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Zhu QM, Singh AK, Chang HER, Konka SA. Hyperammonemic encephalopathy induced by valproic acid. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e257144. [PMID: 38350699 PMCID: PMC10868277 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-257144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Valproate (VPA) is broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug. Several adverse reactions including hepatotoxicity, fetal risk and pancreatitis are well known and labelled as boxed warnings in the USA. One adverse reaction that is less well known but clinically significant for its severe morbidity is hyperammonemic encephalopathy. We present a case of woman with hyperammonemic encephalopathy following the initiation of VPA therapy; she had a favourable outcome with discontinuation of the drug and prompt treatment with lactulose and L-carnitine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu M Zhu
- Internal Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Amitosh K Singh
- Internal Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Huai-En Rachel Chang
- Internal Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandeep A Konka
- Hospital Medicine, Mid-Atlantic Permanente Medical Group, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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2
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Sakran N, Parmar C, Pouwels S. Nonhepatic hyperammonemic encephalopathy following bariatric surgery: A systematic review. Obes Res Clin Pract 2023; 17:458-467. [PMID: 38007358 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonhepatic Hyperammonemic encephalopathy (NHAE) following Bariatric Surgery (BS), mainly Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) and Biliopancreatic Diversion (BPD) is a potentially devastating condition if not diagnosed and managed promptly. METHODS A literature review was performed using PRISMA guidelines. Eighteen studies and 3 conference abstracts with a total of 33 patients were included in this review. RESULTS Majority (28 patients, 84.8 %) had RYGB. Seven patients (21.2 %) had associated metabolic disorders. 60 % of patients presented with neurological symptoms or signs such as confusion, cognitive and/or psychomotor changes, and decreased reflexes. Two patients presented with status epilepticus. In 30 of the 33 patients an elevated serum ammonia levels was reported (90.9 %). The overall mortality was 39.3 %. CONCLUSION NHAE is a rare condition following bariatric surgery (in particular bypass procedures), carrying a high mortality rate. The signs and symptoms are predominantly neurological and may be mistaken for Wernicke's encephalopathy or other more common neurological conditions. Serum ammonia levels should be checked in those who present with these symptoms and signs. Prompt treatment might be life saving in patients with NHAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Sakran
- Department of Surgery, Holy Family Hospital, Nazareth, Israel, and the Azrieli, Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Chetan Parmar
- Department of Surgery, Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sjaak Pouwels
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of General, Abdominal Surgery and Coloproctology, Helios St. Elisabeth Klinik, Oberhausen, NRW, Germany; Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
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3
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Goh TW, Hong J, You DH, Han YG, Nam SO, Kim YY. Effects of medium chain triglycerides with organic acids on growth performance, fecal score, blood profiles, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:916-926. [PMID: 35240032 PMCID: PMC9066033 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) with organic acids (OA) on growth performance, fecal score, blood profiles, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. Methods A total of 120 weaning pigs ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of 8.00±0.87 kg were assigned in five treatments considering sex and initial BW in 3 replications with 8 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. The experimental diets included a corn-soybean meal based basal diet with or without 0.1% or 0.2% MCT and 0.1% OA. The pigs were fed the diets for 5 weeks (phase 1, 0 to 2 weeks; phase 2, 3 to 5 weeks). A total of 15 barrows with an average BW of 12.48±0.37 kg were used to evaluate the nutrient digestibility by total collection method. The BW and feed intake were measured at the end of each phase. Blood samples and small intestine samples were collected at the end of each phase, too. Results Supplementing 0.1% MCT with 0.1% OA showed greater BW for week 5 and average daily gain (ADG) for overall period than control diet. Supplementing 0.1% MCT increased (p<0.05) ADG and improved (p<0.05) gain:feed ratio for phase 1. Dietary MCT and OA did not affect the fecal score and blood concentration of cortisol, immunoglobulin G, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-10 in weaning pigs. Pigs fed the diets with 0.1% MCT had greater (p<0.05) villus height of duodenum and ileum for phase 1. Also, pigs fed the diet with 0.1% OA showed greater (p<0.05) villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio of duodenum for phase 2. There was no significant difference in nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention of pigs. Conclusion Addition of 0.1% MCT with 0.1% OA in weaning pig’s diet improved growth performance partly by enhancing intestinal morphology in weaning pigs.
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Ribas GS, Lopes FF, Deon M, Vargas CR. Hyperammonemia in Inherited Metabolic Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2593-2610. [PMID: 34665389 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia is a neurotoxic compound which is detoxified through liver enzymes from urea cycle. Several inherited or acquired conditions can elevate ammonia concentrations in blood, causing severe damage to the central nervous system due to the toxic effects exerted by ammonia on the astrocytes. Therefore, hyperammonemic patients present potentially life-threatening neuropsychiatric symptoms, whose severity is related with the hyperammonemia magnitude and duration, as well as the brain maturation stage. Inherited metabolic diseases caused by enzymatic defects that compromise directly or indirectly the urea cycle activity are the main cause of hyperammonemia in the neonatal period. These diseases are mainly represented by the congenital defects of urea cycle, classical organic acidurias, and the defects of mitochondrial fatty acids oxidation, with hyperammonemia being more severe and frequent in the first two groups mentioned. An effective and rapid treatment of hyperammonemia is crucial to prevent irreversible neurological damage and it depends on the understanding of the pathophysiology of the diseases, as well as of the available therapeutic approaches. In this review, the mechanisms underlying the hyperammonemia and neurological dysfunction in urea cycle disorders, organic acidurias, and fatty acids oxidation defects, as well as the therapeutic strategies for the ammonia control will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziela Schmitt Ribas
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clíınicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Franciele Fátima Lopes
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clíınicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Marion Deon
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clíınicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Carmen Regla Vargas
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clíınicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil.
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5
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Chen X, Kimura B, Nagelberg J, McCowen KC. Fasting hypoglycaemia secondary to carnitine deficiency: a late consequence of gastric bypass. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/7/e241703. [PMID: 34281938 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-241703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve years following gastric bypass surgery, a cachectic 69-year-old woman presented with both fasting and postprandial hypoglycaemia. Postprandial symptoms were relieved by dietary modification and acarbose, as is common in such cases. During a supervised fast, symptomatic hypoglycaemia occurred. Concurrent laboratory testing showed suppression of plasma insulin, c-peptide, proinsulin and insulin-like growth factor II. However, beta-hydroxybutyrate was also low, surprising given insulin deficiency. Elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations suggested that lipolysis was not impaired, making cachexia/malnutrition a less likely cause of hypoglycaemia. The apparent diagnosis was failure to counter-regulate-subsequent plasma carnitine measurements showed carnitine deficiency which presumably prevented FFA transport across mitochondrial membranes for ketogenesis. Repletion with high-dose oral carnitine supplements effected resolution of fasting hypoglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brad Kimura
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jodi Nagelberg
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Karen C McCowen
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Lazebnik LB, Golovanova EV, Alekseenko SA, Bueverov AO, Plotnikova EY, Dolgushina AI, Ilchenko LY, Ermolova TV, Tarasova LV, Lee ED, Tsyganova YV, Akhmedov VA, Ageeva EA, Losev VM, Kupriyanova IN, Serikova SN, Korochanskaya NV, Vologzhanina LG, Zimmerman YS, Sas EI, Zhuravel SV, Okovitiy SV, Osipenko MF, Radchenko VG, Soldatova GS, Sitkin SI, Seliverstov PV, Shavkuta GV, Butova EN, Kozhevnikova SA. Russian Consensus “Hyperammonemia in Adults” (Version 2021). EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY 2021:97-118. [DOI: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-187-3-97-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Justification Given the large number of reports on the peculiarities of liver lesions during the Sars-Cov-2 infection [1], a team of experts who participated in the 23rd Congress of the Scientific Society of Gastroenterologists of Russia and 15 National Congress of Therapists of November 19, 2020 decided to make additions to the Russian Consensus of “Hyperammonemia in Adults” published early 2020 [2, 3].
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Affiliation(s)
- L. B. Lazebnik
- “Moscow State University of Medicine and Density n. a. A. I. Evdokimov”
| | - E. V. Golovanova
- “Moscow State University of Medicine and Density n. a. A. I. Evdokimov”
| | | | - A. O. Bueverov
- I. M. Sechenov first Moscow state medical university (Sechenov university); Moscow regional research and clinical Institute of M. F. Vladimirsky
| | - E. Yu. Plotnikova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Higher Education Kemerovo state medical University of the Ministry of health of Russia
| | - A. I. Dolgushina
- “South-Ural State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - L. Yu. Ilchenko
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU)
| | - T. V. Ermolova
- North- Western state medical University named after I. I. Mechnikov, Ministry of health of the Russian Federation
| | - L. V. Tarasova
- BI of HE “The Surgut State University”; “The Chuvashian State University”
| | - E. D. Lee
- Multifocal Medicine Center of The Central Bank of Russian Federation
| | | | - V. A. Akhmedov
- “Omsk State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health
| | | | | | - I. N. Kupriyanova
- “Ural state medical University” of the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation
| | - S. N. Serikova
- State Budgetary Institution of Health Care “Region Clinic Hospital Nr 2” Health Ministry of Krasnodar Region
| | - N. V. Korochanskaya
- State Budgetary Institution of Health Care “Region Clinic Hospital Nr 2” Health Ministry of Krasnodar Region
| | - L. G. Vologzhanina
- “Perm State Medical University named E. A. Wagner” of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - Ya. S. Zimmerman
- “Perm State Medical University named E. A. Wagner” of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - E. I. Sas
- Military Medical Academy named after S. M. Kirov
| | - S. V. Zhuravel
- “Moscow State University of Medicine and Density n. a. A. I. Evdokimov”; Scientific Research Institute of Emergency Medicine of N. V. Sklifosovskiy of Healthcare Department of Moscow
| | - S. V. Okovitiy
- Saint Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University (SPCPA)
| | - M. F. Osipenko
- Public budgetary educational institution of higher education “Novosibirsk State Medical University” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russia
| | | | | | - S. I. Sitkin
- North- Western state medical University named after I. I. Mechnikov, Ministry of health of the Russian Federation; Federal Medical and Biological Agency “State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations”
| | - P. V. Seliverstov
- North- Western state medical University named after I. I. Mechnikov, Ministry of health of the Russian Federation
| | - G. V. Shavkuta
- Rostov State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - E. N. Butova
- Rostov State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia
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Wang T, Suzuki K, Chiba T, Kakisaka K, Takikawa Y. Supplementation with Branched-Chain Amino Acids Induces Unexpected Deleterious Effects on Astrocyte Survival and Intracellular Metabolism with or without Hyperammonemia: A Preliminary In Vitro Study. Int J Hepatol 2021; 2021:7615126. [PMID: 34712496 PMCID: PMC8548177 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7615126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ammonia is a key component in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) have been reported to improve the symptoms of HE induced by hyperammonemia; however, we recently reported that ammonia increases intracellular levels of BCAA and exerts toxic effects on astrocytes. OBJECTIVES This follow-up study was designed to confirm the direct effects of BCAA on human astrocytes and clarify their underlying mechanisms using metabolome analysis and evaluation of associated signaling. METHODS We performed cytotoxicity and cell proliferation tests on astrocytes following BCAA treatment with and without ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and then compared the results with the effects of BCAA on hepatocytes and neurons. Subsequently, we used metabolomic analysis to investigate intracellular metabolite levels in astrocytes with and without BCAA treatment. RESULTS The astrocytes showed increased leakage of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase and reduced proliferation rate upon BCAA treatment. Interestingly, our analysis showed a BCAA-induced impairment of intracellular glycolysis/glyconeogenesis as well as amino acid and butyric acid metabolism. Furthermore, BCAA treatment was found to cause decreased levels of Glut-1 and phosphorylated GSK-3β and mTOR in astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Although further investigations of the effect of BCAA on human astrocytes with hyperammonemia are needed, our work demonstrates that BCAA supplementation has direct negative effects on astrocyte survival and intracellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- 1Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
- 2Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- 1Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Toshimi Chiba
- 2Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kakisaka
- 1Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takikawa
- 1Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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8
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Long D, Derani T, Gheith T, Aburashed R, Saeed A. Malignant cerebral edema secondary to hyperammonemia in setting of acquired carnitine deficiency. Neurol Clin Pract 2020; 10:e41-e43. [DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Honore PM, Barreto Gutierrez L, Kugener L, Redant S, Attou R, Gallerani A, De Bels D. Liver injury without liver failure in COVID-19 patients: how to explain, in some cases, elevated ammonia without hepatic decompensation. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2020; 24:352. [PMID: 32546201 PMCID: PMC7296517 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Honore
- ICU Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann University Hospital, Place Van Gehuchtenplein, 4, 1020, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Leonel Barreto Gutierrez
- ICU Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann University Hospital, Place Van Gehuchtenplein, 4, 1020, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Kugener
- ICU Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann University Hospital, Place Van Gehuchtenplein, 4, 1020, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Redant
- ICU Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann University Hospital, Place Van Gehuchtenplein, 4, 1020, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rachid Attou
- ICU Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann University Hospital, Place Van Gehuchtenplein, 4, 1020, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrea Gallerani
- ICU Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann University Hospital, Place Van Gehuchtenplein, 4, 1020, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David De Bels
- ICU Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann University Hospital, Place Van Gehuchtenplein, 4, 1020, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Response to “Cefepime-Induced Encephalopathy: A Possible Additional Mechanism of Neurotoxicity”. Neurocrit Care 2020; 32:642. [DOI: 10.1007/s12028-019-00909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Novel structured diacylglycerol (DAG) rich oleo formulations activate the Nrf2 pathway and impedes NF-κB translocation to mitigate pre-clinical conditions of hypertension. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Stepien KM, Geberhiwot T, Hendriksz CJ, Treacy EP. Challenges in diagnosing and managing adult patients with urea cycle disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:1136-1146. [PMID: 30932189 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Urea cycle disorders (UCD) are a group of rare inherited metabolic conditions of amino acid catabolism caused by an enzyme deficiency within the hepatic ammonia detoxification pathway. The presentation of these disorders ranges from life-threatening intoxication in the neonate to asymptomatic status in adults. Late-onset UCDs can present for the first time in adulthood and may mimic other causes of acute confusion or psychiatric diseases, and are often associated with neurological symptoms. Late-onset UCDs may become apparent during periods of metabolic stress such as rapid weight loss, gastric bypass surgery, chronic starvation or the postpartum period. Early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment and to prevent long-term complications of hyperammonemia. The challenges of management of adults include for example: (a) poor compliance to dietary and medical treatment which can result in recurrent hospital admissions; (b) severe neurological dysfunction; (c) the management of pregnancy and the postpartum period; and (d) access to multidisciplinary care peri-operatively. In this review, we highlight a number of challenges in the diagnosis and management of adult patient with late-onset UCDs and suggest a systematic management approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M Stepien
- Mark Holland Metabolic Unit, Adult Inherited Metabolic Diseases Department, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Tarekegn Geberhiwot
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christian J Hendriksz
- Department of Paediatrics, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Eileen P Treacy
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Almannai M, Alfadhel M, El-Hattab AW. Carnitine Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183251. [PMID: 31500110 PMCID: PMC6766900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnitine plays essential roles in intermediary metabolism. In non-vegetarians, most of carnitine sources (~75%) are obtained from diet whereas endogenous synthesis accounts for around 25%. Renal carnitine reabsorption along with dietary intake and endogenous production maintain carnitine homeostasis. The precursors for carnitine biosynthesis are lysine and methionine. The biosynthetic pathway involves four enzymes: 6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), 3-hydroxy-6-N-trimethyllysine aldolase (HTMLA), 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABADH), and γ-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD). OCTN2 (organic cation/carnitine transporter novel type 2) transports carnitine into the cells. One of the major functions of carnitine is shuttling long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix for β-oxidation. This transport is achieved by mitochondrial carnitine–acylcarnitine cycle, which consists of three enzymes: carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I), carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II). Carnitine inborn errors of metabolism could result from defects in carnitine biosynthesis, carnitine transport, or mitochondrial carnitine–acylcarnitine cycle. The presentation of these disorders is variable but common findings include hypoketotic hypoglycemia, cardio(myopathy), and liver disease. In this review, the metabolism and homeostasis of carnitine are discussed. Then we present details of different inborn errors of carnitine metabolism, including clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options. At the end, we discuss some of the causes of secondary carnitine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Almannai
- Section of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ayman W El-Hattab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE.
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14
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Abstract
Hyperammonemic encephalopathy is an under-recognized and potentially fatal complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. We present a case of a 42-year-old woman with no known history of liver disease who experienced worsening encephalopathy 1 year after bariatric surgery. She presented with elevated ammonia and severe encephalopathy requiring intubation. A complete workup led to the diagnosis of a urea cycle disorder. The patient was managed with lactulose, ammonia scavenging agents, and nutritional supplementation with a favorable outcome. We report this case to increase awareness of this condition and urge providers to maintain a high clinical suspicion in the appropriate setting.
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15
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Wang T, Suzuki K, Kakisaka K, Onodera M, Sawara K, Takikawa Y. L-carnitine prevents ammonia-induced cytotoxicity and disturbances in intracellular amino acid levels in human astrocytes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34:1249-1255. [PMID: 30278111 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM L-carnitine (L-CA) has been used therapeutically to treat hepatic encephalopathy with hyperammonemia, but the mechanism by which L-CA contributes to ammonia detoxification in the brain is still unclear. Thus, the cytotoxicity and changes in intracellular amino acids (AAs) in astrocytes with hyperammonemia following L-CA administration were studied. METHODS Human astrocytes were treated with ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl), L-CA or a mixture of NH4 Cl, and L-CA under defined conditions. Total intracellular reactive oxygen species and lactate dehydrogenase leakage were measured following different treatment periods. The intracellular levels of AAs in astrocytes were determined using metabolomic analysis. RESULTS Intracellular total reactive oxygen species and lactate dehydrogenase leakage were significantly increased after treatment with NH4 Cl. In contrast, co-treatment with L-CA significantly inhibited the cytotoxic effects of NH4 Cl. The intracellular levels of almost all AAs involving glutamine and branched-chain AAs (BCAAs) were significantly increased in the NH4 Cl-treated cells compared with in the control cells; these changes in BCAA levels were reduced with L-CA co-treatment. Additionally, the level of 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, which is a metabolite from isoleucine and plays a critical role in neurological damage, was significantly increased in the NH4 Cl-treated cells, but this metabolite was significantly decreased with L-CA co-treatment. CONCLUSION L-CA protects human astrocytes from ammonia-induced acute cytotoxic effects and the increased intracellular levels of glutamine and BCAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan.,Department of Nutritional Science, Morioka University, Takizawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kakisaka
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Mio Onodera
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Kei Sawara
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takikawa
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
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16
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Sarker SK, Islam MT, Hasib SH, Sultana N, Hossain SR, Biswas A, Sultana R, Bhuyan GS, Begum MN, Konica FA, Qadri SK, Qadri SS, Saha N, Qadri F, Mannoor K. A novel missense mutation of Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase gene associated with chronic intermittent Isovaleric acidemia in a Bangladeshi patient. Meta Gene 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2019.100557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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17
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Dehkordi EH, Sobhani P, Asadpour N, Hashemipour M, Mostofizadeh N. Twin Brothers with Carnitine Membrane Transporter Deficiency: A Case Study. Adv Biomed Res 2018; 7:106. [PMID: 30069437 PMCID: PMC6050976 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.235779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnitine membrane transporter deficiency or primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of fatty acid oxidation, in which the transport of carnitine into cells is impaired. Carnitine plays an important role in transporting fatty acids into the mitochondria and carnitine deficiency block oxidation of long-chain fatty acids in the mitochondria that leads to heart and hepatic disease, myopathy, nonketotic hypoglycemia, and neurological complications. PCD has a wide range of symptoms and can reveal itself as symptomatic cardiomyopathy or even asymptomatic. In this study, we reported twin brothers with PCD. One of them had symptoms of disease and cardiomyopathy and was under treatment with carnitine. Another twin was asymptomatic and was diagnosed during follow-up period of his brother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hashemi Dehkordi
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Payam Sobhani
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nabiolah Asadpour
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahin Hashemipour
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Neda Mostofizadeh
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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18
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Fatal Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy in a Pediatric Patient After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Obes Surg 2018; 28:2530-2532. [PMID: 29796921 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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19
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Suzuki K, Endo R, Takikawa Y, Moriyasu F, Aoyagi Y, Moriwaki H, Terai S, Sakaida I, Sakai Y, Nishiguchi S, Ishikawa T, Takagi H, Naganuma A, Genda T, Ichida T, Takaguchi K, Miyazawa K, Okita K. Efficacy and safety of rifaximin in Japanese patients with hepatic encephalopathy: A phase II/III, multicenter, randomized, evaluator-blinded, active-controlled trial and a phase III, multicenter, open trial. Hepatol Res 2018; 48:411-423. [PMID: 29235218 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The efficacy and safety of rifaximin in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) are widely known, but they have not been confirmed in Japanese patients with HE. Thus, two prospective, randomized studies (a phase II/III study and a phase III study) were carried out. METHODS Subjects with grade I or II HE and hyperammonemia were enrolled. The phase II/III study, which was a randomized, evaluator-blinded, active-comparator, parallel-group study, was undertaken at 37 institutions in Japan. Treatment periods were 14 days. Eligible patients were randomized to the rifaximin group (1200 mg/day) or the lactitol group (18-36 g/day). The phase III study was carried out in the same patients previously enrolled in the phase II/III study, and they were all treated with rifaximin (1200 mg/day) for 10 weeks. RESULTS In the phase II/III study, 172 patients were enrolled. Blood ammonia (B-NH3 ) concentration was significantly improved in the rifaximin group, but the difference between the two groups was not significant. The portal systemic encephalopathy index (PSE index), including HE grade, was significantly improved in both groups. In the phase III study, 87.3% of enrolled patients completed the treatment. The improved B-NH3 concentration and PSE index were well maintained from the phase II/III study during the treatment period of the phase III study. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were seen in 13.4% of patients who received rifaximin, but there were no severe ADRs leading to death. CONCLUSION The efficacy of rifaximin is sufficient and treatment is well tolerated in Japanese patients with HE and hyperammonemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Nutritional Science, Morioka University, Iwate, Japan.,Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Ryujin Endo
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takikawa
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Fuminori Moriyasu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Aoyagi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hisataka Moriwaki
- Department of Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Isao Sakaida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nishiguchi
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Toru Ishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saiseikai Niigata Daini Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takagi
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Naganuma
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Takuya Genda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ichida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Takaguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Miyazawa
- Clinical Development Department, ASKA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Okita
- Shunan Memorial Hospital/Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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20
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Anyanwu C, Ezeudu C, Le H, Egwim O. Clinical Relevance and Cost-Savings of Levocarnitine Versus Ammonul in the Management Of Hyperammonemia in a Cancer Patient: The Impact of a Clinical Pharmacist. P & T : A PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL FOR FORMULARY MANAGEMENT 2018; 43:52-56. [PMID: 29290677 PMCID: PMC5737254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperammonemia, a relatively uncommon condition characterized by elevated ammonia levels in the blood, presents with varied physiological etiologies that may send patients to the intensive care unit (ICU) with encephalopathy. An immediate decrease in ammonia levels is necessary to avert neurological damage. However, due to the multifaceted nature of hyperammonemia, a definite determination of etiology is not always possible. OBJECTIVE This case report examines the clinical and economic impact of a pharmacist in managing acute hyperammonemia of unknown etiology in a 62-year-old Hispanic man who had recently been diagnosed with metastatic medullary thyroid cancer and associated hypercalcemia. The patient was treated with levocarnitine after the failure of several other treatments. RESULTS Levocarnitine therapy controlled the patient's ammonia levels, which had progressively reached extremely high levels. His mental status, which had deteriorated severely, returned to baseline. CONCLUSION This case illustrates the importance of having a clinical pharmacist in the ICU. The pharmacist's expertise and knowledge helped avert adverse clinical consequences and promoted considerable cost-savings. This case also shows that levocarnitine may be an effective treatment for certain cases of hyperammonia-induced encephalopathy with unknown etiology.
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21
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Phowthongkum P, Ittiwut C, Shotelersuk V. Severe Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy Requiring Dialysis Aggravated by Prolonged Fasting and Intermittent High Fat Load in a Ramadan Fasting Month in a Patient with CPTII Homozygous Mutation. JIMD Rep 2017; 41:11-16. [PMID: 29159461 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2017_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPTII) deficiency is a mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorder that can present antenatally as congenital brain malformations, or postnatally with lethal neonatal, severe infantile, or the most common adult myopathic forms. No case of severe hyperammonemia without liver dysfunction has been reported. CASE PRESENTATION We described a 23-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with seizures and was found to have markedly elevation of serum ammonia. Continuous renal replacement therapy was initiated with successfully decreased ammonia to a safety level. He had a prolonged history of epilepsies and encephalopathic attacks that was associated with high ammonia level. Molecular diagnosis revealed a homozygous mutation in CPTII. The plasma acylcarnitine profile was consistent with the diagnosis. Failure to produce acetyl-CoA, the precursor of urea cycle from fatty acid in prolonged fasting state in Ramadan month, worsening mitochondrial functions from circulating long chain fatty acid and valproate toxicities were believed to contribute to this critical metabolic decompensation. CONCLUSION Fatty acid oxidation disorders should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hyperammonemia even without liver dysfunction. To our knowledge, this is the first case of CPTII deficiency presented with severe hyperammonemic encephalopathy required dialysis after prolonged religious related fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Phowthongkum
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Medical Genetics Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - C Ittiwut
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - V Shotelersuk
- Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
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22
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L-Carnitine and Acetyl-L-carnitine Roles and Neuroprotection in Developing Brain. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1661-1675. [PMID: 28508995 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
L-Carnitine functions to transport long chain fatty acyl-CoAs into the mitochondria for degradation by β-oxidation. Treatment with L-carnitine can ameliorate metabolic imbalances in many inborn errors of metabolism. In recent years there has been considerable interest in the therapeutic potential of L-carnitine and its acetylated derivative acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) for neuroprotection in a number of disorders including hypoxia-ischemia, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease and in conditions leading to central or peripheral nervous system injury. There is compelling evidence from preclinical studies that L-carnitine and ALCAR can improve energy status, decrease oxidative stress and prevent subsequent cell death in models of adult, neonatal and pediatric brain injury. ALCAR can provide an acetyl moiety that can be oxidized for energy, used as a precursor for acetylcholine, or incorporated into glutamate, glutamine and GABA, or into lipids for myelination and cell growth. Administration of ALCAR after brain injury in rat pups improved long-term functional outcomes, including memory. Additional studies are needed to better explore the potential of L-carnitine and ALCAR for protection of developing brain as there is an urgent need for therapies that can improve outcome after neonatal and pediatric brain injury.
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23
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O'Donnell-Luria AH, Lin AP, Merugumala SK, Rohr F, Waisbren SE, Lynch R, Tchekmedyian V, Goldberg AD, Bellinger A, McFaline-Figueroa JR, Simon T, Gershanik EF, Levy BD, Cohen DE, Samuels MA, Berry GT, Frank NY. Brain MRS glutamine as a biomarker to guide therapy of hyperammonemic coma. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 121:9-15. [PMID: 28408159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute idiopathic hyperammonemia in an adult patient is a life-threatening condition often resulting in a rapid progression to irreversible cerebral edema and death. While ammonia-scavenging therapies lower blood ammonia levels, in comparison, clearance of waste nitrogen from the brain may be delayed. Therefore, we used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to monitor cerebral glutamine levels, the major reservoir of ammonia, in a gastric bypass patient with hyperammonemic coma undergoing therapy with N-carbamoyl glutamate and the ammonia-scavenging agents, sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate. Improvement in mental status mirrored brain glutamine levels, as coma persisted for 48h after plasma ammonia normalized. We hypothesize that the slower clearance for brain glutamine levels accounts for the delay in improvement following initiation of treatment in cases of chronic hyperammonemia. We propose MRS to monitor brain glutamine as a noninvasive approach to be utilized for diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring purposes in adult patients presenting with idiopathic hyperammonemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H O'Donnell-Luria
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander P Lin
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sai K Merugumala
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frances Rohr
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susan E Waisbren
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca Lynch
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Aaron D Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew Bellinger
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Tracey Simon
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Bruce D Levy
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David E Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Martin A Samuels
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gerard T Berry
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Natasha Y Frank
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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24
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Fatal Nonhepatic Hyperammonemia in ICU Setting: A Rare but Serious Complication following Bariatric Surgery. Case Rep Crit Care 2016; 2016:8531591. [PMID: 27144037 PMCID: PMC4842030 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8531591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is well established in reducing weight and improving the obesity-associated morbidity and mortality. Hyperammonemic encephalopathy following bariatric surgery is rare but highly fatal if not diagnosed in time and managed aggressively. Both macro- and micronutrients deficiencies play a role. A 42-year-old Hispanic female with a history of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Procedure was brought to ED for progressive altered mental status. Physical exam was remarkable for drowsiness with Glasgow Coma Scale 11, ascites, and bilateral pedal edema. Labs showed elevated ammonia, low hemoglobin, low serum prealbumin, albumin, HDL, and positive toxicology. She remained obtunded despite the treatment with Narcan and flumazenil and the serum ammonia level fluctuated despite standard treatment with lactulose and rifaximin. Laboratory investigations helped to elucidate the etiology of the hyperammonemia most likely secondary to unmasking the functional deficiency of the urea cycle enzymes. Hyperammonemia in the context of normal liver function tests becomes diagnostically challenging for physicians. Severe hyperammonemia is highly fatal. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment can alter the prognosis favorably.
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25
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Fenves AZ, Shchelochkov OA, Mehta A. Hyperammonemic syndrome after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:746-9. [PMID: 25754921 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperammonemic encephalopathy is an uncommon but severe complication of the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for obesity. Mechanisms underlying this complication are incompletely understood, resulting in delayed recognition and management. This study evaluated common laboratory findings and possible etiology of hyperammonemic encephalopathy after successful Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. METHODS A retrospective review of 20 patients identified through our own clinical practice was conducted, with the addition of similar cases from other institutions identified through the review of literature. RESULTS Patients presenting with hyperammonemic encephalopathy after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery presented with overlapping clinical and laboratory findings. Common features included: (1) weight loss following successful Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for obesity; (2) hyperammonemic encephalopathy accompanied by elevated plasma glutamine levels; (3) absence of cirrhosis; (4) hypoalbuminemia; and (5) low plasma zinc levels. The mortality rate was 50%. Ninety-five percent of patients were women. Three patients were diagnosed with proximal urea cycle disorders. One patient experienced improvement in the hyperammonemia after surgical correction of spontaneous splenorenal shunt. CONCLUSIONS Hyperammonemic encephalopathy after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery is a newly recognized, potentially fatal syndrome with diverse pathophysiologic mechanisms encompassing genetic and nongenetic causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Z Fenves
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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26
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Refeeding encephalopathy in a patient with severe hypophosphataemia and hyperammonaemia. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 69:279-81. [PMID: 25387900 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The refeeding syndrome is a potentially fatal condition that affects multiple organ systems. It is the consequence of fluid and electrolyte shifts that may occur in a malnourished patient following the introduction of nutrition therapy. The most prominent characteristic is hypophosphataemia. Although hyperammonaemia is usually seen in decompensated liver cirrhosis or acute liver failure, it may occur in other settings. We report a clinical case of prolonged and severe encephalopathy accompanied by hypophosphataemia and hyperammonaemia in a 59-year-old woman with no preexisting liver disease, urea cycle defects or portosystemic shunting. We suggest that these biochemical abnormalities were caused by uncontrolled refeeding and that the clinical picture was consistent with refeeding encephalopathy.
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27
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Singh S, Suresh S, McClave SA, Cave M. Treating Every Needle in the Haystack. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 39:977-85. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607114546900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Singh
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Palliative Medicine and Medical Education, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Swetha Suresh
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Palliative Medicine and Medical Education, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Stephen A. McClave
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Palliative Medicine and Medical Education, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Matt Cave
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Palliative Medicine and Medical Education, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Robley Rex Louisville VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky
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28
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Abstract
In 1949, asterixis was first described in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. It was quickly recognized that this phenomenon also occurs in other generalized encephalopathies and sometimes results from structural brain lesions. This paper is a study of asterixis in the general neurology clinic and on the inpatient neurology consultation service. The neurologists recorded the findings on inpatients and clinic patients for 12 consecutive months. Of the 1,109 inpatients with adequate examination, asterixis was documented in 97. Eighteen of the 97 cases were unilateral (18.6%) and 79 cases were bilateral (81.4%). Of the 614 outpatient visits with well documented examination, 6 (1%) individuals had asterixis. Since a small number of patients were examined more than once, the study yielded 103 individuals with adequate data for analysis. Asterixis resulted from varied causes: medications, renal disorder, hepatic dysfunction, pulmonary insufficiency, stroke and other brain lesions (including malignancy, subdural hematoma, and epidural abscess). Asterixis occurred in various patterns: in some cases it was easier to elicit in the upper extremities, in some it was easier to elicit in the lower limbs, and some it was solely or predominantly unilateral. The findings are discussed in light of the literature on asterixis with regard to its varied causes, patterns and presentations. Lastly, asterixis is examined from a historical perspective and the terminology is elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Pal
- Department of Neurology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street N.W., Washington, DC, 20010, USA,
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29
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Abstract
Valproate-associated hyperammonemic coma in adults is a rare complication of valproate therapy and has been previously reported to occur in few days to years after initiation of therapy. We present a case of hyperammonemic coma induced within hours of initiating valproate therapy in a patient with plasma carnitine deficiency.
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30
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Sturgeon JP, Shawcross DL. Recent insights into the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and treatments. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 8:83-100. [PMID: 24236755 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2014.858598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) encompasses a spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders related to liver failure. The development of HE can have a profound impact on mortality as well as quality of life for patients and carers. Ammonia is central in the disease process contributing to alteration in neurotransmission, oxidative stress, and cerebral edema and astrocyte swelling in acute liver failure. Inflammation in the presence of ammonia coactively worsens HE. Inflammation can result from hyperammonemic responses, endotoxemia, innate immune dysfunction or concurrent infection. This review summarizes the current processes implicated in the pathogenesis of HE, as well as current and potential treatments. Treatments currently focus on reducing inflammation and/or blood ammonia levels and provide varying degrees of success. Optimization of current treatments and initial testing of novel therapies will provide the basis of improvement of care in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Sturgeon
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
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31
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Isse N, Miura Y, Obata T, Takahara N. Carnitine deficiency presenting with a decreased mental state in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis receiving long-term tube feeding: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2013; 7:286. [PMID: 24377720 PMCID: PMC3917517 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-7-286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION L-carnitine is an important metabolic mediator involved in fatty acid transport. It is obtained from the diet, particularly from animal products, such as red meat. Previous reports have revealed that long-term tube feeding with a commercial product containing no or low levels of carnitine can lead to an altered mental state caused by hyperammonemia. CASE PRESENTATION A 72-year-old Japanese man had a 12-year history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. He was bedridden and had required mechanical ventilation and enteral tube feeding for 10 years at home. His main enteral solution was a commercial product that contained low carnitine levels, and he sometimes received coffee and homemade products such as miso soup. Our patient's ability to communicate gradually deteriorated over a period of one year. His serum total carnitine level was abnormally low, at 26.7μmol/L (normal range, 45 to 91μmol/L), but his ammonium level was normal. His mental state improved dramatically after starting L-carnitine supplementation (600mg twice daily). CONCLUSION This case highlights the importance of avoiding carnitine deficiency in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis undergoing long-term tube feeding. These patients experience progressive muscle atrophy that might cause impaired carnitine storage and might manifest as communication difficulties. Carnitine deficiency can be misdiagnosed as a progression of systemic muscle atrophy. Clinicians should be aware of this disorder and should consider periodically measuring carnitine levels, regardless of the patient's serum ammonium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohi Isse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ako City Hospital, 1090 Nakahiro, Ako 678-0232, Hyogo, Japan.
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32
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Wells DL, Thomas JB, Sacks GS, Zouhary LA. Late-onset urea cycle disorder in adulthood unmasked by severe malnutrition. Nutrition 2013; 30:943-7. [PMID: 24985015 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Urea cycle disorders (UCDs) most often involve inherited deficiencies in genes that code for enzymes normally used by the urea cycle to breakdown nitrogen. UCDs lead to serious metabolic complications, including severe neurologic decompensation related to hyperammonemia. Although the majority of UCDs are revealed soon after birth, stressful events in adulthood can lead to unmasking of a partial, late-onset UCDs. In this report, we describe a late-onset UCD unmasked by severe malnutrition. Early, specialized nutrition therapy is a fundamental aspect of treating hyperammonemic crises in patients with UCD. The case presented here demonstrates the importance of early recognition of UCD and appropriate interventions with nutrition support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Wells
- Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, Alabama, USA and East Alabama Medical Center, Opelika, Alabama, USA.
| | - Jillian B Thomas
- Auburn University Pharmaceutical Care Center, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Gordon S Sacks
- Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, Alabama, USA and East Alabama Medical Center, Opelika, Alabama, USA
| | - L Anna Zouhary
- Internal Medicine Associates, P.C. and East Alabama Medical Center, Opelika, Alabama, USA
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Estrella J, Yee G, Wilcken B, Tchan M, Talbot M. Hyperammonemic encephalopathy complicating bariatric surgery: a case study and review of the literature. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2013; 10:e35-8. [PMID: 24462307 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Estrella
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gary Yee
- St. George Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Bridget Wilcken
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Michel Tchan
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
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Ziv YH, Burrow T, Kocoshis S, Pentiuk S. Encephalopathy in a patient with short bowel syndrome: case report and discussion of the pathophysiology. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 38:518-20. [PMID: 23894171 DOI: 10.1177/0148607113496819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is a common complication of hepatic cirrhosis. The clinical diagnosis is based on two concurrent types of symptoms: impaired mental status and impaired neuromotor function. Impaired mental status is characterized by deterioration in mental status with psychomotor dysfunction, impaired memory, and increased reaction time, sensory abnormalities, poor concentration, disorientation and coma. Impaired neuromotor function include hyperreflexia, rigidity, myoclonus and asterixis. The pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy has not been clearly defined. The general consensus is that elevated levels of ammonia and an inflammatory response work in synergy to cause astrocyte to swell and fluid to accumulate in the brain which is thought to explain the symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy. Acetyl-L-carnitine, the short-chain ester of carnitine is endogenously produced within mitochondria and peroxisomes and is involved in the transport of acetyl-moieties across the membranes of these organelles. Acetyl-L-carnitine administration has shown the recovery of neuropsychological activities related to attention/concentration, visual scanning and tracking, psychomotor speed and mental flexibility, language short-term memory, attention, and computing ability. In fact, Acetyl-L-carnitine induces ureagenesis leading to decreased blood and brain ammonia levels. Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment decreases the severity of mental and physical fatigue, depression cognitive impairment and improves health-related quality of life. The aim of this review was to provide an explanation on the possible toxic effects of ammonia in HE and evaluate the potential clinical benefits of ALC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Malaguarnera
- International Ph.D. Program in Neuropharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Häberle J. Clinical and biochemical aspects of primary and secondary hyperammonemic disorders. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 536:101-8. [PMID: 23628343 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An increased concentration of ammonia is a non-specific laboratory sign indicating the presence of potentially toxic free ammonia that is not normally removed. This does occur in many different conditions for which hyperammonemia is a surrogate marker. Hyperammonemia can occur due to increased production or impaired detoxification of ammonia and should, if associated with clinical symptoms, be regarded as an emergency. The conditions can be classified into primary or secondary hyperammonemias depending on the underlying pathophysiology. If the urea cycle is directly affected by a defect of any of the involved enzymes or transporters, this results in primary hyperammonemia. If however the function of the urea cycle is inhibited by toxic metabolites or by substrate deficiencies, the situation is described as secondary hyperammonemia. For removal of ammonia, mammals require the action of glutamine synthetase in addition to the urea cycle, in order to ensure lowering of plasma ammonia concentrations to the normal range. Independent of its etiology, hyperammonemia may result in irreversible brain damage if not treated early and thoroughly. Thus, early recognition of a hyperammonemic state and immediate initiation of the specific management are of utmost importance. The main prognostic factors are, irrespective of the underlying cause, the duration of the hyperammonemic coma and the extent of ammonia accumulation. This paper will discuss the biochemical background of primary and secondary hyperammonemia and will give an overview of the various underlying conditions including a brief clinical outline and information on the genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstr. 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Rasmussen J, Nielsen OW, Lund AM, Køber L, Djurhuus H. Primary carnitine deficiency and pivalic acid exposure causing encephalopathy and fatal cardiac events. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:35-41. [PMID: 22566287 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several episodes of sudden death among young Faroese individuals have been associated with primary carnitine deficiency (PCD). Patients suffering from PCD have low carnitine levels and can present with metabolic and/or cardiac complications. Pivalic acid exposure decreases carnitine levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate and describe the association and pathophysiology of exposure to antibiotics containing pivalic acid and severe neurological and cardiac complications in six identified subjects suffering from PCD. METHODS AND MATERIALS Six cases of PCD were identified and studied through medical records and family interview. Stored biomaterial was analyzed for mutations causing PCD. RESULTS Five patients (two children, three adults) died suddenly while one adult patient survived sudden cardiac arrest. Lethal cardiac arrhythmia was documented in five patients, while one patient was not monitored at time of death, but had signs of cardiac arrhythmia a few days earlier. All patients suffered encephalopathy before cardiac arrhythmia. Autopsy showed severe hepatic steatosis and signs of cerebral edema in four out of five. One subject had a dilated heart. All patients were homozygous for the c.95A>G (p.N32S) mutation in SLC22A5 causing PCD. All patients had been treated with antibiotics containing pivalic acid prior to the episode. CONCLUSION Exposure to antibiotics containing pivalic acid was associated with encephalopathy and progression to lethal cardiac arrhythmia in patients suffering from PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rasmussen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital, FO-100, Thorshavn, the Faroe Islands.
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Adeva MM, Souto G, Blanco N, Donapetry C. Ammonium metabolism in humans. Metabolism 2012; 61:1495-511. [PMID: 22921946 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Free ammonium ions are produced and consumed during cell metabolism. Glutamine synthetase utilizes free ammonium ions to produce glutamine in the cytosol whereas glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase generate free ammonium ions in the mitochondria from glutamine and glutamate, respectively. Ammonia and bicarbonate are condensed in the liver mitochondria to yield carbamoylphosphate initiating the urea cycle, the major mechanism of ammonium removal in humans. Healthy kidney produces ammonium which may be released into the systemic circulation or excreted into the urine depending predominantly on acid-base status, so that metabolic acidosis increases urinary ammonium excretion while metabolic alkalosis induces the opposite effect. Brain and skeletal muscle neither remove nor produce ammonium in normal conditions, but they are able to seize ammonium during hyperammonemia, releasing glutamine. Ammonia in gas phase has been detected in exhaled breath and skin, denoting that these organs may participate in nitrogen elimination. Ammonium homeostasis is profoundly altered in liver failure resulting in hyperammonemia due to the deficient ammonium clearance by the diseased liver and to the development of portal collateral circulation that diverts portal blood with high ammonium content to the systemic blood stream. Although blood ammonium concentration is usually elevated in liver disease, a substantial role of ammonium causing hepatic encephalopathy has not been demonstrated in human clinical studies. Hyperammonemia is also produced in urea cycle disorders and other situations leading to either defective ammonium removal or overproduction of ammonium that overcomes liver clearance capacity. Most diseases resulting in hyperammonemia and cerebral edema are preceded by hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis of unclear origin that may be caused by the intracellular acidosis occurring in these conditions.
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Carnitine deficiency presenting with encephalopathy and hyperammonemia in a patient receiving chronic enteral tube feeding: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2012; 6:227. [PMID: 22846666 PMCID: PMC3432593 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-6-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Carnitine is an essential cofactor in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Carnitine deficiency results in accumulation of non-oxidized fatty acyl-coenzyme A molecules, and this inhibits intra-mitochondrial degradation of ammonia. Hyperammonemia may lead to encephalopathy. This scenario has been previously reported. Case presentation We report the case of a 47-year-old Caucasian man who had sustained a remote motor vehicle accident injury and relied on long-term tube feeding with a commercial product that wascarnitine-free. He was also on phenytoin therapy for control of his chronic seizures. He developed significant acute psychological and behavioral changes superimposed on his chronic neurological impairment. His ammonia level was found to be elevated at 75 to 100μmol/L (normal <35μmol/L). Phenytoin was found to be at a supra-therapeutic level of 143μmol/L (therapeutic range 40–80μmol/L). After adjusting the dose of phenytoin, other pharmacological and hepatic causes of his hyperammonemia and subacute encephalopathy were excluded. His carnitine levels were found to be low. After initiating carnitine supplementation at 500mg twice daily, the patient’s mental status improved, and his ammonia level improved to 53–60μmol/L. Conclusion This case illustrates the importance of avoiding carnitine deficiency and anti-convulsant toxicity in tube-fed patients encountered in hospital wards and nursing homes. These patients should have their carnitine levels assessed regularly, and supplementation should be provided as necessary. Manufacturers of enteral feeds and formulas should consider adding carnitine to their product lines.
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Hyperammonemia in review: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27:207-22. [PMID: 21431427 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-1838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia is an important source of nitrogen and is required for amino acid synthesis. It is also necessary for normal acid-base balance. When present in high concentrations, ammonia is toxic. Endogenous ammonia intoxication can occur when there is impaired capacity of the body to excrete nitrogenous waste, as seen with congenital enzymatic deficiencies. A variety of environmental causes and medications may also lead to ammonia toxicity. Hyperammonemia refers to a clinical condition associated with elevated ammonia levels manifested by a variety of symptoms and signs, including significant central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. Appropriate and timely management requires a solid understanding of the fundamental pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches available. The following review discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of hyperammonemia.
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LaBuzetta JN, Yao JZ, Bourque DL, Zivin J. Adult nonhepatic hyperammonemia: a case report and differential diagnosis. Am J Med 2010; 123:885-91. [PMID: 20920686 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a case report of nonhepatic hyperammonemia, i.e., elevated serum ammonia secondary to a nonhepatic etiology. It then discusses the importance of broadening one's differential diagnosis to include such nonhepatic causes of elevated ammonia levels, and provides a short review of rarer causes of hyperammonemia in the adult population. Treating the underlying condition is the best way to prevent recurrence of hyperammonemia. However, symptomatic treatment should not be delayed while investigating the underlying source.
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Kazemi A, Frazier T, Cave M. Micronutrient-related neurologic complications following bariatric surgery. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2010; 12:288-295. [PMID: 20640946 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-010-0120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nearly two thirds of American adults are either overweight or obese. Accordingly, bariatric surgery experienced explosive growth during the past decade. Current estimates place the worldwide volume of bariatric procedures at greater than 300,000 cases annually. Micronutrient deficiencies are well-described following bariatric surgery, and they may present with devastating and sometimes irreversible neurologic manifestations. Clinical symptoms range from peripheral neuropathy to encephalopathy, and are most commonly caused by thiamine, copper, and B(12) deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kazemi
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Rodrigues LP, Portari GV, Padovan GJ, Jordão AA, Suen V, Marchini JS. Failure of carnitine in improving hepatic nitrogen content in alcoholic and non-alcoholic malnourished rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2010; 65:877-83. [PMID: 21049216 PMCID: PMC2954739 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322010000900011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of carnitine supplementation on alcoholic malnourished rats' hepatic nitrogen content. METHODS Malnourished rats, on 50% protein-calorie restriction with free access to water (malnutrition group) and malnourished rats under the same conditions with free access to a 20% alcohol/water solution (alcohol group) were studied. After the undernourishment period (4 weeks with or without alcohol), both groups were randomly divided into two subgroups, one of them nutritionally recovered for 28 days with free access to a normal diet and water (recovery groups) and the other re-fed with free access to diet and water plus carnitine (0.1 g/g body weight/day by gavage) (carnitine groups). No alcohol intake was allowed during the recovery period. RESULTS The results showed: i) no difference between the alcohol/no alcohol groups, with or without carnitine, regarding body weight gain, diet consumption, urinary nitrogen excretion, plasma free fatty acids, lysine, methionine, and glycine. ii) Liver nitrogen content was highest in the carnitine recovery non-alcoholic group (from 1.7 to 3.3 g/100 g, P<0·05) and lowest in alcoholic animals (about 1.5 g/100g). iii) Hepatic fat content (~10 g/100 g, P>·05) was highest in the alcoholic animals. CONCLUSION Carnitine supplementation did not induce better nutritional recovery.
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Ueshima S, Aiba T, Ishikawa N, Sato T, Kawasaki H, Kurosaki Y, Ohtsuka Y, Sendo T. Poor applicability of estimation method for adults to calculate unbound serum concentrations of valproic acid in epileptic neonates and infants. J Clin Pharm Ther 2009; 34:415-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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