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Wang R, Hu P, Wang F, Lyu J, Ou Y, Edderkaoui M, Zhang Y, Lewis MS, Pandol SJ, Zhau HE, Chung LWK. Spontaneous Fusion with Transformed Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Results in Complete Heterogeneity in Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:951. [PMID: 38473313 PMCID: PMC10931070 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells gain advantages in growth and survival by acquiring genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Interactions with bystander cells in the tumor microenvironment contribute to the progression of heterogeneity. We have shown that fusion between tumor and bystander cells is one form of interaction, and that tumor-bystander cell fusion has contrasting effects. By trapping fusion hybrids in the heterokaryon or synkaryon state, tumor-bystander cell fusion prevents the progression of heterogeneity. However, if trapping fails, fusion hybrids will resume replication to form derivative clones with diverse genomic makeups and behavioral phenotypes. To determine the characteristics of bystander cells that influence the fate of fusion hybrids, we co-cultured prostate mesenchymal stromal cell lines and their spontaneously transformed sublines with LNCaP as well as HPE-15 prostate cancer cells. Subclones derived from cancer-stromal fusion hybrids were examined for genotypic and phenotypic diversifications. Both stromal cell lines were capable of fusing with cancer cells, but only fusion hybrids with the transformed stromal subline generated large numbers of derivative subclones. Each subclone had distinct cell morphologies and growth behaviors and was detected with complete genomic hybridization. The health conditions of the bystander cell compartment play a crucial role in the progression of tumor cell heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxiang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (P.H.); (F.W.); (J.L.); (M.E.); (S.J.P.); (H.E.Z.); (L.W.K.C.)
| | - Peizhen Hu
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (P.H.); (F.W.); (J.L.); (M.E.); (S.J.P.); (H.E.Z.); (L.W.K.C.)
| | - Fubo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (P.H.); (F.W.); (J.L.); (M.E.); (S.J.P.); (H.E.Z.); (L.W.K.C.)
| | - Ji Lyu
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (P.H.); (F.W.); (J.L.); (M.E.); (S.J.P.); (H.E.Z.); (L.W.K.C.)
| | - Yan Ou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (Y.O.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (P.H.); (F.W.); (J.L.); (M.E.); (S.J.P.); (H.E.Z.); (L.W.K.C.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (Y.O.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Michael S. Lewis
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (P.H.); (F.W.); (J.L.); (M.E.); (S.J.P.); (H.E.Z.); (L.W.K.C.)
| | - Haiyen E. Zhau
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (P.H.); (F.W.); (J.L.); (M.E.); (S.J.P.); (H.E.Z.); (L.W.K.C.)
| | - Leland W. K. Chung
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (P.H.); (F.W.); (J.L.); (M.E.); (S.J.P.); (H.E.Z.); (L.W.K.C.)
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2
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Pu T, Wang J, Wei J, Zeng A, Zhang J, Chen J, Yin L, Li J, Lin TP, Melamed J, Corey E, Gao AC, Wu BJ. Stromal-derived MAOB promotes prostate cancer growth and progression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi4935. [PMID: 38335292 PMCID: PMC10857382 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) develops in a microenvironment where the stromal cells modulate adjacent tumor growth and progression. Here, we demonstrated elevated levels of monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), a mitochondrial enzyme that degrades biogenic and dietary monoamines, in human PC stroma, which was associated with poor clinical outcomes of PC patients. Knockdown or overexpression of MAOB in human prostate stromal fibroblasts indicated that MAOB promotes cocultured PC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and co-inoculated prostate tumor growth in mice. Mechanistically, MAOB induces a reactive stroma with activated marker expression, increased extracellular matrix remodeling, and acquisition of a protumorigenic phenotype through enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, MAOB transcriptionally activates CXCL12 through Twist1 synergizing with TGFβ1-dependent Smads in prostate stroma, which stimulates tumor-expressed CXCR4-Src/JNK signaling in a paracrine manner. Pharmacological inhibition of stromal MAOB restricted PC xenograft growth in mice. Collectively, these findings characterize the contribution of MAOB to PC and suggest MAOB as a potential stroma-based therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjie Pu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Alan Zeng
- Undergraduate Programs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jinglong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Jingrui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Lijuan Yin
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Tzu-Ping Lin
- Department of Urology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Shu-Tien Urological Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- Department of Pathology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Allen C. Gao
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Boyang Jason Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
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Wang R, Wang X, Yin L, Yin L, Chu GCY, Hu P, Ou Y, Zhang Y, Lewis MS, Pandol SJ. Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells Acquire Heterogeneity during Successive Co-Culture with Hematopoietic and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells. Cells 2022; 11:3553. [PMID: 36428982 PMCID: PMC9688235 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During disease progression and bone metastasis, breast tumor cells interact with various types of bystander cells residing in the tumor microenvironment. Such interactions prompt tumor cell heterogeneity. We used successive co-culture as an experimental model to examine cancer-bystander cell interaction. RMCF7-2, a clone of the human breast cancer MCF-7 cells tagged with a red fluorescent protein, was tracked for morphologic, behavioral, and gene expression changes. Co-cultured with various types of hematopoietic cells, RMCF7-2 adopted stable changes to a rounded shape in suspension growth of red fluorescent cells, from which derivative clones displayed marked expressional changes of marker proteins, including reduced E-cadherin and estrogen receptor α, and loss of progesterone receptor. In a successive co-culture with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, the red fluorescent clones in suspension growth changed once more, adopting an attachment growth, but in diversified shapes. Red fluorescent clones recovered from the second-round co-culture were heterogeneous in morphology, but retained the altered marker protein expression while displaying increased proliferation, migration, and xenograft tumor formation. Interaction with bystander cells caused permanent morphologic, growth behavioral, and gene expressional changes under successive co-culture, which is a powerful model for studying cancer cell heterogeneity during breast cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxiang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Liyuan Yin
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lijuan Yin
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Gina Chia-Yi Chu
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Peizhen Hu
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yan Ou
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Michael S. Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Karkampouna S, Kruithof-de Julio M, Thalmann GN. Role of prostate and bone stromal cells on prostate cancer progression. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2022; 10:180-187. [PMID: 35874291 PMCID: PMC9301059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease, often manifesting in a metastatic form to the bone. Complex tumour cells and surrounding microenvironment interactions are important determinants of disease progression and therapy resistance. Here, we provide an overview of some of the early studies that recognized the pro-tumourigenic role of prostate stroma, particularly fibroblasts, bone stromal components, and its permissive tumour properties. This article is written in memory of Prof. Dr LWK Chung and his contributions. Prostate and bone metastasis stroma concepts emerging from his work are now more actively being pursued by the authors of this article and others in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Karkampouna
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Urology Research Laboratory, University of BernBern, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Urology Research Laboratory, University of BernBern, Switzerland
- Translational Organoid Resource, Department for BioMedical Research, University of BernBern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern and InselspitalBern, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalBern, Switzerland
| | - George N Thalmann
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Urology Research Laboratory, University of BernBern, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalBern, Switzerland
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5
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Lund ME, Howard CB, Thurecht KJ, Campbell DH, Mahler SM, Walsh BJ. A bispecific T cell engager targeting Glypican-1 redirects T cell cytolytic activity to kill prostate cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1214. [PMID: 33302918 PMCID: PMC7727117 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glypican-1 is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan that is overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa), and a variety of solid tumors. Importantly, expression is restricted in normal tissue, making it an ideal tumor targeting antigen. Since there is clinical and preclinical evidence of the efficacy of Bispecific T cell Engager (BiTE) therapy in PCa, we sought to produce and test the efficacy of a GPC-1 targeted BiTE construct based on the Miltuximab® sequence. Miltuximab® is a clinical stage anti-GPC-1 antibody that has proven safe in first in human trials. METHODS The single chain variable fragment (scFv) of Miltuximab® and the CD3 binding sequence of Blinatumomab were combined in a standard BiTE format. Binding of the construct to immobilised recombinant CD3 and GPC-1 antigens was assessed by ELISA and BiaCore, and binding to cell surface-expressed antigens was measured by flow cytometry. The ability of MIL-38-CD3 to activate T cells was assessed using in vitro co-culture assays with tumour cell lines of varying GPC-1 expression by measurement of CD69 and CD25 expression, before cytolytic activity was assessed in a similar co-culture. The release of inflammatory cytokines from T cells was measured by ELISA and expression of PD-1 on the T cell surface was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Binding activity of MIL-38-CD3 to both cell surface-expressed and immobilised recombinant GPC-1 and CD3 was retained. MIL-38-CD3 was able to mediate the activation of peripheral blood T cells from healthy individuals, resulting in the release of inflammatory cytokines TNF and IFN-g. Activation was reliant on GPC-1 expression as MIL-38-CD3 mediated only low level T cell activation in the presence of C3 cells (constitutively low GPC-1 expression). Activated T cells were redirected to lyse PCa cell lines PC3 and DU-145 (GPC-1 moderate or high expression, respectively) but could not kill GPC-1 negative Raji cells. The expression of PD-1 was up-regulated on the surface of MIL-38-CD3 activated T cells, suggesting potential for synergy with checkpoint inhibition. CONCLUSIONS This study reports preclinical findings into the efficacy of targeting GPC-1 in PCa with BiTE construct MIL-38-CD3. We show the specificity and efficacy of the construct, supporting its further preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Lund
- Glytherix Ltd, Suite 2 Ground Floor, 75 Talavera Road Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW, 2113, Australia.
| | - Christopher B Howard
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Kristofer J Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Douglas H Campbell
- Glytherix Ltd, Suite 2 Ground Floor, 75 Talavera Road Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW, 2113, Australia
| | - Stephen M Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Bradley J Walsh
- Glytherix Ltd, Suite 2 Ground Floor, 75 Talavera Road Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW, 2113, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
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MAOA-mediated reprogramming of stromal fibroblasts promotes prostate tumorigenesis and cancer stemness. Oncogene 2020; 39:3305-3321. [PMID: 32066880 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in prostate cancer (PC) development and progression. Inappropriate activation of the stroma potentiates the growth and transformation of epithelial tumor cells. Here, we show that upregulation of monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), a mitochondrial enzyme that degrades monoamine neurotransmitters and dietary amines, in stromal cells elevates production of reactive oxygen species, triggers an inflammatory response including activation of IL-6, and promotes tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, MAOA enhances IL-6 transcription through direct Twist1 binding to a conserved E-box element at the IL-6 promoter. MAOA in stromal fibroblasts provides tumor cell growth advantages through paracrine IL-6/STAT3 signaling. Tissue microarray analysis revealed co-expression correlations between individual pairs of proteins of the stromal MAOA-induced Twist1/IL-6/STAT3 pathway in clinical specimens. Downstream of stromal MAOA, STAT3 also promotes cell stemness and transcriptionally activates expression of cancer stem cell marker CD44 in PC cells. MAOA inhibitor treatment effectively suppressed prostate tumor growth in mice in a stroma-specific targeted manner. Collectively, these findings characterize the contribution of MAOA to stromal activation in PC pathogenesis and provide a rationale for targeting MAOA in stromal cells to treat PC.
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7
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Wang R, Lewis MS, Lyu J, Zhau HE, Pandol SJ, Chung LWK. Cancer-stromal cell fusion as revealed by fluorescence protein tracking. Prostate 2020; 80:274-283. [PMID: 31846114 PMCID: PMC6949378 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously determined that cancer-stromal interaction was a direct route to tumor cell heterogeneity progression, since cancer-stromal cell fusion in coculture resulted in the creation of heterogeneous clones of fusion hybrid progeny. In this report, we modified the cancer-stromal coculture system to establish optimal experimental conditions for investigating cell fusion machinery and the mechanism of heterogeneity progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Red fluorescence protein-tagged LNCaP cells were cocultured with green fluorescence protein-labeled prostate stromal cells for cancer-stromal cell fusion, which was tracked as dual fluorescent cells by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS We identified the most efficient strategy to isolate clones of fusion hybrid progenies. From the coculture, mixed cells including fusion hybrids were subjected to low-density replating for colony formation by fusion hybrid progeny. These colonies could propagate into derivative cell populations. Compared to the parental LNCaP cells, clones of the fusion hybrid progeny displayed divergent behaviors and exhibited permanent genomic hybridization. CONCLUSIONS Cancer-stromal cell fusion leads to cancer cell heterogeneity. The cancer-stromal coculture system characterized in this study can be used as a model for molecular characterization of cancer cell fusion as the mechanism behind the progression of heterogeneity observed in clinical prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxiang Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Pathology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael S. Lewis
- Uro-Oncology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Pathology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ji Lyu
- Uro-Oncology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Haiyen E. Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Pathology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
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Yin L, Hu P, Shi X, Qian W, Zhau HE, Pandol SJ, Lewis MS, Chung LWK, Wang R. Cancer cell's neuroendocrine feature can be acquired through cell-cell fusion during cancer-neural stem cell interaction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1216. [PMID: 31988304 PMCID: PMC6985266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced and therapy-resistant prostate tumors often display neural or neuroendocrine behavior. We assessed the consequences of prostate cancer cell interaction with neural cells, which are rich in the human prostate and resident of the prostate tumor. In 3-dimensional co-culture with neurospheres, red fluorescent human LNCaP cells formed agglomerates on the neurosphere surface. Upon induced neural differentiation, some red fluorescent cells showed morphology of fully differentiated neural cells, indicating fusion between the cancer and neural stem cells. These fusion hybrids survived for extended times in a quiescent state. A few eventually restarted cell division and propagated to form derivative hybrid progenies. Clones of the hybrid progenies were highly heterogeneous; most had lost prostatic and epithelial markers while some had acquired neural marker expression. These results indicate that cancer cells can fuse with bystander neural cells in the tumor microenvironment; and cancer cell fusion is a direct route to tumor cell heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Yin
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peizhen Hu
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xianping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Weiping Qian
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Health System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Health System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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9
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Wang R, Chu GCY, Wang X, Wu JB, Hu P, Multani AS, Pathak S, Zhau HE, Chung LWK. Establishment and characterization of a prostate cancer cell line from a prostatectomy specimen for the study of cellular interaction. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:2249-2259. [PMID: 31020641 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Though human prostate cancer (PCa) heterogeneity can best be studied using multiple cell types isolated from clinical specimens, the difficulty of establishing cell lines from clinical tumors has hampered this approach. In this proof-of-concept study, we established a human PCa cell line from a prostatectomy surgical specimen without the need for retroviral transduction. In a previous report, we characterized the stromal cells derived from PCa specimens. Here, we characterized the epithelial cells isolated from the same tumors. Compared to the ease of establishing prostate stromal cell lines, prostatic epithelial cell lines are challenging. From three matched pairs of normal and tumor tissues, we established one new PCa cell line, HPE-15. We confirmed the origin of HPE-15 cells by short tandem repeat microsatellite polymorphism analysis. HPE-15 cells are androgen-insensitive and express marginal androgen receptor, prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific membrane antigen proteins. HPE-15 expresses luminal epithelial markers of E-cadherin and cytokeratin 18, basal cell markers of cytokeratin 5 and p63 and neuroendocrine marker of chromogranin A. Interestingly, HPE-15 Cells exhibited no tumorigenicity in different strains of immune-deficient mice but can become tumorigenic through interaction with aggressive cancer cell types. HPE-15 cells can thus serve as an experimental model for the study of PCa progression, metastasis and tumor cell dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxiang Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gina C-Y Chu
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xudong Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jason B Wu
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peizhen Hu
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Asha S Multani
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sen Pathak
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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10
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Mrdenovic S, Zhang Y, Wang R, Yin L, Chu GCY, Yin L, Lewis M, Heffer M, Zhau HE, Chung LWK. Targeting Burkitt lymphoma with a tumor cell-specific heptamethine carbocyanine-cisplatin conjugate. Cancer 2019; 125:2222-2232. [PMID: 30840322 PMCID: PMC6618854 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkitt lymphoma is a fast-growing mature B cell malignancy, whose genetic hallmark is translocation and activation of the c-myc gene. Prompt multiagent immunochemotherapy regimens can have favorable outcomes, but prognosis is poor in refractory or relapsed disease. We previously identified a novel family of near-infrared heptamethine carbocyanine fluorescent dyes (HMCD or DZ) with tumor-homing properties via organic anion-transporting peptides. These membrane carriers have uptake in tumor cells but not normal cells in cell culture, mouse and dog tumor models, patient-derived xenografts, and perfused kidney cancers in human patients. METHODS Here we report the cytotoxic effects of a synthesized conjugate of DZ with cisplatin (CIS) on B cell lymphoma CA46, Daudi, Namalwa, Raji, and Ramos cell lines in cell culture and in xenograft tumor formation. Impaired mitochondrial membrane permeability was examined as the mechanism of DZ-CIS-induced lymphoma cell death. RESULTS The new conjugate, DZ-CIS, is cytotoxic against Burkitt lymphoma cell lines and tumor models. DZ-CIS retains tumor-homing properties to mitochondrial and lysosomal compartments, does not accumulate in normal cells and tissues, and has no nephrotoxicity in mice. DZ-CIS accumulated in Burkitt lymphoma cells and tumors induces apoptosis and retards tumor cell growth in culture and xenograft tumor growth in mice. CONCLUSION DZ-CIS downregulated c-myc and overcame CIS resistance in myc-driven TP53-mutated aggressive B cell Burkitt lymphoma. We propose that DZ-CIS could be used to treat relapsed/refractory aggressive Burkitt lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mrdenovic
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lijuan Yin
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gina Chia-Yi Chu
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Liyuan Yin
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marija Heffer
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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11
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Lin TP, Li J, Li Q, Li X, Liu C, Zeng N, Huang JM, Chu GCY, Lin CH, Zhau HE, Chung LWK, Wu BJ, Shih JC. R1 Regulates Prostate Tumor Growth and Progression By Transcriptional Suppression of the E3 Ligase HUWE1 to Stabilize c-Myc. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1940-1951. [PMID: 30042175 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a prevalent public health problem, especially because noncutaneous advanced malignant forms significantly affect the lifespan and quality of life of men worldwide. New therapeutic targets and approaches are urgently needed. The current study reports elevated expression of R1 (CDCA7L/RAM2/JPO2), a c-Myc-interacting protein and transcription factor, in human prostate cancer tissue specimens. In a clinical cohort, high R1 expression is associated with disease recurrence and decreased patient survival. Overexpression and knockdown of R1 in human prostate cancer cells indicate that R1 induces cell proliferation and colony formation. Moreover, silencing R1 dramatically reduces the growth of prostate tumor xenografts in mice. Mechanistically, R1 increases c-Myc protein stability by inhibiting ubiquitination and proteolysis through transcriptional suppression of HUWE1, a c-Myc-targeting E3 ligase, via direct interaction with a binding element in the promoter. Moreover, transcriptional repression is supported by a negative coexpression correlation between R1 and HUWE1 in a prostate cancer clinical dataset. Collectively, these findings, for the first time, characterize the contribution of R1 to prostate cancer pathogenesis. IMPLICATIONS: These findings provide evidence that R1 is a novel regulator of prostate tumor growth by stabilizing c-Myc protein, meriting further investigation of its therapeutic and prognostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ping Lin
- Depatment of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- USC-Taiwan Center for Translational Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Urology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Shu-Tien Urological Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Qinlong Li
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ni Zeng
- Depatment of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jen-Ming Huang
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gina Chia-Yi Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Chi-Hung Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Boyang Jason Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington.
| | - Jean C Shih
- Depatment of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
- USC-Taiwan Center for Translational Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Depatment of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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12
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Ishii K, Takahashi S, Sugimura Y, Watanabe M. Role of Stromal Paracrine Signals in Proliferative Diseases of the Aging Human Prostate. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7040068. [PMID: 29614830 PMCID: PMC5920442 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens are essential for the development, differentiation, growth, and function of the prostate through epithelial–stromal interactions. However, androgen concentrations in the hypertrophic human prostate decrease significantly with age, suggesting an inverse correlation between androgen levels and proliferative diseases of the aging prostate. In elderly males, age- and/or androgen-related stromal remodeling is spontaneously induced, i.e., increased fibroblast and myofibroblast numbers, but decreased smooth muscle cell numbers in the prostatic stroma. These fibroblasts produce not only growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins, but also microRNAs as stromal paracrine signals that stimulate prostate epithelial cell proliferation. Surgical or chemical castration is the standard systemic therapy for patients with advanced prostate cancer. Androgen deprivation therapy induces temporary remission, but the majority of patients eventually progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer, which is associated with a high mortality rate. Androgen deprivation therapy-induced stromal remodeling may be involved in the development and progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer. In the tumor microenvironment, activated fibroblasts stimulating prostate cancer cell proliferation are called carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. In this review, we summarize the role of stromal paracrine signals in proliferative diseases of the aging human prostate and discuss the potential clinical applications of carcinoma-associated fibroblast-derived exosomal microRNAs as promising biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Ishii
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Sanai Takahashi
- Laboratory for Medical Engineering, Division of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Sugimura
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Watanabe
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
- Laboratory for Medical Engineering, Division of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan.
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13
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Castoria G, Giovannelli P, Di Donato M, Ciociola A, Hayashi R, Bernal F, Appella E, Auricchio F, Migliaccio A. Role of non-genomic androgen signalling in suppressing proliferation of fibroblasts and fibrosarcoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1548. [PMID: 25476896 PMCID: PMC4649827 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The functions of androgen receptor (AR) in stromal cells are still debated in spite of the demonstrated importance of these cells in organ development and diseases. Here, we show that physiological androgen concentration (10 nM R1881 or DHT) fails to induce DNA synthesis, while it consistently stimulates cell migration in mesenchymal and transformed mesenchymal cells. Ten nanomolar R1881 triggers p27 Ser10 phosphorylation and its stabilization in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Activation of Rac and its downstream effector DYRK 1B is responsible for p27 Ser10 phosphorylation and cell quiescence. Ten nanomolar androgen also inhibits transformation induced by oncogenic Ras in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Overexpression of an AR mutant unable to interact with filamin A, use of a small peptide displacing AR/filamin A interaction, and filamin A knockdown indicate that the androgen-triggered AR/filamin A complex regulates the pathway leading to p27 Ser10 phosphorylation and cell cycle arrest. As the AR/filamin A complex is also responsible for migration stimulated by 10 nM androgen, our report shows that the androgen-triggered AR/filamin A complex controls, through Rac 1, the decision of cells to halt cell cycle and migration. This study reveals a new and unexpected role of androgen/AR signalling in coordinating stromal cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Castoria
- Department of Biochemistry,
Biophysics and General Pathology—II University of Naples,
Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138
Naples, Italy
| | - P Giovannelli
- Department of Biochemistry,
Biophysics and General Pathology—II University of Naples,
Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138
Naples, Italy
| | - M Di Donato
- Department of Biochemistry,
Biophysics and General Pathology—II University of Naples,
Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138
Naples, Italy
| | - A Ciociola
- Department of Biochemistry,
Biophysics and General Pathology—II University of Naples,
Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138
Naples, Italy
| | - R Hayashi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National
Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
20892-4256, USA
| | - F Bernal
- Metabolism Branch, National Cancer
Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4256, USA
| | - E Appella
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National
Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
20892-4256, USA
| | - F Auricchio
- Department of Biochemistry,
Biophysics and General Pathology—II University of Naples,
Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138
Naples, Italy
| | - A Migliaccio
- Department of Biochemistry,
Biophysics and General Pathology—II University of Naples,
Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138
Naples, Italy
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14
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Di Donato M, Giovannelli P, Cernera G, Di Santi A, Marino I, Bilancio A, Galasso G, Auricchio F, Migliaccio A, Castoria G. Non-genomic androgen action regulates proliferative/migratory signaling in stromal cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:225. [PMID: 25646090 PMCID: PMC4298220 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the major cause of cancer-related death among the male population of Western society, and androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) represents the first line in PCa treatment. However, although androgen receptor (AR) expression is maintained throughout the various stages of PCa, ADT frequently fails. Clinical studies have demonstrated that different androgen/AR signaling pathways operate in target tissues. AR stimulates growth and transformation of target cells, but under certain conditions slows down their proliferation. In this review, we discuss the role of AR in controlling different functions of mesenchymal and transformed mesenchymal cells. Findings here presented support the role of AR in suppressing proliferation and stimulating migration of stromal cells, with implications for current approaches to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Di Donato
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Giovannelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gustavo Cernera
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Di Santi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Marino
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Bilancio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galasso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Auricchio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gabriella Castoria, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, Naples 80138, Italy e-mail:
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15
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Wang R, Sun X, Wang CY, Hu P, Chu CY, Liu S, Zhau HE, Chung LWK. Spontaneous cancer-stromal cell fusion as a mechanism of prostate cancer androgen-independent progression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42653. [PMID: 22880071 PMCID: PMC3411834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that human prostate cancer cells are capable of acquiring malignant attributes through interaction with stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment, while the interacting stromal cells can also become affected with both phenotypic and genotypic alterations. This study used a co-culture model to investigate the mechanism underlying the co-evolution of cancer and stromal cells. Red fluorescent androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells were cultured with a matched pair of normal and cancer-associated prostate myofibroblast cells to simulate cancer-stromal interaction, and cellular changes in the co-culture were documented by tracking the red fluorescence. We found frequent spontaneous fusions between cancer and stromal cells throughout the co-culture. In colony formation assays assessing the fate of the hybrid cells, most of the cancer-stromal fusion hybrids remained growth-arrested and eventually perished. However, some of the hybrids survived to form colonies from the co-culture with cancer-associated stromal cells. These derivative clones showed genomic alterations together with androgen-independent phenotype. The results from this study reveal that prostate cancer cells are fusogenic, and cancer-stromal interaction can lead to spontaneous fusion between the two cell types. While a cancer-stromal fusion strategy may allow the stromal compartment to annihilate invading cancer cells, certain cancer-stromal hybrids with increased survival capability may escape annihilation to form a derivative cancer cell population with an altered genotype and increased malignancy. Cancer-stromal fusion thus lays a foundation for an incessant co-evolution between cancer and the cancer-associated stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxiang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
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16
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Ishii K, Mizokami A, Tsunoda T, Iguchi K, Kato M, Hori Y, Arima K, Namiki M, Sugimura Y. Heterogenous induction of carcinoma-associated fibroblast-like differentiation in normal human prostatic fibroblasts by co-culturing with prostate cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3604-11. [PMID: 21809373 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are considered to play a critical role in the promotion of tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms that generate CAFs are not well elucidated. To understand how CAFs are generated during primary cancer progression, we investigated the biochemical characteristics of normal human prostate stromal cells (PrSC) co-cultured with human prostate cancer (PCa) cells in vitro. In primary cultures of human PCa-derived stromal cells (PCaSC-8 and PCaSC-9), expression of TNC, ACTA2, EGF, FGF7, and IGF1 mRNA was generally higher than PrSC but gene expression patterns were not uniform between PCaSC-8 and PCaSC-9 cells. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein levels in both PCaSC-8 and PCaSC-9 cells were generally higher than PrSC but levels of both secreted proteins were not same. When PrSCs were co-cultured with androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells or its sublines, androgen-low-sensitive E9 cells and androgen-insensitive AIDL cells, mRNA expression of IGF1 was significantly increased in all combinations. In contrast, expression of COL1A1, TNC, and ACTA2 mRNA was significantly increased only in LNCaP + PrSC and E9 + PrSC co-cultures. Protein production of VEGF was significantly increased only in LNCaP + PrSC and E9 + PrSC co-cultures. Increase of TGFβ protein was observed only in E9 + PrSC co-cultures. These biochemical characteristics of PrSC were partially recapitulated in TGFβ-treated PrSC. We have demonstrated that normal fibroblasts co-cultured with cancer cells become activated and exhibit biochemical characteristics of CAFs in a heterogenous manner. Our results suggest that heterogenous induction of CAF-like differentiation might be strongly dependent on biochemical characteristics of adjacent cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Ishii
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.
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