Development, reliability and validity of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Self-Evaluation Scale (TCM-50)

Development of the psychosocial status assessment scale for parents (1-3 years of age): Validity and reliability study

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the validity and reliability of the psychosocial status assessment scale for parents with children aged 1 to 3 years.

DESIGN AND METHOD

This study was conducted with 336 parents with children aged 1 to 3 between November 15 and December 15, 2022. Data were collected using the Parent and Child Descriptive Data Form and the Psychosocial Status Assessment Form for Parents (1-3 years of age). The validity of the scale was tested with content validity and construct validity. To determine the reliability of the scale, the test-retest, Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient, and item total score correlation coefficient were examined.

RESULTS

The scale showed a total explained variance of 44%. Factor loadings were found to be higher than 0.30 in both explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses. Explanatory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis fit indexes of the scale, which consists of four factors with a total of 25 items, were found as Chi-square/degree of freedom = 1.803, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.04, Comparative Fit Index = 0.90, Incremental Fit Index = 0.90, Goodness-of-Fit Index = 0.90, and Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.88. The Cronbach's alpha reliability value was 0.81, and the test-retest correlation coefficient was 0.81.

CONCLUSIONS

The scale is a reliable and valid tool for assessing the psychosocial well-being of children aged 1to 3 years.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

The scale can be utilized by parents of children aged 1 to 3 years to evaluate their children's psychosocial status, providing them with valuable insights into their well-being.

Subhealth Risk Perception Scale: Development and Validation of a New Measure

Background

To develop an individual's physical subhealth risk perception scale and evaluate its reliability and validity, so as to provide a measurement tool for individual physical health risk.

Methods

A questionnaire on the perception risk of physical subhealth was developed. Using a random sampling method, 785 people in the Anhui provincial physical examination centre were selected as the research participants. Of the questionnaires returned, 770 were valid, giving an effective rate of 98%. Firstly, the Pearson correlation coefficient method was used to study the correlation of 35 items in the initial scale, and then, polychoric factor structure analysis was carried out by using the Pratt D matrix to optimize the item structure. The Cronbach'α coefficient method was used to test the internal consistency reliability, and a structural equation model was used to explore the construct validity of the scale. The discriminant validity of the scale was obtained by factor analysis. A general linear model was used to analyse the relationship between the clinical manifestations of physical subhealth and the level of risk perception, and the convergent validity of the scale was evaluated.

Results

All the data of 35 items were significantly correlated at the 0.01 level. The correlation coefficients between a1 and a2, a3 and a4, b1 and b2, b2 and b3, c4 and c5, c5 and c6, c6 and c7, c8 and c9, d1 and d2, d2 and d3, e5 and e6, g1 and g2, g2 and g3, and g2 and g4 were greater than 0.6. The items with correlation coefficients greater than 0.6 were reduced by a Pratt D matrix. The resulting physical subhealth risk perception scale covers five factors with a total of 18 items. The Cronbach'α coefficient of the scale was 0.889, and the Cronbach'α coefficients of the five factors F1-F5 were 0.780, 0.825, 0.801, 0.736, and 0.704, respectively. Structural equation model analysis showed that χ²/df = 3.43, p < 0.001, RMSEA = 0.08, GFI = 0.88, NFI = 0.84, AGFI = 0.84, and CFI = 0.88. Factor analysis showed that factors F1–F5 had significant correlations (p < 0.01), and the correlation coefficients were less than the corresponding square root value of AVE. Based on the subhealth clinical manifestations of the participants, the general linear model was used to explore the convergent validity of the scale, and the results indicated that the scale passed the convergent validity test.

Conclusions

We propose a physical subhealth risk perception scale amounting to 18 items, which includes five dimensions: health knowledge (2 items), risk perception (5 items), trust selection (4 items), information channel (4 items), and social groups (3 items). The reliability and validity of the physical subhealth risk perception scale are acceptable. Applying the scale into practice has potential to improve the overall public health level.

The Unfolding Method to Explore Health-Related Quality of Life Constructs in a Chinese General Population

OBJECTIVES

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a complicated concept that can be measured using multiple health items. Although HRQOL is closely associated with people's subjective assessment of their own health, a limited number of studies have investigated which health items are considered most important and relevant by the general population. Even fewer empirical studies have investigated how HRQOL is understood in non-Western populations. This study used multidimensional unfolding analysis in a Chinese general population to explore the constructs of HRQOL.

METHODS

A scoping review of Chinese generic HRQOL measures and a series of qualitative interviews produced a list of 42 potentially important health items in a Chinese cultural setting; 110 Chinese participants in face-to-face interviews ranked the health items from most important to least important. Responses were coded into a rectangular 110 × 42 matrix, and multidimensional unfolding was conducted to analyze participants' preferences for health items.

RESULTS

It was found that demographic characteristics and one's health condition affected views of HRQOL. Meanwhile, 3 health items were considered to be most important across the whole sample: sleep quality, body constitution, and spiritual appearance.

CONCLUSION

This study used a novel approach to explore how people coming from a Chinese cultural setting may perceive HRQOL and which aspects of HRQOL are most important to them. The study shows that multidimensional unfolding is a feasible approach to assess preferences in a general population. Future studies using this approach are recommended to further explore the constructs of HRQOL in other general populations.

Development, Reliability, and Validity of the"Knowledge-Attitude-Practice" Questionnaire of Foreigners on Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment

Objective

To develop a “knowledge-attitude-practice” questionnaire as an evaluating tool of foreigners' cognition on TCM treatment, so as to promote the internationalization of TCM.

Methods

The questionnaire was based on the “knowledge-attitude-practice” model and adjusted by expert consultation using the Delphi method. After conducting a survey among foreigners, Cronbach's α and exploratory factor analysis were used to test the internal consistency reliability and structural validity of the questionnaire, respectively.

Results

A total of 10 experts participated in two rounds of expert consultation. The recovery rates of two rounds of expert consultation form were 100.0%. The coefficient authority in two rounds of expert consultation was 0.87 and 0.88, respectively. The concentration of expert opinions in the knowledge, attitude, and practice dimensions was 3.80 to 4.70 points, 3.70 to 4.50 points, and 3.60 to 4.40 points, respectively, in the first round and 4.30 to 4.80 points, 4.10 to 4.60 points, and 4.00 to 4.50 points, respectively, in the second round. The coefficient of variation in the knowledge, attitude, and practice dimensions was 0.10–0.32, 0.16–0.29, and 0.19–0.35, respectively, in the first round and 0.09–0.19, 0.15–0.25, and 0.16–0.31, respectively, in the second round. The W value and significance test x² in the first round were 0.657 and 218.620 while those in the second round were 0.671 and 181.181(P < 0.001). 8 items were deleted and 1 item was added, and other reserved items were modified according to the statistical analysis results of evaluation items and expert suggestions after the first round and there were no changes after the second round. The revised questionnaire includes three dimensions of knowledge, attitude, and practice, with a total of 30 items. After translating the questionnaire into English, it was conducted in 176 foreigners. Cronbach's α coefficient of the total questionnaire, knowledge dimension, attitude dimension, and practice dimension was 0.908, 0.781, 0.823, and 0.918, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis extracted 3 factors with a cumulative contribution of 54.090%. After testing reliability and validity, 1 item was deleted, leaving 29 items.

Conclusions

After two rounds of expert consultation based on the Delphi method, the results of expert authority, expert coordination, and expert opinions' concentration were promising, and the expert consultation results were reliable. The “knowledge-attitude-practice” questionnaire of foreigners on TCM treatment in English had good reliability and validity and can evaluate foreigners' cognition on TCM treatment.