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Bade B, Gwin M, Triplette M, Wiener RS, Crothers K. Comorbidity and life expectancy in shared decision making for lung cancer screening. Semin Oncol 2022; 49:S0093-7754(22)00057-4. [PMID: 35940959 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Shared decision making (SDM) is an important part of lung cancer screening (LCS) that includes discussing the risks and benefits of screening, potential outcomes, patient eligibility and willingness to participate, tobacco cessation, and tailoring a strategy to an individual patient. More than other cancer screening tests, eligibility for LCS is nuanced, incorporating the patient's age as well as tobacco use history and overall health status. Since comorbidities and multimorbidity (ie, 2 or more comorbidities) impact the risks and benefits of LCS, these topics are a fundamental part of decision-making. However, there is currently little evidence available to guide clinicians in addressing comorbidities and an individual's "appropriateness" for LCS during SDM visits. Therefore, this literature review investigates the impact of comorbidities and multimorbidity among patients undergoing LCS. Based on available evidence and guideline recommendations, we identify comorbidities that should be considered during SDM conversations and review best practices for navigating SDM conversations in the context of LCS. Three conditions are highlighted since they concomitantly portend higher risk of developing lung cancer, potentially increase risk of screening-related evaluation and treatment complications and can be associated with limited life expectancy: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and human immunodeficiency virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Bade
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Connecticut Healthcare System, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, West Haven, CT, United States of America (USA); Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Mary Gwin
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew Triplette
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Renda Soylemez Wiener
- Center for Healthcare Organization & Implementation Research and Medical Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristina Crothers
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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2
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Sullivan BA, Qin X, Miller C, Hauser ER, Redding TS, Gellad ZF, Madison AN, Musselwhite LW, Efird JT, Sims KJ, Williams CD, Weiss D, Lieberman D, Provenzale D. Screening Colonoscopy Findings Are Associated With Noncolorectal Cancer Mortality. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2022; 13:e00479. [PMID: 35333777 PMCID: PMC9038496 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Controversy exists regarding the impact of various risk factors on noncolorectal cancer (CRC) mortality in healthy screening populations. We examined the impact of known CRC risk factors, including baseline colonoscopy findings, on non-CRC mortality in a screening population. METHODS Cooperative Studies Program (CSP) #380 is comprised of 3,121 veterans aged 50-75 years who underwent screening colonoscopy from 1994 to 97 and were then followed for at least 10 years or until death. Hazard ratios (HRs) for risk factors on non-CRC mortality were estimated by multivariate Cox proportional hazards. RESULTS Current smoking (HR 2.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.78-2.52, compared with nonsmokers) and physical activity (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.84-0.93) were the modifiable factors most associated with non-CRC mortality in CSP#380. In addition, compared with no neoplasia at baseline colonoscopy, non-CRC mortality was higher in participants with ≥3 small adenomas (HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.06-1.94), advanced adenomas (HR 1.32, 95% CI 0.99-1.75), and CRC (HR 2.95, 95% CI 0.98-8.85). Those with 1-2 small adenomas were not at increased risk for non-CRC mortality (HR 1.15, 95% CI 0.94-1.4). DISCUSSION In a CRC screening population, known modifiable risk factors were significantly associated with 10-year non-CRC mortality. Furthermore, those who died from non-CRC causes within 10 years were more likely to have had high-risk findings at baseline colonoscopy. These results suggest that advanced colonoscopy findings may be a risk marker of poor health outcomes. Integrated efforts are needed to motivate healthy lifestyle changes during CRC screening, particularly in those with high-risk colonoscopy findings and unaddressed risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Sullivan
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center-Durham, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xuejun Qin
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center-Durham, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cameron Miller
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center-Durham, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Hauser
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center-Durham, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas S. Redding
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center-Durham, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ziad F. Gellad
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center-Durham, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashton N. Madison
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center-Durham, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura W. Musselwhite
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center-Durham, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Levine Cancer Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jimmy T. Efird
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center-Durham, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kellie J. Sims
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center-Durham, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christina D. Williams
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center-Durham, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Weiss
- Perry Point VA Medical Center, Perry Point, Maryland, USA
| | - David Lieberman
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Dawn Provenzale
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center-Durham, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Boakye D, Günther K, Niedermaier T, Haug U, Ahrens W, Nagrani R. Associations between comorbidities and advanced stage diagnosis of lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol 2021; 75:102054. [PMID: 34773768 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2021.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Comorbidities and advanced stage diagnosis (ASD) are both associated with poorer cancer outcomes, but the association between comorbidities and ASD is poorly understood. We summarized epidemiological evidence on the association between comorbidities and ASD of selected cancers in a systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed and Web of Science databases up to June 3rd, 2021 for studies assessing the association between comorbidities and ASD of lung, breast, colorectal, or prostate cancer. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated using random-effects models. Also, potential variations in the associations between comorbidities and ASD by cancer type were investigated using random-effects meta-regression. Thirty-seven studies were included in this review, including 8,069,397 lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer patients overall. The Charlson comorbidity index score was positively associated with ASD (stages III-IV) of breast cancer but was inversely associated with ASD of lung cancer (pinteraction = 0.004). Regarding specific comorbidities, diabetes was positively associated with ASD (OR = 1.17, 95%CI = 1.09-1.26), whereas myocardial infarction was inversely associated with ASD (OR = 0.84, 95%CI = 0.75-0.95). The association between renal disease and ASD differed by cancer type (pinteraction < 0.001). A positive association was found with prostate cancer (OR = 2.02, 95%CI = 1.58-2.59) and an inverse association with colorectal cancer (OR = 0.84, 95%CI = 0.70-1.00). In summary, certain comorbidities (e.g., diabetes) may be positively associated with ASD of several cancer types. It needs to be clarified whether closer monitoring for early cancer signs or screening in these patients is reasonable, considering the problem of over-diagnosis particularly relevant in patients with short remaining life expectancy such as those with comorbidities. Also, evaluation of the cost-benefit relationship of cancer screening according to the type and severity of comorbidity (rather than summary scores) may be beneficial for personalized cancer screening in populations with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Boakye
- Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Günther
- Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Tobias Niedermaier
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Haug
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany; Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany; Institute of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Rajini Nagrani
- Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
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Gawron A, Bielefeldt K. Unrelated Death After Colorectal Cancer Screening: Implications for Improving Colonoscopy Referrals. Fed Pract 2019; 36:262-270. [PMID: 31258319 PMCID: PMC6590950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The observed mortality < 5 years after the index colonoscopy lowered the overall impact of screening, which should prompt health care providers to perform a more thorough assessment of the potential reduced benefit for individual veterans when incorporating cancer risk, comorbidity burden, and age-based criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gawron
- is a Gastroenterologist at the Salt Lake City Specialty Care Center of Innovation, and is Chief of the Gastroenterology Section, both at the VA George E. Wahlen VA Medical Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. Andrew Gawron is an Associate Professor at the University of Utah
| | - Klaus Bielefeldt
- is a Gastroenterologist at the Salt Lake City Specialty Care Center of Innovation, and is Chief of the Gastroenterology Section, both at the VA George E. Wahlen VA Medical Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. Andrew Gawron is an Associate Professor at the University of Utah
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Rates of Prevalent Colorectal Cancer Occurrence in Persons 75 Years of Age and Older: A Population-Based National Study. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:1929-1936. [PMID: 29675660 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS There is a lack of studies describing the epidemiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients aged 75 years and older (elderly). Current guidelines recommend against routine screening colonoscopies in this population. We sought to describe the epidemiology of CRC in the elderly, utilizing a large, population-based database as this may impact screening guidelines in this population. METHODS Utilizing a commercial database (Explorys Inc, Cleveland, OH), we identified a cohort of patients with a first-ever diagnosis of CRC between 2012 and 2017 based on the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine-Clinical Terms. We calculated the rate of first-ever CRC occurrence in the elderly, described age, race, and gender-based rates of new CRC diagnoses, and identified associated conditions for new CRC in the elderly. RESULTS The rate of first-ever CRC in the elderly (aged 75 and above) was 102.6/100,000 persons. The rate of new CRC was higher in males than females and in African Americans than Caucasians and Asians. There was a higher prevalence of right than left colon cancer. The rate of new CRC was higher in elderly with certain comorbidities. CONCLUSION The rate of new CRC diagnosis in the elderly was substantially greater compared to the overall population. Screening would be justified especially if a patient's life expectancy warrants it particularly if the patient has specific associated conditions that increase the risk for CRC.
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Mahon SM. Colorectal cancer screening: Using evidence-based guidelines. Nurse Pract 2017; 42:18-26. [PMID: 28926493 DOI: 10.1097/01.npr.0000524663.78727.4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer diagnosed in men and women. There are multiple options for prevention and early detection. Evidence-based guidelines are available to select the best option based on personal and family history. NPs should utilize these guidelines in clinical practice to select the appropriate screening for their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Mahon
- Suzanne M. Mahon is a professor at the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and professor of adult nursing at Saint Louis University, School of Nursing, St. Louis, Mo
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Magrath M, Yang E, Singal AG. Personalizing Colon Cancer Screening: Role of Age and Comorbid Conditions. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-017-0367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Presley CJ, Soulos PR, Tinetti M, Montori VM, Yu JB, Gross CP. Treatment Burden of Medicare Beneficiaries With Stage I Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Oncol Pract 2016; 13:e98-e107. [PMID: 27997301 DOI: 10.1200/jop.2016.014100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the burden and complexity associated with treatment of Medicare beneficiaries with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Using the SEER-Medicare database, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries who were diagnosed with stage I NSCLC from 2007 to 2011 and who were treated with surgery, stereotactic body radiation therapy, or external beam radiation therapy. Main outcome measures were the number of days a patient was in contact with the health care system (encounter days), the number of physicians involved in a patient's care, and the number of medications prescribed. Logistic regression modeled the association between patient characteristics, treatment type, and high treatment burden (defined as ≥ 66 encounter days). RESULTS On average, 7,955 patients spent 1 in 3 days interacting with the health care system during the initial 60 days of treatment. Patients experienced a median of 44 encounter days with high variability (interquartile range [IQR], 29 to 66) in the 12 months after treatment initiation. The median number of physicians involved was 20 (IQR, 14 to 28), and the median number of medications prescribed was 12 (IQR, 8 to 17). Patients who were treated with surgery had high treatment burden (predicted probability, 21.6%; 95% CI, 20.2 to 23.1) compared with patients who were treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (predicted probability, 16.1%; 95% CI, 12.9 to 19.3), whereas patients who were treated with external beam radiation therapy had the highest burden (predicted probability, 46.8%; 95% CI, 43.3 to 50.2). CONCLUSION The treatment burden imposed on patients with early-stage NSCLC was substantial in terms of the number of encounters, physicians involved, and medications prescribed. Because treatment burden varied markedly across patients and treatment types, future work should identify opportunities to understand and ameliorate this burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Presley
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Pamela R Soulos
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Mary Tinetti
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Victor M Montori
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - James B Yu
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Cary P Gross
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Breslau ES, Gorin SS, Edwards HM, Schonberg MA, Saiontz N, Walter LC. An Individualized Approach to Cancer Screening Decisions in Older Adults: A Multilevel Framework. J Gen Intern Med 2016; 31:539-47. [PMID: 26941042 PMCID: PMC4835387 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-016-3629-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Guidelines for optimal cancer screening in older adults remain unclear, particularly for adults over the age of 75. While cancer screening in older adults may benefit some in good health, it may cause unnecessary burdens in others with limited life expectancy. Thus, a systematic approach to enable individualized cancer screening decisions in older adults is needed. We suggest a framework that guides such decisions through evidence-based approaches from multiple interactions, and that involves the patient, clinician, and healthcare system. An individualized approach considers differences in disease risk rather than the chronological age of the patient. This paper presents a comprehensive framework that depicts the independent and converging levels of influences on individualized cancer screening decisions in older adults. This Individualized Decisions for Screening (IDS) framework recognizes the reality of these interrelationships, including the tensions that arise when behaviors and outcomes are valued differently at the patient, clinician, and healthcare organization levels. Person-centered approaches are essential to advancing multilevel research of individualized cancer screening decisions among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica S Breslau
- Healthcare Delivery Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850-9761, USA.
| | - Sherri Sheinfeld Gorin
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- New York Physicians Against Cancer, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, 10032, NY, USA
| | - Heather M Edwards
- Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Washington, 20036, DC, USA
| | - Mara A Schonberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Saiontz
- Office of the Director, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850-9761, MD, USA
| | - Louise C Walter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of California San Francisco and the San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, 94121, CA, USA
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Developing and Testing an Electronic Measure of Screening Colonoscopy Overuse in a Large Integrated Healthcare System. J Gen Intern Med 2016; 31 Suppl 1:53-60. [PMID: 26951277 PMCID: PMC4803673 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-015-3569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most existing performance measures focus on underuse of care, but there is growing interest in identifying and reducing overuse. OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop a valid and reliable electronic performance measure of overuse of screening colonoscopy in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System (VA), and to quantify overuse in VA. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study with multiple cross-sections. SUBJECTS U.S. Veterans who underwent screening colonoscopy between 2011 and 2013. MAIN MEASURES Overuse of screening colonoscopy, using a validated electronic measure developed by an expert workgroup. KEY RESULTS Compared to results obtained from manual record review, the electronic measure was highly specific (97 %) for overuse, but not sensitive (20 %). After exclusion of diagnostic and high-risk screening or surveillance procedures, the validated electronic measure identified 88,754 average-risk screening colonoscopies performed in VA during 2013. Of these, 20,530 (23 %) met the definition for probable (17 %) or possible (6 %) overuse. Substantial variation in colonoscopy overuse was noted between Veterans Integrated Care Networks (VISNs) and between facilities, with a nearly twofold difference between the maximum and minimum rates of overuse at the VISN level and a nearly eightfold difference at the facility level. Overuse at the VISN and facility level was relatively stable over time. CONCLUSIONS Overuse of screening colonoscopy can be measured reliably and with high specificity using electronic data, and is common in a large integrated healthcare system. Overuse measures, such as those we have specified through a consensus workgroup process, could be combined with underuse measures to improve the appropriateness of colorectal cancer screening.
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Abstract
The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends patient-physician discussions about the appropriateness of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among adults ages 76-84 years who have never been screened. In this study, we used data from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey to examine patterns of CRC screening and provider recommendation among seniors ages 76-84 years, and made some comparisons to younger adults. Nationally-representative samples of 1379 adults ages 76-84 years and 8797 adults ages 50-75 years responded to questions about CRC screening status, receipt of provider recommendation, and discussion of test options; 22.7% (95% CI 20.1-25.3) of seniors ages 76-84 had never been tested for CRC and therefore were not up-to-date with guidelines; 3.9% (95% CI 2.0-7.6) of these individuals reported a recent provider recommendation for screening. In multivariate analyses, the likelihood of never having been tested was significantly greater for seniors of other/multiple race or Hispanic ethnicity; with high school or less education; without private health insurance coverage; who had ≤ 1 doctor visit in the past year; without recent screening for breast, cervical, or prostate cancer; with no or unknown CRC family history; or with ≤ 1 chronic disease. Among the minority of respondents ages 50-75 and 76-84 reporting a provider recommendation, 73.2% indicated that the provider recommended particular tests, which was overwhelmingly colonoscopy (≥ 89 %). Nearly one-quarter of adults 76-84 have never been screened for CRC, and rates of provider recommendation in this group are very low. Greater attention to informed CRC screening discussions with screening-eligible seniors is needed.
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12
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Schonberg MA, Breslau ES, Hamel MB, Bellizzi KM, McCarthy EP. Colon cancer screening in U.S. adults aged 65 and older according to life expectancy and age. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63:750-6. [PMID: 25900488 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine receipt of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening according to age and life expectancy (LE) in adults aged 65 and older. DESIGN Population-based survey. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS Community dwelling adults aged 65 and older who participated in the 2008 or 2010 National Health Interview Survey (N = 7,747). MEASUREMENTS Receipt of CRC screening (e.g., colonoscopy within 10 years) was examined according to age and LE (≥10 and <10 years), adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and survey year. Frequency of CRC screening was also examined according to age and LE at time of screening (e.g., age at colonoscopy rather than at interview). Participants screened when they were aged 75 and older or had less than a 10-year LE were considered to have received screening inconsistent with guidelines. RESULTS Overall, 38.5% of participants had less than a 10-year LE; 40.2% were aged 75 and older, and 56.3% had received recent CRC screening (90.1% by colonoscopy). CRC screening was higher in 2010 (58.9%) than 2008 (53.7%, P <.001) and was associated with longer LE and younger age, although 51.1% of adults aged 75 and older reported receiving CRC screening, as did 50.9% of adults with less than a 10-year LE. Based on age and LE at time of screening (rather than at interview), 28.4% of CRC screening of adults aged 65 and older was targeted to those aged 75 and older and those with less than a 10-year LE. Of adults aged 65 to 75 with a 10-year LE or more (adults recommended for screening by guidelines), 39.2% had not recently been screened. CONCLUSION Older adults with little chance of benefit because of limited LE commonly undergo CRC screening, whereas many adults aged 65 to 75 with a 10-year LE or greater are not screened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara A Schonberg
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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13
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Dalton AF, Golin CE, Esserman D, Pignone MP, Pathman DE, Lewis CL. Relationship between Physicians' Uncertainty about Clinical Assessments and Patient-Centered Recommendations for Colorectal Cancer Screening in the Elderly. Med Decis Making 2015; 35:458-66. [PMID: 25712448 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x15572828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to examine associations between physicians' clinical assessments, their certainty in these assessments, and the likelihood of a patient-centered recommendation about colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in the elderly. METHODS Two hundred seventy-six primary care physicians in the United States read 3 vignettes about an 80-year-old female patient and answered questions about her life expectancy, their confidence in their life expectancy estimate, the balance of benefits/downsides of CRC screening, their certainty in their benefit/downside assessment, and the best course of action regarding CRC screening. We used logistic regression to determine the relationship between these variables and patient-centered recommendations about CRC screening. RESULTS In bivariate analyses, physicians had higher odds of making a patient-centered recommendation about CRC screening when their clinical assessments did not lead to a clear screening recommendation or when they experienced uncertainty in their clinical assessments. However, in a multivariate regression model, only benefit/downside assessment and best course of action remained statistically significant predictors of a patient-centered recommendation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that when the results of clinical assessments do not lead to obvious screening decisions or when physicians feel uncertain about their clinical assessments, they are more likely to make patient-centered recommendations. Existing uncertainty frameworks do not adequately describe the uncertainty associated with patient-centered recommendations found in this study. Adapting or modifying these frameworks to better reflect the constructs associated with uncertainty and the interactions between uncertainty and the complexity inherent in clinical decisions will facilitate a more complete understanding of how and when physicians choose to include patients in clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra F Dalton
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (AFD, CLL)
| | - Carol E Golin
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (CG),Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC (CG)
| | - Denise Esserman
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (DE)
| | - Michael P Pignone
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (MPP, DEP)
| | - Donald E Pathman
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (MPP, DEP),Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC (DEP)
| | - Carmen L Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (AFD, CLL)
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14
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Kleber G. [Colorectal cancer: prevention and curative treatment in the elderly: An appraisal from the viewpoint of geriatric gastroenterology]. Chirurg 2014; 86:861-5. [PMID: 25488000 DOI: 10.1007/s00104-014-2898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than half of colorectal cancers occur in patients older than 75 years. This group is not homogeneous but variably vulnerable to disease, diagnostics, treatment procedures and complications. OBJECTIVES This review highlights the age-specific aspects of diagnostics and screening, curative and adjuvant treatment and the prognostic and predictive value of a geriatric assessment. METHODS A survey was carried out based on a selection of the relevant literature. RESULTS The number of publications is currently rapidly increasing and even now it becomes apparent that a geriatric assessment carried out by the primary physician, can better predict therapy-linked adverse events and allow for a more individualized assessment of indications for diagnostics and screening of surgical and medicinal treatment. In particular this applies to total mesorectal resection and to the adjuvant use of oxaliplatin. CONCLUSION Even in the older age group screening colonoscopy and surgical and medicinal adjuvant treatment can be reasonably used when aligned to the results of a carefully performed geriatric assessment. A severely reduced life-expectancy (generally with more than 2 comorbidities) should lead to more conservative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kleber
- Med. Klinik I, Ostalb-Klinikum Aalen, Akad. Lehrkrankenhaus der Universität Ulm, Kälblesrain 1, 73430, Aalen, Deutschland,
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lillian Min
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Cynthia Boyd
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Saini SD, Vijan S, Schoenfeld P, Powell AA, Moser S, Kerr EA. Role of quality measurement in inappropriate use of screening for colorectal cancer: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2014; 348:g1247. [PMID: 24574474 PMCID: PMC3935739 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether the age based quality measure for screening for colorectal cancer is associated with overuse of screening in patients aged 70-75 in poor health and underuse in those aged over age 75 in good health. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study utilizing electronic data from the Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, the largest integrated healthcare system in the United States. SETTING VA Health Care System. PARTICIPANTS Veterans aged ≥ 50 due for repeat average risk colorectal cancer screening at a primary care visit in fiscal year 2010. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Completion of colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or fecal occult blood testing within 24 months of the 2010 visit. RESULTS 399,067 veterans met inclusion/exclusion criteria (mean age 67, 97% men). Of these, 38% had electronically documented screening within 24 months. In multivariable log binomial regression adjusted for Charlson comorbidity index, sex, and number of primary care visits, screening decreased markedly after the age of 75 (the age cut off used by the quality measure) (adjusted relative risk 0.35, 95% confidence interval 0.30 to 0.40). A veteran who was aged 75 and unhealthy (in whom life expectancy might be limited and screening more likely to result in net burden or harm) was significantly more likely to undergo screening than a veteran aged 76 and healthy (unadjusted relative risk 1.64, 1.36 to 1.97). CONCLUSIONS Specification of a quality measure can have important implications for clinical care. Future quality measures should focus on individual risk/benefit to ensure that patients who are likely to benefit from a service receive it (regardless of age), and that those who are likely to incur harm are spared unnecessary and costly care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer D Saini
- Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Lewis CL, Esserman D, DeLeon C, Pignone MP, Pathman DE, Golin C. Physician decision making for colorectal cancer screening in the elderly. J Gen Intern Med 2013; 28:1202-7. [PMID: 23539281 PMCID: PMC3744317 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-013-2393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although individualized decision making is recommended to appropriately screen for colorectal cancer (CRC) in older adults, it is unclear whether physicians solicit input from older patients before making a recommendation for or against CRC screening. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine whether physicians elect to engage older patients in individualized decision making for CRC screening. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS We surveyed a random sample of 650 US primary care physicians by mail. Physicians responded to questions about three clinical vignettes involving 80-year-old female patients in good, fair, and poor health. We examined whether physicians reported that they would initiate a discussion with the patients about CRC screening and whether they would make a recommendation about screening or seek patient input first. RESULTS A total of 276 eligible physicians responded (52 % corrected response rate). Whether physicians indicated they would initiate a discussion about CRC screening varied by vignette: 91 % of physicians indicated they would do so for the patient in good health and 66 % and 44 % for the patients in fair and poor health, respectively (p<0.0001). The proportion of physicians that would seek patient input for their screening recommendation also varied by vignette (45 % for good, 49 % for fair, and 26 % for poor). CONCLUSION We found that physicians often individualize their CRC screening recommendations for older women by electing to engage patients in discussions and seeking their input before making a CRC recommendation. Physicians were more likely to elect to engage the patients represented by the good and fair health vignette, where the potential benefits likely outweigh the potential harms, than the patient in poor health, where the potential harms likely outweigh the potential benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen L Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Martinez KA, Pollack CE, Phelan DF, Markakis D, Bone L, Shapiro G, Wenzel J, Howerton M, Johnson L, Garza MA, Ford JG. Gender differences in correlates of colorectal cancer screening among Black Medicare beneficiaries in Baltimore. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1037-42. [PMID: 23629519 PMCID: PMC3681887 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has shown colorectal cancer (CRC) screening disparities by gender. Little research has focused primarily on gender differences among older Black individuals, and reasons for existing gender differences remain poorly understood. METHODS We used baseline data from the Cancer Prevention and Treatment Demonstration Screening Trial. Participants were recruited from November 2006 to March 2010. In-person interviews were used to assess self-reported CRC screening behavior. Up-to-date CRC screening was defined as self-reported colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy in the past 10 years or fecal occult blood testing in the past year. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine the association between gender and self-reported screening, adjusting for covariates. The final model was stratified by gender to examine factors differentially associated with screening outcomes for males and females. RESULTS The final sample consisted of 1,552 female and 586 male Black Medicare beneficiaries in Baltimore, Maryland. Males were significantly less likely than females to report being up-to-date with screening (77.5% vs. 81.6%, P = 0.030), and this difference was significant in the fully adjusted model (OR: 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.99). The association between having a usual source of care and receipt of cancer screening was stronger among males compared with females. CONCLUSIONS Although observed differences in CRC screening were small, several factors suggest that gender-specific approaches may be used to promote screening adherence among Black Medicare beneficiaries. IMPACT Given disproportionate CRC mortality between White and Black Medicare beneficiaries, gender-specific interventions aimed at increasing CRC screening may be warranted among older Black patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Martinez
- North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 16, 4th Floor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Abstract
In this perspective piece, the authors consider what has been learned and is being studied about aging with HIV in resource-rich settings. The authors argue that although there is much that will be different about aging with HIV in other parts of the globe, there are common themes and approaches to care. These include the observation that most patients have more than one health condition, and the need to assess individual risk, prioritize care, and consider the total burden of disease when considering further testing and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Justice
- Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare System and Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA.
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