis test represented their non-cytotoxicities and the FITC images indicated their entrance inside the cells. An increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells was observed through EB/AO staining. These results demonstrated that nisin had a cytotoxic effect on AGS, KYSE-30, HepG2, and K562 cancer cell lines, while the cytotoxicity of nisin-loaded nanoparticles was more than that of the free nisin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Goudarzi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Daneshgah St, Ardabil, 11367-56199, Iran.
| | - Asadollah Asadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Daneshgah St, Ardabil, 11367-56199, Iran
| | - Maryam Afsharpour
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, 14335-186, Iran
| | - Robab Hassanvand Jamadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Daneshgah St, Ardabil, 11367-56199, Iran
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Chang YC, Yen YT, Chang MC, Tseng YL. Localization of thoracic duct using heavily T2W MRI for intractable post-esophagectomy chylothorax-a case report. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:E109-E114. [PMID: 28275492 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.02.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Post-esophagectomy chylothorax is a rare yet serious complication. Herein we report the case of a patient with intractable post-esophagectomy chylothorax despite medical treatment with total parenteral nutrition and octreotide, as well as prophylactic and repeated thoracic duct mass ligation. The patient was eventually treated with localization of thoracic duct using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T2W MRI), followed by video-assisted thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chien Chang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Tainan Municipal Hospital, Show Chwan Health Care System, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Yen
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Chang
- Department of Nutrition, College of Medicine and Nursing, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Lin Tseng
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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Spurrier RG, Speer AL, Hou X, El-Nachef WN, Grikscheit TC. Murine and human tissue-engineered esophagus form from sufficient stem/progenitor cells and do not require microdesigned biomaterials. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 21:906-15. [PMID: 25298083 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tissue-engineered esophagus (TEE) may serve as a therapeutic replacement for absent foregut. Most prior esophagus studies have favored microdesigned biomaterials and yielded epithelial growth alone. None have generated human TEE with mesenchymal components. We hypothesized that sufficient progenitor cells might only require basic support for successful generation of murine and human TEE. MATERIALS AND METHODS Esophageal organoid units (EOUs) were isolated from murine or human esophagi and implanted on a polyglycolic acid/poly-l-lactic acid collagen-coated scaffold in adult allogeneic or immune-deficient mice. Alternatively, EOU were cultured for 10 days in vitro prior to implantation. RESULTS TEE recapitulated all key components of native esophagus with an epithelium and subjacent muscularis. Differentiated suprabasal and proliferative basal layers of esophageal epithelium, muscle, and nerve were identified. Lineage tracing demonstrated that multiple EOU could contribute to the epithelium and mesenchyme of a single TEE. Cultured murine EOU grew as an expanding sphere of proliferative basal cells on a neuromuscular network that demonstrated spontaneous peristalsis in culture. Subsequently, cultured EOU generated TEE. CONCLUSIONS TEE forms after transplantation of mouse and human organ-specific stem/progenitor cells in vivo on a relatively simple biodegradable scaffold. This is a first step toward future human therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Gregory Spurrier
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute , USC Keck School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Li JJ, Shan HB, He LJ, Luo GY, Chen LM, Xu GL, Li Y, Zhang R. Extraesophageal Saline During Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection in a Patient With Early Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 98:1843-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Acute respiratory distress syndrome induction by pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury in large animal models. J Surg Res 2014; 189:274-84. [PMID: 24768138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common critical pulmonary complication after esophagectomy and other thoracic surgeries (e.g., lung transplantation, pulmonary thromboendarterectomy). Direct pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury (PIRI) is known to play the main role in induction of ARDS in these cases. Large animal models are an appropriate choice for ARDS as well as PIRI study because of their physiological and anatomic similarities to the human body. With regard to large animal models, we reviewed different methods of inducing in situ direct PIRI and the commonly applied methods for diagnosing and monitoring ARDS or PIRI in an experimental research setting.
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Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 (MAP3K3/MEKK3) overexpression is an early event in esophageal tumorigenesis and is a predictor of poor disease prognosis. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:2. [PMID: 24383423 PMCID: PMC3890584 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase3 (MAP3K3/MEKK3) was identified to be differentially expressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) using cDNA microarrays by our laboratory. Here in we determined the clinical significance of MEKK3 in ESCC. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis of MEKK3 expression was carried out in archived tissue sections from 93 ESCCs, 47 histologically normal and 61 dysplastic esophageal tissues and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and disease prognosis over up to 7.5 years for ESCC patients. RESULTS MEKK3 expression was significantly increased in esophageal dysplasia and ESCC in comparison with normal mucosa (ptrend < 0.001). Kaplan Meier survival analysis showed significantly reduced median disease free survival median DFS = 10 months in patients with MEKK3 positive ESCCs compared to patients with no immunopositivity (median DFS = 19 months, p = 0.04). ESCC patients with MEKK3 positive and lymph node positive tumors had median DFS = 9 months, as compared to median DFS = 21 months in patients who did not show the alterations (p = 0.01). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, combination of MEKK3 overexpression and node positivity [p = 0.015, hazard ratio (HR) = 2.082, 95% CI = 1.154 - 3.756] emerged as important predictor of reduced disease free survival and poor prognosticator for ESCC patients. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in MEKK3 expression occur in early stages of development of ESCC and are sustained during disease progression; MEKK3 in combination with lymph node positivity has the potential to serve as adverse prognosticator in ESCC.
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Kranzfelder M, Gertler R, Hapfelmeier A, Friess H, Feith M. Chylothorax after esophagectomy for cancer: impact of the surgical approach and neoadjuvant treatment: systematic review and institutional analysis. Surg Endosc 2013; 27:3530-8. [PMID: 23708712 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-013-2991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophagectomy is a challenging operation with considerable potential for postoperative complications, including chylothorax. METHODS Because no randomized controlled trial or metaanalysis is available to clarify the incidence of chylothorax in esophageal cancer surgery, the authors analyzed their own institutional data for 1,856 patients and performed a systematic review using the MEDLINE database (9,794 patients) to identify risk factors, compare success rates of therapeutic approaches, and investigate long-term outcomes. RESULTS The overall institutional chylothorax rate was 2 % (n = 39). Reoperation was performed for 69 % of the patients. No significant difference was noted between the transthoracic and transhiatal approaches. Regression analysis showed neoadjuvant treatment (odds ratio [OR], 0.302; p = 0.001) and tumor type (OR, 0.304; p = 0.002) to be independent risk factors. The systematic review included 12 studies. Chylothorax occurred for 2.6 % of the patients. Treatment favored reoperation in five studies (70-100 %) and a conservative approach in four studies (58-72 %), with equal mortality rates. No significant difference was found between the transthoracic and transhiatal approaches. CONCLUSION Chylothorax rates are low in high-volume centers (2-3 %). No significant difference was noted between the transthoracic and transhiatal approaches. Neoadjuvant treatment and tumor type were shown to be independent risk factors. Treatment concept (reoperation vs conservative treatment) did not affect long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kranzfelder
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany,
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Mayne GC, Bright T, Hussey DJ, Watson DI. Ablation of Barrett's oesophagus: towards improved outcomes for oesophageal cancer? ANZ J Surg 2012; 82:592-8. [PMID: 22901306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2012.06151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's oesophagus is the major risk factor for the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. The management of Barrett's oesophagus entails treating reflux symptoms with acid-suppressing medication or surgery (fundoplication). However, neither form of anti-reflux therapy produces predictable regression, or prevents cancer development. Patients with Barrett's oesophagus usually undergo endoscopic surveillance, which aims to identify dysplastic changes or cancer at its earliest stage, when treatment outcomes should be better. Alternative endoscopic interventions are now available and are suggested for the treatment of early cancer and prevention of progression of Barrett's oesophagus to cancer. Such treatments could minimize the risks associated with oesophagectomy. The current status of these interventions is reviewed. Various endoscopic interventions have been described, but with long-term outcomes uncertain, they remain somewhat controversial. Radiofrequency ablation of dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus might reduce the risk of cancer progression, although cancer development has been reported after this treatment. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) allows a 1.5-2 cm diameter piece of oesophageal mucosa to be removed. This provides better pathology for diagnosis and staging, and if the lesion is confined to the mucosa and fully excised, EMR can be curative. The combination of EMR and radiofrequency ablation has been used for multifocal lesions, but long-term outcomes are unknown. The new endoscopic interventions for Barrett's oesophagus and early oesophageal cancer have the potential to improve clinical outcomes, although evidence that confirms superiority over oesphagectomy is limited. Longer-term outcome data and data from larger cohorts are required to confirm the appropriateness of these procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Mayne
- Flinders University Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.
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Impact of a multidisciplinary tumour board meeting for upper-GI malignancies on clinical decision making: a prospective cohort study. Int J Clin Oncol 2011; 18:214-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10147-011-0362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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