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Ye J, Huang F, Zeng H, Xu X, Wu G, Tian S, Zhao J, Zhang W. Multi-omics and network pharmacology study reveals the effects of Dengzhan Shengmai capsule against neuroinflammatory injury and thrombosis induced by ischemic stroke. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 305:116092. [PMID: 36587875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dengzhan Shengmai capsule (DZSM) is a traditional herb medicine used by Dai, an ethnic-minority community living in Xishuang banna tropical rainforest in Southwest of China. It was originally intended to treat disorders caused by insufficient brain function, characterized by gibberish, unresponsiveness, or confusion. Accumulating clinical evidences exhibited that it is effective on treating ischemic stroke (IS). However, the action of DZSM against IS needs to be further elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effect of DZSM and its active components against IS and the way of its action by multi-omics and network pharmacology. MATERIALS AND METHODS A middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat model was established to investigate the effect of DZSM on the focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. An integrated strategy combining metabolomics, network pharmacology and transcriptomics was performed to systematically clarify the underlying mechanism of action of DZSM against IS. AutoDock Vina was applied to conduct molecular docking simulation for the binding between the potential active compounds and targets. Arachidonic acid (AA) induced platelet aggregation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated microglial cells BV2 inflammation models were applied for the in vitro validation of effects of DZSM and its potential active compounds. RESULTS In MCAO/R rats, DZSM could significantly reduce the infarct volume. Putative target prediction and functional enrichment analysis based on network pharmacological indicated that the key targets and the potential active compounds played important roles in DZSM's treatment to IS. The targets included four common genes (PTGS1, PTGS2, NFKB1 and NR1I2) and five key TFs (NFKB1, RELA, HIF1A, ESR1 and HDAC1), whilst 22 potential active compounds were identified. Molecular docking indicated that good binding affinity have been seen between those compounds and NR1I2, NFKB1, and RELA. Multi-omics study revealed that DZSM could regulate glutamate by influencing citrate cycle and glutamate involved pathways, and have showed neuroprotection activity and anti-inflammation activity by inhibiting NF-κB pathway. Neuroprotective effects of DZSM was validated by regulating of NF-κB signaling pathway and its downstream NO, TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines contributed to the activity of DZSM and its active compounds of scutellarin, quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, ginsenoside Rb1, schizandrol A and 3, 5-diCQA, whilst the antithrombotic activity of DZSM and its active compounds of schisanhenol, apigenin and schisantherin B were screened out by anti-platelet aggregation experiment. CONCLUSION DZSM could against IS via regulating its downstream NO, TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines through NF-κB signaling pathway and alleviating thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fan Huang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Complex Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huawu Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xike Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Gaosong Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Complex Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Saisai Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Complex Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Weidong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Institute of Interdisciplinary Complex Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Ouyang Y, Tang L, Hu S, Tian G, Dong C, Lai H, Wang H, Zhao J, Wu H, Zhang F, Yang H. Shengmai san-derived compound prescriptions: A review on chemical constituents, pharmacokinetic studies, quality control, and pharmacological properties. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 107:154433. [PMID: 36191550 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shengmai San Formula (SMS), composed of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Ophiopogon Radix and Schisandra chinensis Fructus, was a famous formula in Tradition Chinese Medicine (TCM). With the expansion of clinical applications, SMS was developed to different dosage forms, including Shengmai Yin Oral liquid (SMY), Shengmai Capsule (SMC), Shengmai Granule (SMG), Shengmai Injection (SMI) and Dengzhan Shengmai Capsule (DZSMC). These above SMS-derived compound prescriptions (SSCPs) play an important role in the clinical treatment. This review is aimed to providing a comprehensive perspective of SSCP. METHODS The relevant literatures were collected from classical TCM books and a variety of databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Springer Link, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data. RESULTS The chemical constituents of SSCPs, arrived from the individual medicinal materials including Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Ophiopogon Radix, Schisandra chinensis Fructus, Erigerontis Herba, were firstly summarized respectively. Then the pharmacokinetics studies, quality control, and pharmacological properties of SSCPs were all reviewed. The active compounds, pharmacokinetics characterizes, quality control markers, the effects and mechanisms of pharmacology of the different dosage forms of SSCPs were summarized. Furthermore, the research deficiencies of SSCPs and an innovative research paradigm for Chinese materia medica (CMM) formula were proposed. CONCLUSIONS SMS, as a famous CMM formula, has great values in drug research and in clinical treatment especially for cardiocerebrovascular diseases. This article firstly make a comprehensive and systematic review on SMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ouyang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Liying Tang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shaowei Hu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Guanghuan Tian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Caihong Dong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huaqing Lai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Fangbo Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Medical Experimental Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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An H, Tao W, Liang Y, Li P, Li M, Zhang X, Chen K, Wei D, Xie D, Zhang Z. Dengzhanxixin Injection Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment Through a Neuroprotective Mechanism Based on Mitochondrial Preservation in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:712436. [PMID: 34526899 PMCID: PMC8435665 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.712436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a global health burden and cognitive impairment is one of its most serious complication. Adequate interventions for AIS may have the potential to improve cognitive outcomes. In the present study, we selected Erigeron breviscapus (Vaniot) Hand.-Mazz. injection (Dengzhanxixin injection, DZXI), a widely used Chinese herbal injection, in contrast to edaravone as the positive control drug to test its potential to ameliorates neurological and cognitive impairments caused by AIS. We performed a 2-week randomized trial with these two drugs in AIS patients presenting mild to moderate cognitive impairments. Neuropsychological tests and MRI examinations showed that DZXI attenuated the neurological and cognitive impairments of patients and protected the grey matter in specific regions from ischemic damage. Notably, DZXI exerted better effects than edaravone in some neuropsychological tests, probably due to the protective effect of DZXI on grey matter. To explore the therapeutic mechanisms, we carried out an experiment with a middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model. We found that DZXI decreased the infarct volume and increased the survival of neuronal cells in the ischemic penumbra; furthermore, DZXI modulated the mitochondrial respiratory chain process and preserved the mitochondrial structure in the brain tissue. Overall, our data suggested that the administration of DZXI is effective at ameliorating neurological and cognitive impairments in AIS, and the underlying mechanisms are related to the protective effects of DZXI on cerebral neurons and neuronal mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiting An
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wuhai Tao
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Liang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine Research, Xi Yuan Hospital affiliated to China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Good Samaritan PET Center, Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Dongfeng Wei
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Daojun Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Zhu J, Sainulabdeen A, Akers K, Adi V, Sims JR, Yarsky E, Yan Y, Yu Y, Ishikawa H, Leung CK, Wollstein G, Schuman JS, Wei W, Chan KC. Oral Scutellarin Treatment Ameliorates Retinal Thinning and Visual Deficits in Experimental Glaucoma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:681169. [PMID: 34414202 PMCID: PMC8369066 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.681169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Intraocular pressure (IOP) is currently the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, yet glaucoma can continue to progress despite controlled IOP. Thus, development of glaucoma neurotherapeutics remains an unmet need. Scutellarin is a flavonoid that can exert neuroprotective effects in the eye and brain. Here, we investigated the neurobehavioral effects of scutellarin treatment in a chronic IOP elevation model. Methods: Ten adult C57BL/6J mice were unilaterally injected with an optically clear hydrogel into the anterior chamber to obstruct aqueous outflow and induce chronic IOP elevation. Eight other mice received unilateral intracameral injection of phosphate-buffered saline only. Another eight mice with hydrogel-induced unilateral chronic IOP elevation also received daily oral gavage of 300 mg/kg scutellarin. Tonometry, optical coherence tomography, and optokinetics were performed longitudinally for 4 weeks to monitor the IOP, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, total retinal thickness, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity of both eyes in all three groups. Results: Intracameral hydrogel injection resulted in unilateral chronic IOP elevation with no significant inter-eye IOP difference between scutellarin treatment and untreated groups. Upon scutellarin treatment, the hydrogel-injected eyes showed less retinal thinning and reduced visual behavioral deficits when compared to the untreated, hydrogel-injected eyes. No significant difference in retinal thickness or optokinetic measures was found in the contralateral, non-treated eyes over time or between all groups. Conclusion: Using the non-invasive measuring platform, oral scutellarin treatment appeared to preserve retinal structure and visual function upon chronic IOP elevation in mice. Scutellarin may be a novel neurotherapeutic agent for glaucoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Zhu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anoop Sainulabdeen
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States,Department of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, India
| | - Krystal Akers
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vishnu Adi
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Sims
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eva Yarsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yi Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yu Yu
- Pleryon Therapeutics Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christopher K. Leung
- Hong Kong Eye Hospital, University Eye Center, Hong Kong, China,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joel S. Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States,Center for Neural Science, College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States,Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Wenbin Wei
| | - Kevin C. Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States,Center for Neural Science, College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States,Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States,Department of Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Kevin C. Chan
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5
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Fan H, Lin P, Kang Q, Zhao ZL, Wang J, Cheng JY. Metabolism and Pharmacological Mechanisms of Active Ingredients in Erigeron breviscapus. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 22:24-39. [PMID: 33334284 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666201217093255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand-Mazz. is a plant species in the Compositae family. More than ten types of compounds-such as flavonoids, caffeinate esters, and volatile oils-have been identified in Erigeron breviscapus; however, it remains unknown as to which compounds are associated with clinical efficacy. In recent years, flavonoids and phenolic acids have been considered as the main effective components of Erigeron breviscapus. The metabolism and mechanisms of these compounds in vivo have been extensively studied to improve our understanding of the drug. METHODS In the present review, we summarize the relationships among these compounds, their metabolites, and their pharmacodynamics. Many methods have been implemented to improve the separation and bioavailability of these compounds from Erigeron breviscapus. RESULTS In China, Erigeron breviscapus has been used for many years. In recent years, through the study of its metabolism and the mechanisms of its effective components, the effects of Erigeron breviscapus in the treatment of various diseases have been extensively studied. Findings have indicated that Erigeron breviscapus improves cardiovascular and cerebrovascular function and that one of its ingredients, scutellarin, has potential value in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, cancer, diabetic vascular complications, and other conditions. In addition, phenolic acid compounds and their metabolites also play an important role in anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and improving blood lipids. CONCLUSION Erigeron breviscapus plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular/ cerebrovascular diseases, neuroprotection, and cancer through many different mechanisms of action. Further investigation of its efficacious components and metabolites may provide more possibilities for the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine and the development of novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fan
- Liaoning Inspection, Examination & Certification Centre, Shenyang110036, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Liaoning Inspection, Examination & Certification Centre, Shenyang110036, China
| | - Qiang Kang
- Liaoning Inspection, Examination & Certification Centre, Shenyang110036, China
| | - Zhi-Long Zhao
- Liaoning Inspection, Examination & Certification Centre, Shenyang110036, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Liaoning Inspection, Examination & Certification Centre, Shenyang110036, China
| | - Jia-Yi Cheng
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang110847, China
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Yao Z, Liu N, Zhu X, Wang L, Zhao Y, Liu Q, Gao C, Li J. Subanesthetic isoflurane abates ROS-activated MAPK/NF-κB signaling to repress ischemia-induced microglia inflammation and brain injury. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:26121-26139. [PMID: 33373319 PMCID: PMC7803578 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Isoflurane (ISO) elicits protective effects on ischemia-induced brain injury. We investigated whether sub-anesthetic (0.7%) ISO post-conditioning attenuates the inflammation and apoptosis in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-insulted co-cultures (microglia and neurons) in vitro and the brain injury of the middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAO) rat. We demonstrated that ISO augmented the viability of OGD-treated microglia and neurons. ISO reduced the expression and activation of COX2 and iNOS in OGD-challenged microglia. ISO repressed the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in OGD-exposed microglia. ISO also decreased nucleosomal fragmentation and caspase-3 activity but increased mitochondrial membrane potential in OGD-stimulated microglia and neurons. Mechanistically, ISO suppressed OGD-induced microglial inflammation by blocking ROS-regulated p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and hampered OGD-triggered microglial apoptosis in a ROS- or NO-dependent fashion. In vivo results with MCAO rats were partly consistent with the in vitro observation. These findings indicate that sub-anesthetic ISO post-conditioning abates the inflammation and apoptosis in OGD-stimulated rat microglia and the apoptosis of OGD-exposed neurons and the brain injuries of MCAO rats, suggesting it as a potentially effective therapeutic approach for ischemic brain damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Yao
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Ningning Liu
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan, China
| | - Yali Zhao
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan, China
| | - Qinqin Liu
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan, China
| | - Chunfang Gao
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan, China
| | - Juntang Li
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang 471031, Henan, China.,Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
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Mu X, Xu X, Guo X, Yang P, Du J, Mi N, Cheng T, Lu L, Qi X, Wang X, Ning J, Zhang W, Ye J. Identification and characterization of chemical constituents in Dengzhan Shengmai Capsule and their metabolites in rat plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1108:54-64. [PMID: 30682539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dengzhan Shengmai Capsule (DZSMC) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula with remarkable clinical effect in the treatment of stroke sequelae. Exploring the components of DZSMC and detecting the absorbed prototype constituents and metabolites in blood are of great significance to clarify the effective substances of this prescription. Here, a reliable method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) was established for the comprehensive analysis of chemical constituents of DZSMC and their metabolites in rat plasma after gastric perfusion. Two acquisition modes, including MSE mode and Fast DDA mode, were performed for acquiring more precursor ions and cleaner precursor-product ions background during the study of constituents of DZSMC. As a result, a total of 125 constituents were unambiguously characterized or tentatively identified. For the first time, a total of 92 components, including 44 prototype components and 48 metabolites were unambiguously or tentatively identified in rat plasma. The metabolic pathways included phase I reactions (hydration, hydrogenation, oxidation, demethylation and hydroxylation) and phase II reactions (conjugation with glucuronide, sulfate and methyl). Furthermore, the metabolites from caffeic acid and scutellarin were characterized and validated by phase II metabolic reactions in vitro, which could be established as a simulated in vivo environment of metabolites identification and verification of TCM formula. It is the first systematic study on metabolism of DZSMC in vivo and could also provide a valid analytical strategy for characterization of the chemical compounds and metabolites of TCM formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Mu
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xike Xu
- College of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peiming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Yunnan Biovalley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yunnan 650503, China
| | - Nan Mi
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Taofang Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lu Lu
- College of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaopo Qi
- College of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing Ning
- College of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China; College of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ji Ye
- College of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Nutritional supplementation in the treatment of glaucoma: A systematic review. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 64:195-216. [PMID: 30296451 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment strategies for glaucoma are limited to halting disease progression and do not restore lost visual function. Intraocular pressure is the main risk factor for glaucoma, and intraocular pressure-lowering treatment remains the mainstay of glaucoma treatment, but even successful intraocular pressure reduction does not stop the progression of glaucoma in all patients. We review the literature to determine whether nutritional interventions intended to prevent or delay the progression of glaucoma could prove to be a valuable addition to the mainstay of glaucoma therapy. A total of 33 intervention trials were included in this review, including 21 randomized controlled trials. These suggest that flavonoids exert a beneficial effect in glaucoma, particularly in terms of improving ocular blood flow and potentially slowing progression of visual field loss. In addition, supplements containing forskolin have consistently demonstrated the capacity to reduce intraocular pressure beyond the levels achieved with traditional therapy alone; however, despite the strong theoretical rationale and initial clinical evidence for the beneficial effect of dietary supplementation as an adjunct therapy for glaucoma, the evidence is not conclusive. More and better quality research is required to evaluate the role of nutritional supplementation in glaucoma.
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Antonio ML, Laura R, Annagrazia A, Tiziana CM, Rossella R. Rational Basis for Nutraceuticals in the Treatment of Glaucoma. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1004-1017. [PMID: 29119928 PMCID: PMC6120110 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666171109124520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a chronic optic neuropathy characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons degeneration and death. Primary open-angle glaucoma (OAG), the most common type, is often associated with increased intraocular pressure (IOP), however other factors have been recognized to partecipate to the patogenesis of the optic neuropathy. IOP-independent mechanisms that contribute to the glaucoma-related neurodegeneration include oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and impaired ocular blood flow. The involvement of several and diverse factors is one of the reasons for the progression of glaucoma observed even under efficient IOP control with the currently available drugs. METHODS Current research and online content related to the potential of nutritional supplements for limiting retinal damage and improving RGC survival is reviewed. RESULTS Recent studies have suggested a link between dietary factors and glaucoma risk. Particularly, some nutrients have proven capable of lowering IOP, increase circulation to the optic nerve, modulate excitotoxicity and promote RGC survival. However, the lack of clinical trials limit their current therapeutic use. The appropriate use of nutraceuticals that may be able to modify the risk of glaucoma may provide insight into glaucoma pathogenesis and decrease the need for, and therefore the side effects from, conventional therapies. CONCLUSION The effects of nutrients with anti-oxidant and neuroprotective properties are of great interest and nutraceuticals may offer some therapeutic potential although a further rigorous evaluation of nutraceuticals in the treatment of glaucoma is needed to determine their safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morrone Luigi Antonio
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS) Italy; E-mail:
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10
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Sheng N, Zheng H, Xiao Y, Wang Z, Li M, Zhang J. Chiral separation and chemical profile of Dengzhan Shengmai by integrating comprehensive with multiple heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1517:97-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wang J, Xie Y, Zhao S, Zhang J, Chai Y, Li Y, Liao X. Dengzhanxixin injection for cerebral infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7674. [PMID: 28796050 PMCID: PMC5556216 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No systematic review has been published in English of Dengzhanxixin (DZXX) injection for cerebral infarction. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effects and safety of DZXX injection for cerebral infarction. METHODS Eight databases were searched from their inception. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to DZXX for cerebral infarction in English or Chinese without restrictions on the publication status were included. Neurological deficit, quality of life, and response rates were analyzed. Adverse events were also investigated. RESULTS Twenty-three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 2291 participants were included. Meta-analysis showed that DZXX injection plus routine western therapy was better than routine western therapy alone for reducing neurologic deficit (MD -2.86, 95% CI -3.87 to -1.86), for improving quality of life (MD 9.48, 95% CI 8.34-10.63), and for improving response rates (RR 1.20, 95% CI 1.15-1.25). No serious adverse drug events (ADE) were reported. CONCLUSIONS DZXX injection may have a potential therapeutic effect for cerebral infarction in reducing neurologic deficit, improving life quality and response rates. However, we could not draw any definitive conclusions due to the insufficient evidences. More high-quality trials are needed to provide more strong evidence and to assess the safety of DZXX injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
| | - Yanming Xie
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
| | | | - Jiangsong Zhang
- Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Chai
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California-Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine
| | - Xing Liao
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine
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Moosavi F, Hosseini R, Rajaian H, Silva T, Magalhães E Silva D, Saso L, Edraki N, Miri R, Borges F, Firuzi O. Derivatives of caffeic acid, a natural antioxidant, as the basis for the discovery of novel nonpeptidic neurotrophic agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3235-3246. [PMID: 28495385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, threaten the lives of millions of people and the number of affected patients is constantly growing with the increase of the aging population. Small molecule neurotrophic agents represent promising therapeutics for the pharmacological management of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, a series of caffeic acid amide analogues with variable alkyl chain lengths, including ACAF3 (C3), ACAF4 (C4), ACAF6 (C6), ACAF8 (C8) and ACAF12 (C12) were synthesized and their neurotrophic activity was examined by different methods in PC12 neuronal cells. We found that all caffeic acid amide derivatives significantly increased survival in PC12 neuronal cells in serum-deprived conditions at 25μM, as measured by the MTT assay. ACAF4, ACAF6 and ACAF8 at 5µM also significantly enhanced the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) in inducing neurite outgrowth, a sign of neuronal differentiation. The neurotrophic effects of amide derivatives did not seem to be mediated by direct activation of tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) receptor, since K252a, a potent TrkA antagonist, did not block the neuronal survival enhancement effect. Similarly, the active compounds did not activate TrkA as measured by immunoblotting with anti-phosphoTrkA antibody. We also examined the effect of amide derivatives on signaling pathways involved in survival and differentiation by immunoblotting. ACAF4 and ACAF12 induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in PC12 cells at 5 and 25µM, while ACAF12 was also able to significantly increase AKT phosphorylation at 5 and 25µM. Molecular docking studies indicated that compared to the parental compound caffeic acid, ACAF12 exhibited higher binding energy with phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) as a putative molecular target. Based on Lipinski's rule of five, all of the compounds obeyed three molecular descriptors (HBD, HBA and MM) in drug-likeness test. Taken together, these findings show for the first time that caffeic amides possess strong neurotrophic effects exerted via modulation of ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways presumably by activation of PI3K and thus represent promising agents for the discovery of neurotrophic compounds for management of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moosavi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Razieh Hosseini
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Rajaian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tiago Silva
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Magalhães E Silva
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Miri
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicines against Ischemic Injury in In Vivo Models of Cerebral Ischemia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:5739434. [PMID: 27703487 PMCID: PMC5040804 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5739434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of acute ischemic stroke. In the ischemic cascade, resident microglia are rapidly activated in the brain parenchyma and subsequently trigger inflammatory mediator release, which facilitates leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in inflammation. Activated leukocytes invade the endothelial cell junctions and destroy the blood-brain barrier integrity, leading to brain edema. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) stimulation in microglia/macrophages through the activation of intercellular signaling pathways secretes various proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes and then aggravates cerebral ischemic injury. The secreted cytokines activate the proinflammatory transcription factors, which subsequently regulate cytokine expression, leading to the amplification of the inflammatory response and exacerbation of the secondary brain injury. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), including TCM-derived active compounds, Chinese herbs, and TCM formulations, exert neuroprotective effects against inflammatory responses by downregulating the following: ischemia-induced microglial activation, microglia/macrophage-mediated cytokine production, proinflammatory enzyme production, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, matrix metalloproteinases, TLR expression, and deleterious transcription factor activation. TCMs also aid in upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokine expression and neuroprotective transcription factor activation in the ischemic lesion in the inflammatory cascade during the acute phase of cerebral ischemia. Thus, TCMs exert potent anti-inflammatory properties in ischemic stroke and warrant further investigation.
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Tian X, Chang L, Ma G, Wang T, Lv M, Wang Z, Chen L, Wang Y, Gao X, Zhu Y. Delineation of Platelet Activation Pathway of Scutellarein Revealed Its Intracellular Target as Protein Kinase C. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 39:181-91. [PMID: 26581323 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Erigeron breviscapus has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its total flavonoid component is commonly used to treat ischemic stroke, coronary heart disease, diabetes and hypertension. Scutellarin is the major ingredient of E. breviscapus and scutellarein is one of the main bioactive metabolites of scutellarin in vivo, but the latter's pharmacological activities have not been fully characterized. Provided evidence that could inhibit platelet aggregation, the effect of scutellarein on rat washed platelets and its underlying mechanisms were evaluated in our research. Scutellarein inhibited platelet adhesion and aggregation induced by multiple G protein coupled receptor agonists such as thrombin, U46619 and ADP, in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the mild effect of scutellarein on intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and cyclic AMP (cAMP) level was observed. On the other hand, the role of scutellarein as potential protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor was confirmed by PKC activity analysis and molecular docking. The phorbol myristate acetate-induced platelets aggregation assay with or without ADP implied that the scutellarein takes PKC(s) as its primary target(s), and acts on it in a reversible way. Finally, scutellarein as a promising agent exhibited a high inhibition effect on ADP-induced platelet aggregation among its analogues. This study clarifies the PKC-related signaling pathway involved in antiplatelet action of scutellarein, and may be beneficial for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Tian
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Morrone LA, Rombolà L, Corasaniti MT, Bagetta G, Nucci C, Russo R. Natural compounds and retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 220:257-81. [PMID: 26497795 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness in the world, is a chronic optic neuropathy often associated with increased intraocular pressure and characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons degeneration and death leading to typical optic nerve head damage and distinctive visual field defects. Although the pathogenesis of glaucoma is still largely unknown, it is hypothesized that RCGs become damaged through various insults/mechanisms, including ischemia, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, defective axonal transport, trophic factor withdrawal, and neuroinflammation. In this review, we summarize the potential benefits of several natural compounds for RGCs neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Antonio Morrone
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain (UCHAD), Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
| | - Laura Rombolà
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | | | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain (UCHAD), Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Carlo Nucci
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Russo
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Abstract
Brain ischemia pathophysiology involves a complex cascade of events such as inflammation and oxidative stress that lead to neuronal loss and cognitive deficits. Caffeic acid (CA) is a natural phenolic compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. To evaluate the neuroprotective efficacy of this compound in mice subjected to a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, animals were pretreated and post-treated with CA, 2, 20, and 60 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally, at 24, 48, 72, 96, or 120 h after ischemia. Animals were evaluated at 24 h after the permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion for brain infarction and neurological deficit score. At 72 h after the occlusion, animals were evaluated for locomotor activity, working memory, and short-term aversive memory; long-term aversive memory was evaluated 24 h after the evaluation of short-term aversive memory. Finally, at 120 h after the event, spatial memory and the expression levels of synaptophysin (SYP), SNAP-25, and caspase 3 were evaluated. The treatment with CA reduced the infarcted area and improved neurological deficit scores. There was no difference in locomotor activity between groups. The working, spatial, and long-term aversive memory deficits improved with CA. Furthermore, western blotting data showed that the expression of SYP, which correlates with synaptic formation and function, decreased after ischemic insult, and CA inhibited the reduction of SYP expression. Ischemia also increased, and CA treatment decreased, caspase 3 expression. These results suggest that CA exerts neuroprotective and antidementia effects, at least in part, by preventing the loss of neural cells and synapses in ischemic brain injury.
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Viswanatha GL, Kumar LMS, Rafiq M, Kavya KJ, Thippeswamy AH, Yuvaraj HC, Azeemuddin M, Anturlikar SD, Patki PS, Babu UV, Ramakrishnan S. LC-MS/MS profiling and neuroprotective effects of Mentat® against transient global ischemia and reperfusion-induced brain injury in rats. Nutrition 2015; 31:1008-17. [PMID: 26059376 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible beneficial effects of Mentat against transient global ischemia and reperfusion-induced brain injury in rats. METHODS The neuroprotective effects of Mentat were evaluated against transient global ischemia and reperfusion (I/R)-induced brain injury in rats. Various neurobehavioral and biochemical parameters were assessed, followed by morphologic and histopathologic evaluation of brain tissue to conclude the protective effect of Mentat. Additionally, in vitro antioxidant assays were performed to explore the antioxidant capacity of Mentat and detailed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) profiling was carried out to identify the active phytoconstituents responsible for the protective effects of Mentat. RESULTS Sixty minutes of transient global ischemia followed by 24 h reperfusion (I/R) caused significant alterations in the cognitive and neurologic functions in the ischemia control group (P < 0.01) compared with the sham control. Furthermore, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining of the ischemia control group showed 20.85% ± 0.39% of cerebral infarct area (P < 0.01), increased brain volume (% edema 17.81% ± 1.576%; P < 0.01), and increased lipid peroxidation (P < 0.01) in the brain homogenate. Additionally, the histopathology of the ischemia control group showed severe brain injury compared with the sham control group. Interestingly, pretreatment with Mentat (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) and quercetin (20 mg/kg, p.o.) for 7 d has alleviated all pathological changes observed due to I/R injury. Mentat also showed very good antioxidant activity in in vitro assays (2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays). Furthermore, the detailed LC-MS/MS analysis of Mentat was performed and enclosed for identifying the actives responsible for its protective effects. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Mentat is a neuroprotective agent that may be a useful adjunct in the management of ischemic stroke and its rehabilitation especially with respect to associated memory impairment and other related neurologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamed Rafiq
- Department of Pharmacology, R&D Center, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore, India.
| | | | | | | | - Mohammed Azeemuddin
- Department of Pharmacology, R&D Center, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Pralhad Sadashiv Patki
- Medical Services and Clinical Trials, R&D Center, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore, India
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Gray NE, Morré J, Kelley J, Maier CS, Stevens JF, Quinn JF, Soumyanath A. Caffeoylquinic acids in Centella asiatica protect against amyloid-β toxicity. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 40:359-73. [PMID: 24448790 DOI: 10.3233/jad-131913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and is known to result in neurotoxicity both in vivo and in vitro. We previously demonstrated that treatment with the water extract of Centella asiatica (CAW) improves learning and memory deficits in Tg2576 mice, an animal model of Aβ accumulation. However the active compounds in CAW remain unknown. Here we used two in vitro models of Aβ toxicity to confirm this neuroprotective effect and identify several active constituents of the CAW extract. CAW reduced Aβ-induced cell death and attenuated Aβ-induced changes in tau expression and phosphorylation in both the MC65 and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines. We confirmed and quantified the presence of several mono- and dicaffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) in CAW using chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Multiple dicaffeoylquinic acids showed efficacy in protecting MC65 cells against Aβ-induced cytotoxicity. Isochlorogenic acid A and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were found to be the most abundant CQAs in CAW, and the most active in protecting MC65 cells from Aβ-induced cell death. Both compounds showed neuroprotective activity in MC65 and SH-SY5Y cells at concentrations comparable to their levels in CAW. Each compound not only mitigated Aβ-induced cell death, but was able to attenuate Aβ-induced alterations in tau expression and phosphorylation in both cell lines, as seen with CAW. These data suggest that CQAs are active neuroprotective components in CAW, and therefore are important markers for future studies on CAW standardization, bioavailability, and dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora E Gray
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jeff Morré
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jeremiah Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Claudia S Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jan F Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA Department of Neurology and Parkinson's Disease Research Education and Clinical Care Center (PADRECC), Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Amala Soumyanath
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Wang S, Guo H, Wang X, Chai L, Hu L, Zhao T, Zhao B, Tan X, Jia F. Pretreatment with Danhong injection protects the brain against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1453-9. [PMID: 25317157 PMCID: PMC4192947 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.139462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Danhong injection (DHI), a Chinese Materia Medica standardized product extracted from Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae and Flos Carthami tinctorii, is widely used in China for treating acute ischemic stroke. In the present study, we explored the neuroprotective efficacy of DHI in a rat model of temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion, and evaluated the potential mechanisms underlying its effects. Pretreatment with DHI (0.9 and 1.8 mL/kg) resulted in a significantly smaller infarct volume and better neurological scores than pretreatment with saline. Furthermore, DHI significantly reduced the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, increased occludin protein expression and decreased neutrophil infiltration, as well as profoundly suppressing the upregulation of matrix metallopeptidase-9 expression seen in rats that had received vehicle. Matrix metallopeptidase-2 expression was not affected by ischemia or DHI. Moreover, DHI (1.8 mL/kg) administered 3 hours after the onset of ischemia also improved neurological scores and reduced infarct size. Our results indicate that the neuroprotective efficacy of DHI in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is mediated by a protective effect on the blood-brain barrier and the reversal of neutrophil infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxia Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xumei Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijuan Chai
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Limin Hu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Buchang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Buchang Zhao
- Buchang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoxu Tan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Feifei Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Ke L, Guo W, Xu J, Zhang G, Wang W, Huang W. Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates activated microglia-induced neuronal damage. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:252-9. [PMID: 25206809 PMCID: PMC4146149 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.128217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The microglia-mediated inflammatory reaction promotes neuronal damage under cerebral ischemia/hypoxia conditions. We therefore speculated that inhibition of hypoxia-induced microglial activation may alleviate neuronal damage. To test this hypothesis, we co-cultured ginsenoside Rb1, an active component of ginseng, and cortical neurons. Ginsenoside Rb1 protected neuronal morphology and structure in a single hypoxic culture system and in a hypoxic co-culture system with microglia, and reduced neuronal apoptosis and caspase-3 production. The protective effect was observable prior to placing in co-culture. Additionally, ginsenoside Rb1 inhibited levels of tumor necrosis factor-α in a co-culture system containing activated N9 microglial cells. Ginsenoside Rb1 also significantly decreased nitric oxide and superoxide production induced by N9 microglia. Our findings indicate that ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates damage to cerebral cortex neurons by downregulation of nitric oxide, superoxide, and tumor necrosis factor-α expression in hypoxia-activated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Ke
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jianwen Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Winkler S, Dieminger N, Blust V, Riedel A, Bakuradze T, Montoya G, Hassmann U, Lang R, Hofmann T, Somoza V, Richling E, Bytof G, Stiebitz H, Lantz I, Schipp D, Raedle J, Marko D. Modulation of inflammatory gene transcription after long-term coffee consumption. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Majid A. Neuroprotection in stroke: past, present, and future. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2014; 2014:515716. [PMID: 24579051 PMCID: PMC3918861 DOI: 10.1155/2014/515716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating medical condition, killing millions of people each year and causing serious injury to many more. Despite advances in treatment, there is still little that can be done to prevent stroke-related brain damage. The concept of neuroprotection is a source of considerable interest in the search for novel therapies that have the potential to preserve brain tissue and improve overall outcome. Key points of intervention have been identified in many of the processes that are the source of damage to the brain after stroke, and numerous treatment strategies designed to exploit them have been developed. In this review, potential targets of neuroprotection in stroke are discussed, as well as the various treatments that have been targeted against them. In addition, a summary of recent progress in clinical trials of neuroprotective agents in stroke is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Majid
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
- Department of Neurology and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford M6 8HD, UK
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Chai L, Guo H, Li H, Wang S, Wang YL, Shi F, Hu LM, Liu Y, Adah D. Scutellarin and caffeic acid ester fraction, active components of Dengzhanxixin injection, upregulate neurotrophins synthesis and release in hypoxia/reoxygenation rat astrocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:100-107. [PMID: 24012966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Scutellarin (Scu) and caffeic acid ester fraction (Caf), the extracts from the traditional Chinese herb, Erigeron breviscapus, are known to ameliorate post ischemic neuronal dysfunction. AIM OF THE STUDY Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are essential for neuronal growth and survival. We explored the neuroprotective effect of Scu and Caf by synthesis and release of NGF, BDNF and GDNF in rat astrocytes exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation and MACO rats. And the neuroprotection of Scu and Caf was also explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS The primary rat astrocytes were cultured in vitro. The temporal mRNA and protein expression profile during hypoxia/reoxygenation were analyzed using real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. The expression of p-CREB, p-Akt, p-MAPKs and Bax were analyzed by western blotting. Cell viability of neuro-2A was measured using CCK-8 and cell cytotoxicity was measured with LDH release. RESULTS During hypoxia/reoxygenation a similar decrease pattern of NTFs (NGF, BDNF and GDNF) was observed in both mRNA and protein; Scu and Caf enhanced the expressions of NGF, BDNF and GDNF mRNA and protein in astrocytes under hypoxia/reoxygenation condition. CREB and Akt, but not MAPKs ( p-JNK, p-ERK1/2 and p-38) may be involved in the expression of NTFs. Concomitantly, conditioned medium from astrocytes which was treated by Scu or Caf after hypo3h/Reox24h significantly reduced neurotoxicity compared with conditioned medium from hypo3h/Reox24h astrocytes alone, and they show the tendency of increased neurons viability accompanied with Bax changes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the neuroprotective effect of Scu and Caf might be mediated, at least in part, via a stimulation of the production and release of NTFs through p-CREB and p-Akt signaling. Furthermore, Scu and Caf could antagonistic the hypoxia induced toxicity through astrocytes conditioned medium. Those results suggested that Scu and Caf might have therapeutic potential for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Chai
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
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Qin X, Sun ZQ, Zhang XW, Dai XJ, Mao SS, Zhang YM. TLR4 signaling is involved in the protective effect of propofol in BV2 microglia against OGD/reoxygenation. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 69:707-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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