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Amaroli A, Panfoli I, Bozzo M, Ferrando S, Candiani S, Ravera S. The Bright Side of Curcumin: A Narrative Review of Its Therapeutic Potential in Cancer Management. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2580. [PMID: 39061221 PMCID: PMC11275093 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16142580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa, exhibits significant therapeutic potential in cancer management. This review explores curcumin's mechanisms of action, the challenges related to its bioavailability, and its enhancement through modern technology and approaches. Curcumin demonstrates strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to its ability to neutralize free radicals and inhibit inflammatory mediators. Its anticancer effects are mediated by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and interfering with tumor growth pathways in various colon, pancreatic, and breast cancers. However, its clinical application is limited by its poor bioavailability due to its rapid metabolism and low absorption. Novel delivery systems, such as curcumin-loaded hydrogels and nanoparticles, have shown promise in improving curcumin bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, photodynamic therapy has emerged as a complementary approach, where light exposure enhances curcumin's anticancer effects by modulating molecular pathways crucial for tumor cell growth and survival. Studies highlight that combining low concentrations of curcumin with visible light irradiation significantly boosts its antitumor efficacy compared to curcumin alone. The interaction of curcumin with cytochromes or drug transporters may play a crucial role in altering the pharmacokinetics of conventional medications, which necessitates careful consideration in clinical settings. Future research should focus on optimizing delivery mechanisms and understanding curcumin's pharmacokinetics to fully harness its therapeutic potential in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- BIO-Photonics Overarching Research Laboratory (BIOPHOR), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (S.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Matteo Bozzo
- BIO-Photonics Overarching Research Laboratory (BIOPHOR), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (S.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Sara Ferrando
- BIO-Photonics Overarching Research Laboratory (BIOPHOR), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (S.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Simona Candiani
- BIO-Photonics Overarching Research Laboratory (BIOPHOR), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (S.F.); (S.C.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Ma MM, Xu YY, Sun LH, Cui WJ, Fan M, Zhang S, Liu L, Wu LZ, Li LC. Statin-Associated Liver Dysfunction and Muscle Injury: epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Management Strategies. Int J Gen Med 2024; 17:2055-2063. [PMID: 38751493 PMCID: PMC11095399 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s460305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of drug safety is an important aspect in the routine medical care. Adverse events caused by real-world drug utilization has become one of the leading causes of death and an urgent issue in the field of toxicology. Cardiovascular disease is now the leading cause of fatal diseases in most countries, especially in the elderly population who often suffer from multiple diseases and need long-term multidrug therapy. Among which, statins have been widely used to lower bad cholesterol and regress coronary plaque mainly in patients with hyperlipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). Although the real-world benefits of statins are significant, different degrees and types of adverse drug reactions (ADR) such as liver dysfunction and muscle injury, have a great impact on the original treatment regimens as well as the quality of life. This review describes the epidemiology, mechanisms, early identification and post-intervention of statin-associated liver dysfunction and muscle injury based on the updated clinical evidence. It provides systematic and comprehensive guidance and necessary supplement for the clinical safety of statin use in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound & Echocardiography, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao-Yao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Pingyang, Wenzhou, 325400, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Sun
- Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound & Echocardiography, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Cui
- Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound & Echocardiography, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315010, People’s Republic of China
| | - Su Zhang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaoxing, 312000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Zhi Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University (The First Hospital of Jiaxing), Jiaxing, 314000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liu-Cheng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, People’s Republic of China
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Ying-ying G, Yan-fang W, Yan D, Su-ying Z, Dong L, Bin L, Xue W, Miao D, Rui-lin M, Xiao-hui L, Yu-pei J, Ai-jun S. Metabolomic mechanism and pharmacodynamic material basis of Buxue Yimu pills in the treatment of anaemia in women of reproductive age. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:962850. [PMID: 36703727 PMCID: PMC9871362 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.962850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the pharmacological basis and mechanism of Buxue Yimu pills (BYP) in the treatment of anaemia in women from the perspective of metabolomics and network analysis. Materials and Methods: Forty-six women of reproductive age with haemoglobin 70-110 g/L were recruited. Blood samples were collected before and after 4 weeks of oral BYP treatment to assess the changes in haemoglobin, coagulation function, and iron metabolism indices. An integrated analysis of metabolomics (liquid chromatography mass spectrometry) and network analysis was performed to identify the potential pharmacodynamic mechanisms of BYP. Results: After BYP treatment, the haemoglobin level of patients significantly increased from 93.67 ± 9.77 g/L to 109.28 ± 12.62 g/L (p < 0.01), while no significant changes were found in iron metabolism and coagulation-related indicators. A total of 22 differential metabolites were identified after metabolomics analysis, which were mainly related to the inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress. Integrating pharmacodynamics and metabolomics, a network of drug-active components-targets-metabolic pathways-metabolomics was established. Acetylcholinesterase, phospholipase A2 group IIA, and phospholipase A2 group IVA may be the most promising therapeutic targets. Conclusion: BYP can inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress as well as promote haematopoiesis, potentially improving anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Ying-ying
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Yan-fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Deng Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Su-ying
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Liu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luo Bin
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wang Xue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Deng Miao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Ma Rui-lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Xiao-hui
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Yu-pei
- National Protein Science Technology Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Pharmacological Justification for the Medicinal Use of Plumeria rubra Linn. in Cardiovascular Disorders. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010251. [PMID: 35011482 PMCID: PMC8746526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plumeria rubra (L.) is a traditional folkloric medicinal herb used to treat cardiovascular disorders. The present investigation was methodically planned to investigate the pharmacological foundations for the therapeutic effectiveness of P. rubra in cardiovascular illnesses and its underlying mechanisms. Ex vivo vaso-relaxant effects of crude leaf extract of P. rubra were observed in rabbit aorta ring preparations. Hypotensive effects were measured using pressure and force transducers connected to the Power Lab data acquisition system. Furthermore, P. rubra displayed cardioprotective properties in rabbits when they were exposed to adrenaline-induced myocardial infarction. In comparison to the intoxicated group, the myocardial infarction model showed decreased troponin levels, CK-MB, LDH, ALT, ALP, AST, and CRP, as well as necrosis, apoptosis, oedema, and inflammatory cell enrollment. P. rubra has revealed good antioxidant properties and prolonged the noradrenaline intoxicated platelet adhesion. Its anticoagulant, vasorelaxant, and cardioprotective effects in both in vivo and ex vivo investigations are enabled by blocking L-type calcium channels, lowering adrenaline, induced oxidative stress, and tissue tear, justifying its therapeutic utility in cardiovascular disorders.
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Khan IA, Hussain M, Munawar SH, Iqbal MO, Arshad S, Manzoor A, Shah MA, Abbas K, Shakeel W, Syed SK. Jasminum sambac: A Potential Candidate for Drug Development to Cure Cardiovascular Ailments. Molecules 2021; 26:5664. [PMID: 34577135 PMCID: PMC8471681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasminum sambac (L.) is a South Asian folkloric medicinal plant that has traditionally been used to treat cardiovascular problems. The current investigation was meticulously organized to explore the pharmacological foundation for the medicinal uses of J. sambac pertaining to cardiovascular ailments and to investigate the core mechanisms. Mechanistic investigation revealed that crude leaf extract of J. sambac produced ex-vivo vasorelaxant effects in endotheliumintact aorta ring preparation and hypotensive effect was recorded via pressure and force transducers coupled to the Power Lab Data Acquisition System. Moreover; J. sambac showed cardioprotective effects against adrenaline -induced left ventricular hypertrophy in rabbits observed hemodynamic. CK-MB, LDH, troponin, CRP, ALT, AST, ALP levels were shown to be lower in the myocardial infarction model, as were necrosis, oedema, and inflammatory cell recruitment in comparison to control. J. sambac has shown good antioxidant potential as well as prolonged the noradrenaline induced platelet adhesion. The vasorelaxant and cardioprotective effects in both in vivo and ex vivo experiments, which are enabled by activation of muscarinic receptor and/or releasing the nitric oxide and by reducing the adrenaline, induced oxidative stress, justifying its usage in cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmad Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahwalpur 63100, Pakistan; (M.H.); (M.O.I.)
| | - Musaddique Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahwalpur 63100, Pakistan; (M.H.); (M.O.I.)
| | - Shaukat Hussain Munawar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Omer Iqbal
- Department of Pharmacology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahwalpur 63100, Pakistan; (M.H.); (M.O.I.)
- Key Laboratories of Marine Drugs (Ministry of Education), Shandong Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Shafia Arshad
- Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Ashira Manzoor
- Fatima Tu Zahara Department of Life Sciences, Muhammad Institute of Medical and Allied Sciences, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (A.M.); (M.A.S.); (K.A.)
| | - Mazhar Abbas Shah
- Fatima Tu Zahara Department of Life Sciences, Muhammad Institute of Medical and Allied Sciences, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (A.M.); (M.A.S.); (K.A.)
| | - Khizar Abbas
- Fatima Tu Zahara Department of Life Sciences, Muhammad Institute of Medical and Allied Sciences, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (A.M.); (M.A.S.); (K.A.)
| | - Waleed Shakeel
- Department of Pharmacology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Shahzada Khurram Syed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan;
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Effect of You-Gui Yin on the Activities of Seven Cytochrome P450 Isozymes in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9784946. [PMID: 32508959 PMCID: PMC7244958 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9784946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
You-Gui Yin (YGY) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) decoction composed of eight Chinese herbs. The interaction between TCM and Western medicine has attracted much attention nowadays. It is therefore necessary to study the clinical application of YGY in combination with Western medicine from the perspective of metabolic enzymes. This study aims to investigate the effect of YGY on the activities of seven CYP450 isozymes (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) in rats. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups: high, middle, and low-dose YGY-treated groups and the control group. They were given 13.78, 20.67, and 31 g/kg/d YGY decoction by oral administration and normal saline (10 mL/kg), respectively, for 14 days. Half an hour after the last administration, a mixed probe substrate (1 mg/kg) was administered by tail vein injection. Then, blood was taken from the venous plexus at different time points. The protein expression level of the CYP450 enzymes in the control and treatment groups was determined by western blot. The effect of YGY on the activity of CYP isoenzymes was studied by comparing the plasma pharmacokinetics between the control and treatment groups. Compared with the control group, YGY at a high (31 g/kg) dosage could decrease AUC(0-t), AUC(0-∞) and C max of diclofenac, omeprazole, and midazolam by at least 35.4%, while increase CL by at least 88.9%; this revealed that YGY could induce CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. The results show that when we use You-Gui Yin decoction in combination with other drugs, especially drugs metabolized by CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 enzymes, the interaction between drugs needs special attention.
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Hao J, Zhu X, Bensoussan A. Effects of Nonpharmacological Interventions in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Integr Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1534735420945027. [PMID: 32875921 PMCID: PMC7476348 DOI: 10.1177/1534735420945027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is one of the prevalent and disabling side effects of cancer treatment. However, management strategies for CIPN currently remain elusive, with treatment restricted to neuropathic pain medications, supportive care, and chemotherapy dosing adjustments. This overview explores evidence on the potential benefits and safety of nonpharmacological interventions in preventing and treating CIPN in cancer patients. METHODS Seven databases were searched for systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The methodological quality of the selected reviews was assessed by AMSTAR 2, and the quality of evidence was judged by GRADE. Twenty-eight systematic reviews were considered eligible for this review. RESULTS It was found that nonpharmacological interventions (acupuncture, exercise, herbal medicine, nutritional supplements) provided potential benefits for patients with CIPN. Furthermore, Chinese herbal medicine, administered orally or externally, significantly prevented and/or relieved the incidence and severity of CIPN in comparison to control groups (no additional treatment, placebo, and conventional western medicine). However, the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were compromised by the inconsistencies and imprecision of included studies. The main concerns regarding the quality of systematic reviews included the lack of sufficiently rigorous a priori protocols, and the lack of protocol registration adopted in the included studies. CONCLUSIONS Though looking across reviews, Chinese herbal medicine appear generally effective in CIPN, uncertainty remains about the effects of many other nonpharmacological interventions. The evidence on what works was particularly compromised by reporting and methodological limitations, which requires further investigation to be more certain of their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hao
- Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xiaoshu Zhu
- Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alan Bensoussan
- Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Lee WQ, Teoh J, Lee PZK, Low ZXG, Sim X, Chong FFM, Wagner NL. Factors influencing communication of traditional Chinese medicine use between patients and doctors: A multisite cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 17:396-403. [PMID: 31548146 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Singapore, the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) alongside Western medicine (WM) is common. There are risks of adverse herb-drug interactions when taken concurrently. Current literature suggests that TCM use is not regularly reported to WM doctors in Singapore, but the underlying reasons are not understood. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted across Singapore by administering questionnaires to TCM-using patients and WM-practising general practitioners (GPs). The questionnaire examined the following themes: (1) demographics and TCM use pattern; (2) respondents' (patients and GPs) knowledge and beliefs about TCM and the factors influencing the discussion of TCM during the WM consultation; and (3) respondents' qualitative suggestions to increase disclosure rate. RESULTS A total of 484 patients and 334 GPs were surveyed. Factors associated with patients' initiation of TCM discussion include length of consultation (odds ratio [OR]: 2.1; P < 0.001), comfort level in discussing TCM (OR: 1.6; P < 0.001) and belief in importance of discussion (OR: 1.4; P = 0.017). Doctor's initiation of discussion (74%) was the top patient-ranked factor influencing their discussion of TCM. For doctors, knowledge of TCM indications (OR: 2.2; P < 0.001), belief in importance of discussion (OR: 2.1; P < 0.001) and comfort level in discussing TCM (OR: 1.9; P = 0.001) were associated with their initiation of TCM use discussion. Possible WM-TCM interactions (58%) was the top doctor-ranked factor influencing their discussion of TCM. CONCLUSION The discussion of TCM in a WM setting is multifactorial. Interventions include doctors' active screening for TCM use in patients and equipping doctors with TCM knowledge. Improving communication between patients and doctors is key to avoiding harmful herb-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qiang Lee
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
| | - Jeremy Teoh
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Pei Zheng Kenneth Lee
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Zhi Xiong Gerard Low
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Xueling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Foong Fong Mary Chong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Norbert Ludwig Wagner
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 117549, Singapore
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Guo Z, Lou Y, Kong M, Luo Q, Liu Z, Wu J. A Systematic Review of Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics on Astragali Radix: Implications for Astragali Radix as a Personalized Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1463. [PMID: 30909474 PMCID: PMC6470777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragali radix (AR) is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Modern pharmacological studies and clinical practices indicate that AR possesses various biological functions, including potent immunomodulation, antioxidant, anti-inflammation and antitumor activities. To date, more than 200 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from AR. Among them, isoflavonoids, saponins and polysaccharides are the three main types of beneficial compounds responsible for its pharmacological activities and therapeutic efficacy. After ingestion of AR, the metabolism and biotransformation of the bioactive compounds were extensive in vivo. The isoflavonoids and saponins and their metabolites are the major type of constituents absorbed in plasma. The bioavailability barrier (BB), which is mainly composed of efflux transporters and conjugating enzymes, is expected to have a significant impact on the bioavailability of AR. This review summarizes studies on the phytochemistry, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics on AR. Additionally, the use of AR as a personalized medicine based on the BB is also discussed, which may provide beneficial information to achieve a better and more accurate therapeutic response of AR in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Guo
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Yanmei Lou
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Muyan Kong
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Qing Luo
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR) 999078, China.
| | - Jinjun Wu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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Hao J, Zhu X, Smith CA, Bensoussan A. Can External Use of Chinese Herbal Medicine Prevent Cumulative Peripheral Neuropathy Induced by Oxaliplatin? A Systematic Literature Review With Meta-analysis. Integr Cancer Ther 2019. [PMCID: PMC6902377 DOI: 10.1177/1534735419872819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Peripheral neurotoxicity caused by oxaliplatin (OXA)
chemotherapy is the main limitation preventing continuation of chemotherapy in
patients with gastrointestinal cancer. The purpose of this study was to
determine the efficacy of external use of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) on the
incidence of cumulative OXA-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (OIPN).
Method. Scientific literature databases were searched to
identify controlled clinical trials analyzing CHM in OIPN. Clinical studies that
included at least 1 relevant primary outcome were analyzed by 2 independent
reviewers. Meta-analysis was performed on the software RevMan 5.3.
Results. 700 cancer patients of 9 studies were reported, of
whom 352 received external CHM and 348 received warm water baths, conventional
medicine, or no intervention as controls. Neurotoxicity incidence (Levi grade ≥
1) was significantly decreased in CHM group, compared with no intervention
(P < .01). The incidence of cumulative neurotoxicity
(Levi grade ≥2) was also significantly lower in the CHM group than in all the
control groups (P < .05), and the cumulative neurotoxicity
in the CHM group was significantly reduced (Levi grade ≥ 3) in comparision with
no intervention (P < .01). These results were consistent
with those of the subgroup analyses for preventing OIPN at each of the
chemotherapy treatment cycles. There was no difference in the incidence of
adverse events between groups (P > .05).
Conclusion. External use of CHM may be beneficial in
preventing the OXA-induced cumulative neurotoxicity. However, given the low
quality of the evidence, the results should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hao
- Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Xiaoshu Zhu
- Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Mitani Y, Satake K, Tsukamoto M, Nakamura I, Kadioglu O, Teruya T, Yonezawa T, Cha BY, Efferth T, Woo JT, Nakagawa H. Epimagnolin A, a tetrahydrofurofuranoid lignan from Magnolia fargesii, reverses ABCB1-mediated drug resistance. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 51:112-119. [PMID: 30466608 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epimagnolin A is an ingredient of the Chinese crude drug Shin-i, derived from the dried flower buds of Magnolia fargesii and Magnolia flos, which has been traditionally used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and nasal congestion, empyema, and sinusitis. The pharmacokinetic activity of epimagnolin A remains to be evaluated. PURPOSE In this study, we examined the possible interactions of epimagnolin A with human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCB1, a membrane protein vital in regulating the pharmacokinetics of drugs and xenobiotics. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS The interaction of epimagnolin A with ABCB1 was evaluated in calcein, ATPase, and MTT assays by using Flp-In-293/ABCB1 cells and purified ABCB1 and simulated in molecular docking studies. RESULTS Epimagnolin A inhibited calcein export by Flp-In-293/ABCB1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner in a calcein assay. ATPase assay revealed a concentration-dependent stimulation of the ATPase activity of ABCB1 by epimagnolin A. Epimagnolin A also showed saturation kinetics in the relationship between the compound-stimulated ATPase activity and the compound concentration, suggesting Michaelis-Menten kinetics similar to those of the control drug, verapamil. Km and Vmax values were calculated from Hanes-Woolf plots of (compound concentration) × (compound-stimulated ATPase activity)-1 vs. (compound concentration); the Km of epimagnolin and verapamil was 42.9 ± 7.53 μM and 12.3 ± 4.79 μM, respectively, and the corresponding Vmax values were 156 ± 15.0 μM and 109 ± 3.18 μM. Molecular docking studies on human ABCB1 showed that epimagnolin A docked to the same binding pocket as verapamil, and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays showed that the sensitivities of Flp-In-293/ABCB1 cells against anti-cancer drugs were enhanced upon exposure to 10 μM epimagnolin A. CONCLUSION These results strongly suggest that epimagnolin A affects the transport activity of ABCB1 as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Mitani
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Satake
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Megumi Tsukamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakamura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Onat Kadioglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Toshiaki Teruya
- Faculty of Education, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa 903-0129, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yonezawa
- Research Institute for Biological Functions, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Byung-Yoon Cha
- Research Institute for Biological Functions, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Je-Tae Woo
- Research Institute for Biological Functions, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan.
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Lu YY, Du ZY, Li Y, Wang JL, Zhao MB, Jiang Y, Guo XY, Tu PF. Effects of Baoyuan decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, on the activities and mRNA expression of seven CYP isozymes in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 225:327-335. [PMID: 30048731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Baoyuan decoction (BYD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, is composed of four herbs and widely used with western drugs to treat coronary heart disease, aplastic anemia and chronic renal failure in clinic. However, no study of the effect of BYD on the cytochrome P450 (CYP) activities has been reported. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the potential influences of BYD on the activities of seven CYP isozymes (CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sensitive and selective UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of seven probe drugs and internal standard (IS) in rat plasma was developed and validated. The influence of BYD on the activities of CYP isozymes and mRNA expression levels were carried out by comparing plasma pharmacokinetics and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of probe drugs between control and BYD treatment groups respectively. RESULTS The calibration curve were linear, with correlation coefficient (r) > 0.99 for seven probe drugs. The intra and inter-assay accuracy and precision of the method were within ± 14.9% and the recoveries ranged from 83.2% to 106.1%. Compared with control group, BYD at low (1.46 g/kg) and high (7.30 g/kg) dosages could significantly increase Cmax and AUC0-t of chlorzoxazone and testosterone, while decrease AUC0-t of phenacetin at high dosage and increase AUC0-t of tolbutamide and metoprolol. Additionally, BYD had increased AUC0-t of bupropion at low dosage and decreased it at high dosage. The mRNA expression results were in accordance with those of pharmacokinetic. CONCLUSION BYD exhibited inhibitory effects on CYP2C9, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4. Moreover, BYD had induction effects on CYP1A2, and CYP2D6 activities. However, no significant change in CYP2C19 activity was observed. It would be useful for the safe and effective usage of BYD in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jin-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Ming-Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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Shorog EM, Alburikan KA. The utilization of nonprescription medications in Saudi patients with cardiovascular diseases. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:120-124. [PMID: 29379343 PMCID: PMC5784444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of disease-related death in Saudi Arabia. The incidence of CVDs continues to increase, presenting a major health care problem. Nonprescription medications are widely used by patients with CVD and may cause adverse drug events, either by worsening the disease or by harmfully interacting with prescribed medications. We investigated the patterns of nonprescription medication utilization and the factors associated with their use in patients with CVD. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Cardiology Clinics of an academic tertiary health care center. Participants were asked about their sociodemographic characteristics, medical history and frequency of using nonprescription medications including over-the-counter (OTC) products, dietary supplements, and herbal products. Moreover, we investigated the participants' sources of information about nonprescription medications. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the predictors of nonprescription medication use. RESULTS A total of 209 participants were interviewed. The mean age of the participants was 56 ± 15 years, and 110 (52.6%) were female. Of the 209 participants, 116 (55%) reported routine use of nonprescription medications. Black seeds and garlic were the most frequently used herbal products. Acetaminophen, cold/cough remedies, and ibuprofen were the most commonly reported OTC drugs. Of the surveyed patients, 54 (46.5%) used nonprescription medications to manage cardiovascular conditions specifically. Compared with other comorbidities, diabetes mellitus was associated with a higher use of nonprescription medications. CONCLUSION In patients with CVD, the routine use of nonprescription medications was common for a number of reasons. Health care providers should proactively discuss nonprescription use with their CVD patients to avoid potential harmful outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M. Shorog
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A. Alburikan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Bahramsoltani R, Rahimi R, Farzaei MH. Pharmacokinetic interactions of curcuminoids with conventional drugs: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 209:1-12. [PMID: 28734960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herb-drug interactions are of great concern in health practices. Curcumin is a natural polyphenol extracted from turmeric, a spice widely used all over the world. Curcumin is clinically used due to its acceptable safety profile and therapeutic efficacy. AIM OF THE STUDY Current paper aims to highlight the effect of curcumin on concomitantly used drugs. METHODS Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct were searched with the keywords "curcumin" in the title/abstract and "drug interaction," "drug metabolism," "cytochrome," "P-glycoprotein" and "P450" in the whole text. RESULTS Curcumin can induce pharmacokinetic alterations such as changes in Cmax and AUC when concomitantly used with pharmacological agents like cardiovascular drugs, antidepressants, anticoagulants, antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, and antihistamines. The underlying mechanisms of these interactions include inhibition of cytochrome (CYP) isoenzymes and P-glycoprotein. There is only one clinical trial which proved a significant alteration of conventional drugs in concomitant use with curcumin indicating the need for further human studies. CONCLUSIONS Although in vitro and in vivo studies do not provide enough evidence to judge the clinical drug interactions of curcumin, physicians must remain cautious and avoid drug combinations which may lead to curcumin-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roodabeh Bahramsoltani
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran; PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran; PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
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Therapeutic Risk and Benefits of Concomitantly Using Herbal Medicines and Conventional Medicines: From the Perspectives of Evidence Based on Randomized Controlled Trials and Clinical Risk Management. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:9296404. [PMID: 28491115 PMCID: PMC5405391 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9296404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite increased awareness of the potential of herb-drug interactions (HDIs), the lack of rigorous clinical evidence regarding the significance provides a challenge for clinicians and consumers to make rational decisions about the safe combination of herbal and conventional medicines. This review addressed HDIs based on evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Literature was identified by performing a PubMed search till January 2017. Risk description and clinical risk management were described. Among 74 finally included RCTs, 17 RCTs (22.97%) simply addressed pharmacodynamic HDIs. Fifty-seven RCTs (77.03%) investigated pharmacokinetic HDIs and twenty-eight of them showed potential or actual clinical relevance. The extent of an HDI may be associated with the factors such as pharmacogenomics, dose of active ingredients in herbs, time course of interaction, characteristics of the object drugs (e.g., administration routes and pharmacokinetic profiles), modification of herbal prescription compositions, and coexistence of inducers and inhibitors. Clinical professionals should enhance risk management on HDIs such as increasing awareness of potential changes in therapeutic risk and benefits, inquiring patients about all currently used conventional medicines and herbal medicines and supplements, automatically detecting highly substantial significant HDI by computerized reminder system, selecting the alternatives, adjusting dose, reviewing the appropriateness of physician orders, educating patients to monitor for drug-interaction symptoms, and paying attention to follow-up visit and consultation.
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Cardioprotective Potential of Polyphenolic Rich Green Combination in Catecholamine Induced Myocardial Necrosis in Rabbits. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:734903. [PMID: 26379750 PMCID: PMC4563096 DOI: 10.1155/2015/734903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to develop safer, effective, and viable cardioprotective herbal combination to control oxidative stress related cardiac ailments as new alternatives to synthetic drugs. The synergetic cardioprotective potential of herbal combination of four plants T. arjuna (T.A.), P. nigrum (P.N), C. grandiflorus (C), and C. oxyacantha (Cr) was assessed through curative and preventive mode of treatment. In preventive mode of treatment, the cardiac injury was induced with synthetic catecholamine (salbutamol) to pretreated rabbits with the proposed herbal combination for three weeks. In curative mode of treatment, cardiotoxicity/oxidative stress was induced in rabbits with salbutamol prior to treating them with plant mixture. Cardiac marker enzymes, lipids profile, and antioxidant enzymes as biomarker of cardiotoxicity were determined in experimental animals. Rabbits administrated with mere salbutamol showed a significant increase in cardiac marker enzymes and lipid profile and decrease in antioxidant enzymes as compared to normal control indicating cardiotoxicity and myocardial cell necrosis. However, pre- and postadministration of plant mixture appreciably restored the levels of all biomarkers. Histopathological examination confirmed that the said combination was safer cardioprotective product.
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Yang Y, Zhai XD, Gao LB, Li SL, Wang Z, Chen GD. Genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair gene XRCC1 and risk of uterine leiomyoma. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 338:143-7. [PMID: 20013148 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to study the relationship between the polymorphisms of the DNA repair gene XRCC1 Arg399Gln, Arg194Trp, and Arg280His uterine leiomyoma in a Chinese population. In the case-control study, we compared the XRCC1 gene polymorphism of 136 uterine leiomyoma patients and 140 healthy controls by using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The results suggested that the genotype Arg/Arg of codon 280 was significantly different from its heterozygote (odds ratio [OR] = 3.633, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.147-6.148). In conclusion, the results suggest that polymorphism of XRCC1 Arg280His was associated with the increased risk of uterine leiomyoma in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Forensic Biology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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