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Fu M, Qu H, Wang Y, Guan J, Xia T, Zheng K, Tang L, Zhou C, Zhou H, Cong W, Zhang J, Han B. Overcoming research challenges: In vitro cultivation of Ameson portunus (Phylum Microsporidia). J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 204:108091. [PMID: 38462166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Ameson portunus is an intracellular pathogen that infects marine crabs Portunus trituberculatus and Scylla paramamosain, causing significant economic losses. However, research into this important parasite has been limited due to the absence of an in vitro culture system. To address this challenge, we developed an in vitro cultivation model of A. portunus using RK13 cell line in this study. The fluorescent labeling assay indicated a high infection rate (∼60 %) on the first day post-infection and quantitative PCR (qPCR) detection demonstrated successful infection as early as six hours post-inoculation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and qPCR were used for the detection of A. portunus infected cells. The FISH probe we designed allowed detection of A. portunus in infected cells and qPCR assay provided accurate quantification of A. portunus in the samples. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed that A. portunus could complete its entire life cycle and produce mature spores in RK13 cells. Additionally, we have identified novel life cycle characteristics during the development of A. portunus in RK 13 cells using TEM. These findings contribute to our understanding of new life cycle pathways of A. portunus. The establishment of an in vitro culture model for A. portunus is critical as it provides a valuable tool for understanding the molecular and immunological events that occur during infection. Furthermore, it will facilitate the development of effective treatment strategies for this intracellular pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Hongnan Qu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jingyu Guan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Liyuan Tang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chunxue Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Huaiyu Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Wei Cong
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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Senderskiy IV, Dolgikh VV, Ismatullaeva DA, Mirzakhodjaev BA, Nikitina AP, Pankratov DL. Treatment of Microsporidium Nosema bombycis Spores with the New Antiseptic M250 Helps to Avoid Bacterial and Fungal Contamination of Infected Cultures without Affecting Parasite Polar Tube Extrusion. Microorganisms 2024; 12:154. [PMID: 38257981 PMCID: PMC10819227 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are a group of widespread eukaryotic spore-forming intracellular parasites of great economic and scientific importance. Since microsporidia cannot be cultured outside of a host cell, the search for new antimicrosporidian drugs requires an effective antiseptic to sterilize microsporidian spores to infect cell lines. Here, we show that a new polyhexamethylene guanidine derivative M250, which is active against fungi and bacteria at a concentration of 0.5-1 mg/L, is more than 1000 times less effective against spores of the microsporidium Nosema bombycis, a highly virulent pathogen of the silkworm Bombyx mori (LC50 is 0.173%). Treatment of N. bombycis spores that were isolated non-sterilely from silkworm caterpillars with 0.1% M250 solution does not reduce the rate of spore polar tube extrusion. However, it completely prevents contamination of the Sf-900 III cell culture medium by microorganisms in the presence of antibiotics. The addition of untreated spores to the medium results in contamination, whether antibiotics are present or not. Since 0.1% M250 does not affect spore discharging, this compound may be promising for preventing bacterial and fungal contamination of microsporidia-infected cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Senderskiy
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelsky Chausse 3, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Viacheslav V. Dolgikh
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelsky Chausse 3, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Diloram A. Ismatullaeva
- Scientific Research Institute of Sericulture, Ipakchi Str. 1, Tashkent 100069, Uzbekistan; (D.A.I.); (B.A.M.)
| | - Bakhtiyar A. Mirzakhodjaev
- Scientific Research Institute of Sericulture, Ipakchi Str. 1, Tashkent 100069, Uzbekistan; (D.A.I.); (B.A.M.)
| | - Anastasiia P. Nikitina
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, L’vaTolstogo Str. 6-8, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.N.); (D.L.P.)
| | - Danil L. Pankratov
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, L’vaTolstogo Str. 6-8, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.N.); (D.L.P.)
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3
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Akossi RF, Delbac F, El Alaoui H, Wawrzyniak I, Peyretaillade E. The intracellular parasite Anncaliia algerae induces a massive miRNA down-regulation in human cells. Noncoding RNA Res 2023; 8:363-375. [PMID: 37275245 PMCID: PMC10238475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anncaliia algerae belongs to microsporidia, a group of obligate intracellular parasites related to fungi. These parasites are largely spread in water and food-webs and can infect a wide variety of hosts ranging from invertebrates to vertebrates including humans. In humans, microsporidian infections are mainly opportunistic as immunocompetent hosts can clear parasites naturally. Recent studies however have reported persistent microsporidian infections and have highlighted them as a risk factor in colon cancer. This may be a direct result of cell infection or may be an indirect effect of the infectious microenvironment and the host's response. In both cases, this raises the question of the effects of microsporidian infection at the host and host-cell levels. We aimed to address the question of human host intracellular response to microsporidian infection through a transcriptomic kinetic study of human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) infected with A.algerae, a human infecting microsporidia with an exceptionally wide host range. We focused solely on host response studying both coding and small non-coding miRNA expression. Our study revealed a generalized down-regulation of cell miRNAs throughout infection with up to 547 different miRNAs downregulated at some timepoints and also transcriptomic dysregulations that could facilitate parasite development with immune and lipid metabolism genes modulation. We also hypothesize possible small nucleic acid expropriation explaining the miRNA downregulation. This work contributes to a better understanding of the dialogue that can occur between an intracellular parasite and its host at the cellular level, and can guide future studies on microsporidian infection biology to unravel the mode of action of these minimalist parasites at the tissue or host levels.We have also generated a kinetic and comprehensive transcriptomic data set of an infectious process that can help support comparative studies in the broader field of parasitology. Lastly, these results may warrant for caution regarding microsporidian exposure and persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald Florian Akossi
- Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement” (LMGE), UMR 6023, Université Clermont Auvergne and CNRS, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fréderic Delbac
- Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement” (LMGE), UMR 6023, Université Clermont Auvergne and CNRS, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hicham El Alaoui
- Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement” (LMGE), UMR 6023, Université Clermont Auvergne and CNRS, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ivan Wawrzyniak
- Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement” (LMGE), UMR 6023, Université Clermont Auvergne and CNRS, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Peyretaillade
- Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement” (LMGE), UMR 6023, Université Clermont Auvergne and CNRS, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Fayet M, Prybylski N, Collin ML, Peyretaillade E, Wawrzyniak I, Belkorchia A, Akossi RF, Diogon M, El Alaoui H, Polonais V, Delbac F. Identification and localization of polar tube proteins in the extruded polar tube of the microsporidian Anncaliia algerae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8773. [PMID: 37253964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites able to infect a wide range of hosts from invertebrates to vertebrates. The success of their invasion process is based on an original organelle, the polar tube, which is suddenly extruded from the spore to inoculate the sporoplasm into the host cytoplasm. The polar tube is mainly composed of proteins named polar tube proteins (PTPs). A comparative analysis allowed us to identify genes coding for 5 PTPs (PTP1 to PTP5) in the genome of the microsporidian Anncaliia algerae. While PTP1 and PTP2 are found on the whole polar tube, PTP3 is present in a large part of the extruded polar tube except at its end-terminal part. On the contrary, PTP4 is specifically detected at the end-terminal part of the polar tube. To complete PTPs repertoire, sequential sporal protein extractions were done with high concentration of reducing agents. In addition, a method to purify polar tubes was developed. Mass spectrometry analysis conducted on both samples led to the identification of a PTP3-like protein (PTP3b), and a new PTP (PTP7) only found at the extremity of the polar tube. The specific localization of PTPs asks the question of their roles in cell invasion processes used by A. algerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurine Fayet
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nastasia Prybylski
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Laure Collin
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Peyretaillade
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ivan Wawrzyniak
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Abdel Belkorchia
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Reginald Florian Akossi
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie Diogon
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hicham El Alaoui
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valérie Polonais
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Frédéric Delbac
- "Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement", CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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5
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Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular pathogens identified ∼150 years ago as the cause of pébrine, an economically important infection in silkworms. There are about 220 genera and 1,700 species of microsporidia, which are classified based on their ultrastructural features, developmental cycle, host-parasite relationship, and molecular analysis. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that microsporidia are related to the fungi, being grouped with the Cryptomycota as a basal branch or sister group to the fungi. Microsporidia can be transmitted by food and water and are likely zoonotic, as they parasitize a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Infection in humans occurs in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient hosts, e.g., in patients with organ transplantation, patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and patients receiving immune modulatory therapy such as anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody. Clusters of infections due to latent infection in transplanted organs have also been demonstrated. Gastrointestinal infection is the most common manifestation; however, microsporidia can infect virtually any organ system, and infection has resulted in keratitis, myositis, cholecystitis, sinusitis, and encephalitis. Both albendazole and fumagillin have efficacy for the treatment of various species of microsporidia; however, albendazole has limited efficacy for the treatment of Enterocytozoon bieneusi. In addition, immune restoration can lead to resolution of infection. While the prevalence rate of microsporidiosis in patients with AIDS has fallen in the United States, due to the widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), infection continues to occur throughout the world and is still seen in the United States in the setting of cART if a low CD4 count persists.
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Takvorian P, Han B, Cali A, Rice W, Gunther L, Macaluso F, Weiss L. An Ultrastructural Study of the Extruded Polar Tube of Anncaliia algerae (Microsporidia). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 67:28-44. [PMID: 31332877 PMCID: PMC6944765 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
All microsporidia share a unique, extracellular spore stage, containing the infective sporoplasm and the apparatus for initiating infection. The polar filament/polar tube when exiting the spore transports the sporoplasm through it into a host cell. While universal, these structures and processes have been enigmatic. This study utilized several types of microscopy, describing and extending our understanding of these structures and their functions. Cryogenically preserved polar tubes vary in diameter from 155 to over 200 nm, noticeably larger than fixed-sectioned or negatively stained samples. The polar tube surface is pleated and covered with fine fibrillar material that projects from the surface and is organized in clusters or tufts. These fibrils may be the sites of glycoproteins providing protection and aiding infectivity. The polar tube surface is ridged with 5-6 nm spacing between ridges, enabling the polar tube to rapidly increase its diameter to facilitate the passage of the various cargo including cylinders, sacs or vesicles filled with particulate material and the intact sporoplasm containing a diplokaryon. The lumen of the tube is lined with a membrane that facilitates this passage. Careful examination of the terminus of the tube indicates that it has a closed tip where the membranes for the terminal sac are located.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.M. Takvorian
- Department of Biological Sciences Rutgers University, 195 University Ave., Newark, NJ 07733 USA,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx NY 10461 USA,Corresponding author P. Takvorian, Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, 195 University Ave., Newark, NJ 07733 USA, , Telephone number 973-353-5364, Peter M. Takvorian,
| | - B. Han
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx NY 10461 USA
| | - A Cali
- Department of Biological Sciences Rutgers University, 195 University Ave., Newark, NJ 07733 USA
| | - W.J. Rice
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York USA
| | - L. Gunther
- Analytical Imaging Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx NY 10461 USA
| | - F. Macaluso
- Analytical Imaging Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx NY 10461 USA
| | - L.M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx NY 10461 USA,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx NY 10461 USA
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Sokolova YY, Weidner E, DiMario PJ. Development of Anncaliia algerae (Microsporidia) in Drosophila melanogaster. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 67:125-131. [PMID: 31529563 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Representatives of the genus Anncaliia are known as natural parasites of dipteran and coleopteran insects, amphipod crustaceans, but also humans, primarily with immunodeficiency. Anncaliia algerae-caused fatal myositis is considered as an emergent infectious disease in humans. A. (=Nosema, Brachiola) algerae, the best studied species of the genus, demonstrates the broadest among microsporidia range of natural and experimental hosts, but it has never been propagated in Drosophila. We present ultrastructural analysis of development of A. algerae in visceral muscles and adipocytes of Drosophila melanogaster 2 wk after per oral experimental infection. We observed typical to Anncaliia spp. features of ultrastructure and cell pathology including spore morphology, characteristic extensions of the plasma membrane, and presence of "ridges" and appendages of tubular material at proliferative stages. Anncaliia algerae development in D. melanogaster was particularly similar to one of A. algerae and A.(Brachiola) vesicularum in humans with acute myositis. Given D. melanogaster is currently the most established genetic model, with a fully sequenced genome and easily available transgenic forms and genomic markers, a novel host-parasite system might provide new genetic tools to investigate host-pathogen interactions of A. algerae, as well to test antimicrosporidia drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Y Sokolova
- Institute of Cytology, 4 Tikhoretsky Av\194064, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Louisiana State University, Life Sciences Bldg, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.,The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, 20037, USA
| | - Earl Weidner
- Louisiana State University, Life Sciences Bldg, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Patrick J DiMario
- Louisiana State University, Life Sciences Bldg, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
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Hutson KS, Cable J, Grutter AS, Paziewska-Harris A, Barber I. Aquatic Parasite Cultures and Their Applications. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:1082-1096. [PMID: 30473011 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this era of unprecedented growth in aquaculture and trade, aquatic parasite cultures are essential to better understand emerging diseases and their implications for human and animal health. Yet culturing parasites presents multiple challenges, arising from their complex, often multihost life cycles, multiple developmental stages, variable generation times and reproductive modes. Furthermore, the essential environmental requirements of most parasites remain enigmatic. Despite these inherent difficulties, in vivo and in vitro cultures are being developed for a small but growing number of aquatic pathogens. Expanding this resource will facilitate diagnostic capabilities and treatment trials, thus supporting the growth of sustainable aquatic commodities and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Hutson
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - Joanne Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Alexandra S Grutter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Iain Barber
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, NG25 0QF, UK
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Wijayawardene NN, Pawłowska J, Letcher PM, Kirk PM, Humber RA, Schüßler A, Wrzosek M, Muszewska A, Okrasińska A, Istel Ł, Gęsiorska A, Mungai P, Lateef AA, Rajeshkumar KC, Singh RV, Radek R, Walther G, Wagner L, Walker C, Wijesundara DSA, Papizadeh M, Dolatabadi S, Shenoy BD, Tokarev YS, Lumyong S, Hyde KD. Notes for genera: basal clades of Fungi (including Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota). FUNGAL DIVERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-018-0409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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MacLeod MJ, Vo NTK, Mikhaeil MS, Monaghan SR, Alexander JAN, Saran MK, Lee LEJ. Development of a continuous cell line from larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and its use in the study of the microsporidian, Loma morhua. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1359-1372. [PMID: 29882595 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell culture methods are crucial for the isolation, purification and mass propagation of intracellular pathogens of aquatic organisms. Cell culture infection models can yield insights into infection mechanisms, aid in developing methods for disease mitigation and prevention, and inform commercial-scale cultivation approaches. This study details the establishment of a larval cell line (GML-5) from the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and its use in the study of microsporidia. GML-5 has survived over 100 passages in 8 years of culture. The line remains active and viable between 8 and 21°C in Leibovitz-15 (L-15) media with 10% foetal bovine serum and exhibits a myofibroblast phenotype as indicated by immuno-positive results for vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I and S-100 proteins, while being desmin-negative. GML-5 supports the infection and development of two microsporidian parasites, an opportunistic generalist (Anncaliia algerae) and cod-specific Loma morhua. Using GML-5, spore germination and proliferation of L. morhua was found to require exposure to basic pH and cool incubation temperatures (8°C), in contrast to A. algerae, which required no cultural modifications. Loma morhua-associated xenoma-like structures were observed 2 weeks postexposure. This in vitro infection model may serve as a valuable tool for cod parasitology and aquaculture research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J MacLeod
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Mandeep K Saran
- Faculty of Science, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada
| | - Lucy E J Lee
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Science, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada
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Tokarev YS, Sokolova YY, Vasilieva AA, Issi IV. Molecular and Morphological Characterization of Anncaliia azovica
sp. n. (Microsporidia) Infecting Niphargogammarus intermedius
(Crustacea, Amphipoda) from the Azov Sea. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 65:296-307. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri S. Tokarev
- All-Russia Institute for Plant Protection; Russian Academy of Sciences; 3 Shosse Podbelskogo Pushkin-St. Petersburg 189620 Russia
| | - Yuliya Y. Sokolova
- Institute of Cytology; Russian Academy of Sciences; 4 Tikhoretsky Avenue St. Petersburg 194064 Russia
- Microscopy Center, Department of Comparative Biological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University; 1909 Skip Bertman Drive Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Aleksandra A. Vasilieva
- All-Russia Institute for Plant Protection; Russian Academy of Sciences; 3 Shosse Podbelskogo Pushkin-St. Petersburg 189620 Russia
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University; 29 Politechnicheskaya ul. St. Petersburg 195251 Russia
| | - Irma V. Issi
- All-Russia Institute for Plant Protection; Russian Academy of Sciences; 3 Shosse Podbelskogo Pushkin-St. Petersburg 189620 Russia
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12
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Lallo MA, Vidoto Da Costa LF, Alvares-Saraiva AM, Rocha PRD, Spadacci-Morena DD, Konno FTDC, Suffredini IB. Culture and propagation of microsporidia of veterinary interest. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:171-6. [PMID: 26346746 PMCID: PMC4785104 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular mitochrondria-lacking pathogens that rely on host cells to grow and
multiply. Microsporidia, currently classified as fungi, are ubiquitous in nature and are found worldwide. They
infect a large number of mammals and are recognized as opportunistic infection agents in HIV-AIDS patients.
Its importance for veterinary medicine has been unveiled in recent years through the description of clinical
and subclinical forms of infection in domestic and wild animals. Domestic and wild birds may be infected by
the same human microsporidia, reinforcing their zoonotic potential. Microsporidiosis in fish is prevalent and
causes significant economic losses for fish farming. Some species of microsporidia have been propagated in
cell cultures, which may provide conditions for the development of diagnostic techniques, understanding of
pathogenesis and immune responses and for the discovery of potential therapies. Unfortunately, the cultivation
of these parasites is not fully standardized in most research laboratories, especially in the veterinary
field. The aim of this review is to relate the most important microsporidia of veterinary interest and
demonstrate how these pathogens can be grown and propagated in cell culture for diagnostic purposes or for
pathogenesis studies. Cultivation of microsporidia allowed the study of its life cycle, metabolism,
pathogenesis and diagnosis, and may also serve as a repository for these pathogens for molecular, biochemical,
antigenic and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anete Lallo
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Rakers S, Imse F, Gebert M. Real-time cell analysis: sensitivity of different vertebrate cell cultures to copper sulfate measured by xCELLigence(®). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:1582-1591. [PMID: 25001081 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the use of a real-time cell analysis (RTCA) test system, the xCELLigence(®) RTCA, as efficient tool for a fast cytotoxicity analysis and comparison of four different vertebrate cell cultures. This new dynamic real-time monitoring and impedance-based assay allows for a combined measurement of cell adhesion, spreading and proliferation. Cell cultures were obtained from mouse, rat, human and fish, all displaying a fibroblast-like phenotype. The measured impedance values could be correlated to characteristic cell culture behaviours. In parallel, relative cytotoxicity of a commonly used but due to its very good water solubility highly hazardous pesticide, copper sulfate, was evaluated under in vitro conditions through measurements of cell viability by classical end-point based assays MTT and PrestoBlue(®). Cell line responses in terms of viability as measured by these three methods were variable between the fish skin cells and cells from higher vertebrates and also between the three methods. The advantage of impedance-based measurements is mainly based on the continuous monitoring of cell responses for a broad range of different cells, including fish cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rakers
- LG Aquatic Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 1-3, 23562, Lübeck, Germany,
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14
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Santiana M, Pau C, Takvorian PM, Cali A. Analysis of the beta-tubulin gene and morphological changes of the microsporidium Anncaliia algerae both suggest albendazole sensitivity. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 62:60-8. [PMID: 25105446 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Microsporidium, Anncaliia algerae, an obligate intracellular parasite, has been identified as an opportunistic human pathogen, but treatment has not been evaluated for infections with this organism. Albendazole, an antitubulin polymerization drug used against parasitic worm infections, has been the medication of choice used to treat some microsporidial infections affecting humans, with varying results ranging from clearing infection (Encephalitozoon) to resistance (Enterocytozoon). This study illustrates the effect of albendazole treatment on A. algerae infection in Rabbit Kidney (RK13) cells and Human Fetal Lung (HFL-1) fibroblasts. Albendazole appears to have an attenuating effect on A. algerae infection and albendazole's IC50 in RK13 cells is 0.1 μg/ml. Long-term treatment inhibits up to 98% of spore production, but interrupting treatment reestablishes the infection without new exposure to the parasite as supported by microscopic observations. The parasite's beta-tubulin gene was purified, cloned, and sequenced. Five of the six specific amino acids, associated with benzimidazole sensitivity, are conserved in A. algerae. These findings suggest that A. algerae is sensitive to albendazole; however, the organism is not completely cleared from cultures.
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