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Riemann BL, Johnson M, Helms MK, Hatchett A, Vondrasek JD, Watts CQ, Huebner M. Countermovement Jump Peak Power Changes with Age in Masters Weightlifters. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:259. [PMID: 39330736 PMCID: PMC11436148 DOI: 10.3390/sports12090259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with decreased muscle strength and power. Power is particularly important for maintaining the independence of older adults when performing activities of daily living. The countermovement jump has been identified as a reliable and safe method to assess lower extremity power across the lifespan. The purpose of this investigation was to study sex differences and age-related changes in countermovement jump peak power among masters weightlifters with the secondary purpose of comparing results to previous reports of community and masters athletes. Female (n = 63, 39 to 70 yrs, med (56 yrs)) and male (n = 39, 35 to 86 yrs, med (59 yrs)) participants of the 2022 World Masters Championships completed three maximal effort countermovement jump repetitions following a dynamic warm-up. Vertical ground reaction forces were recorded, and peak power normalized to body mass was calculated. Results indicated significant age-related peak power among weightlifters, with the decline being significantly more pronounced in males than females. Female weightlifters exhibited less age-related decline compared to normative data as well as the other Master athlete comparison cohorts (short and long-distance runners), whereas the males demonstrated similar age-related declines as the comparison cohorts. While the female weightlifters in the current study generally demonstrated the least age-related declines in CMJ peak power of the comparative literature, the male weightlifters showed similar age-related decline rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L Riemann
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Georgia Southern University-Armstrong Campus, Savannah, GA 31419, USA
| | - Matthew Johnson
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Georgia Southern University-Armstrong Campus, Savannah, GA 31419, USA
| | - Matthew K Helms
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Georgia Southern University-Armstrong Campus, Savannah, GA 31419, USA
| | - Andrew Hatchett
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of South Carolina Aiken, Aiken, SC 29801, USA
| | - Joseph D Vondrasek
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Georgia Southern University-Armstrong Campus, Savannah, GA 31419, USA
| | - Cullun Q Watts
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Georgia Southern University-Armstrong Campus, Savannah, GA 31419, USA
| | - Marianne Huebner
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Kutac P, Jandacka D, Elavsky S, Uchytil J, Bunc V, Krajcigr M, Barot T. The effect of regular running on the bone tissue of middle-aged men and women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:455-464. [PMID: 38261331 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many authors consider running to be a protective physical activity (PA) in bone health. However, many studies also show inconsistencies in their results. The objective of the study is to analyze the effect of cumulative loading rate (TCL) on the bone mass of middle-aged runners and non-runners is assessed. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 322 individuals. There were 212 runners (109 male, 103 female) and those were individuals who did >10 km of running per week. There were 110 non-runners (54 male, 56 female). This group included individuals who did not adhere to the WHO (2020) recommendations for PA. The average age in the individual groups ranged from 40.9±4.1 to 42.3±4.8 years. Bone parameters were measured on the lower extremities and vertebral spine using the DXA method (Hologic QDR Horizon A). Multi-regression dependencies analysis was used to assess the results. RESULTS The results of the multi-regression dependencies analysis showed that the bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) are significantly influenced by the TCL and gender. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, we can conclude that running could be a suitable PA for preventing the reduction of BMD in the middle-aged population, especially in the lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kutac
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic -
| | - Daniel Jandacka
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Steriani Elavsky
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Uchytil
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Bunc
- Faculty of Education, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Krajcigr
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Barot
- Department of Mathematics with Didactics, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Guisado-Cuadrado I, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Romero-Parra N, Rael B, Guadalupe-Grau A, Peinado AB. Influence of sex hormones status and type of training on regional bone mineral density in exercising females. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:2139-2147. [PMID: 37161678 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2211947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to examine the influence of hormonal ovarian profile and training characteristics on spine, pelvis, and total body bone mineral density (BMD) in a group of well-trained females. Forty-two eumenorrheic females, twenty-eight monophasic oral contraceptive (OC) users and thirteen postmenopausal females participated in this study. Body composition was measured by total body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to determine BMD of the areas of interest. Endurance-trained premenopausal females showed lower spine BMD compared to resistance-trained premenopausal females (1.03 ± 0.1 vs. 1.09 ± 0.09 g/cm2; p = 0.025). Postmenopausal females reported lower BMD level in comparison to eumenorrheic females in pelvis (1.079 ± 0.082 vs 1.19 ± 0.115 g/cm2; p = 0.005), spine (0.969 ± 0.097 vs 1.069 ± 0.109 g/cm2; p = 0.012) and total (1.122 ± 0.08 vs 1.193 ± 0.077 g/cm2; p = 0.018) and OC users whose duration of OC use was less than 5 years (OC < 5) in pelvis (1.235 ± 0.068 g/cm2; p < 0.001) and spine (1.062 ± 0.069 g/cm2; p = 0.018). In addition, lower BMD values were found in OC users who had been using OC for more than 5 years (OC ≥ 5) than eumenorrheic females in pelvis (1.078 ± 0.086 g/cm2; p = 0.029) and spine (0.966 ± 0.08 g/cm2; p = 0.05). Likewise, OC ≥ 5 showed lower values than and OC < 5 in pelvis (p = 0.004) and spine (p = 0.047). We observed a lower spine BMD value in premenopausal endurance-trained females compared to premenopausal resistance-trained females. Moreover, this research observed that prolonged use of OCs may reduce bone mass acquisition in the spine and pelvis, even in well-trained females. Finally, postmenopausal showed lower BMD despite being exercising women.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04458662.Highlights Ovarian hormonal profile should be considered when assessing BMD in female athletes.The duration of oral contraceptive use influences spine and pelvis regional BMD in exercising females.Postmenopausal women show lower BMD when compared to premenopausal females despite being exercising females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Guisado-Cuadrado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor M Alfaro-Magallanes
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Romero-Parra
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rael
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amelia Guadalupe-Grau
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Peinado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Kort-Mascort J, Flores-Torres S, Peza-Chavez O, Jang JH, Pardo LA, Tran SD, Kinsella J. Decellularized ECM hydrogels: prior use considerations, applications, and opportunities in tissue engineering and biofabrication. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:400-431. [PMID: 36484344 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Tissue development, wound healing, pathogenesis, regeneration, and homeostasis rely upon coordinated and dynamic spatial and temporal remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. ECM reorganization and normal physiological tissue function, require the establishment and maintenance of biological, chemical, and mechanical feedback mechanisms directed by cell-matrix interactions. To replicate the physical and biological environment provided by the ECM in vivo, methods have been developed to decellularize and solubilize tissues which yield organ and tissue-specific bioactive hydrogels. While these biomaterials retain several important traits of the native ECM, the decellularizing process, and subsequent sterilization, and solubilization result in fragmented, cleaved, or partially denatured macromolecules. The final product has decreased viscosity, moduli, and yield strength, when compared to the source tissue, limiting the compatibility of isolated decellularized ECM (dECM) hydrogels with fabrication methods such as extrusion bioprinting. This review describes the physical and bioactive characteristics of dECM hydrogels and their role as biomaterials for biofabrication. In this work, critical variables when selecting the appropriate tissue source and extraction methods are identified. Common manual and automated fabrication techniques compatible with dECM hydrogels are described and compared. Fabrication and post-manufacturing challenges presented by the dECM hydrogels decreased mechanical and structural stability are discussed as well as circumvention strategies. We further highlight and provide examples of the use of dECM hydrogels in tissue engineering and their role in fabricating complex in vitro 3D microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Omar Peza-Chavez
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Joyce H Jang
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | - Simon D Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph Kinsella
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Leblanc M, Burdullis A, McKinnon M, Hawkins S. Relationship Between Ground Reaction Force Characteristics and Bone Mineral Density of the Hip and Spine in Male Runners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2022; 15:655-666. [PMID: 35989702 PMCID: PMC9365112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between running ground reaction force (GRF) characteristics and hip and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) values in male runners. Individuals who ran at least 48.3 km per week and were injury-free were recruited. Kistler force plates collected running vertical and anteroposterior GRF data. A Hologic Discovery W bone densitometer measured lumbar spine and five regional hip BMD values. Only runners who consistently used a rear foot strike pattern were included (n = 32). Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between BMD values and various GRF values and step-wise multiple regression was run to predict BMD values from the various GRF values. The vertical impact force was significantly correlated with the lumbar spine and four of the five hip BMD values (r > 0.374, p < 0.035). Both the peak early loading rate (ELR) and average ELR were significantly correlated with the lumbar spine and Ward's triangle BMD (r > 0.430, p < 0.014), while the average active loading rate was correlated only with the Ward's triangle BMD (r = 0.438, p = 0.012). Multiple regression revealed the peak impact force was the predictor for every hip region BMD other than the trochanter and the average ELR as a predictor for the lumbar spine BMD. The peak braking force was negatively correlated with the Ward's triangle BMD (r = -0.414, p = 0.019). It appears that the large forces and loading rates associated with rear foot striking may be advantageous and predictive for BMD at the hip and spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Leblanc
- Department of Exercise Science, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Allison Burdullis
- Department of Exercise Science, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Marcus McKinnon
- Department of Exercise Science, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Steven Hawkins
- Department of Exercise Science, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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Alway P, Wedatilake T, Peirce N, Warren A, King M, Brooke-Wavell K. Bone health and asymmetry in elite female cricketers. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:667-675. [PMID: 35414351 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2065929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine if bone mineral density (BMD) and bone asymmetry differs between female cricket fast bowlers, spin bowlers and batters. BMD was determined at the total body, lumbar spine, and proximal femurs in 12 fast bowlers, 13 batters and 11 spin bowlers from pre-season DXA scans. High Z-scores at the total body, lumbar spine, and proximal femur were observed in all cricketers (mean Z-scores: +1.4 to +3.3) compared with a general age matched reference population. Fast bowlers had significantly greater BMD on the contralateral side of the lumbar spine compared with the ipsilateral side (p = 0.001, 5.9 - 12.1%). No asymmetry was found between hips in all groups. All cricket positions demonstrated high BMD at all measured sites. The lumbar spine of fast bowlers is asymmetric, with significantly greater BMD on the contralateral side of the spine, particularly at L4, possibly in response to the asymmetric lumbar loading patterns observed in bowling.HIGHLIGHTS Elite female cricketers demonstrate high BMD at total body, lumbar spine and proximal femur sites, regardless of playing position compared with a general age and ethnic group matched reference populationFast bowlers have greater BMD on the contralateral (opposite bowling arm) side of the lumbar spine compared with the ipsilateral side, while a symmetrical pattern was observed in spin bowlers and batters.No asymmetry in BMD or section modulus between hips was observed at any proximal femur site for any cricket position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Alway
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Department of Science and Medicine, National Cricket Performance Centre, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Thamindu Wedatilake
- Department of Science and Medicine, National Cricket Performance Centre, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Peirce
- Department of Science and Medicine, National Cricket Performance Centre, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Warren
- Department of Science and Medicine, National Cricket Performance Centre, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Mark King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Brooke-Wavell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Ireland A, Mittag U, Degens H, Felsenberg D, Heinonen A, Koltai E, Korhonen MT, McPhee JS, Mekjavic I, Pisot R, Rawer R, Radak Z, Simunic B, Suominen H, Rittweger J. Age-Related Declines in Lower Limb Muscle Function are Similar in Power and Endurance Athletes of Both Sexes: A Longitudinal Study of Master Athletes. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 110:196-203. [PMID: 34505170 PMCID: PMC8784358 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The age-related decline in muscle function, particularly muscle power, is associated with increased risk of important clinical outcomes. Physical activity is an important determinant of muscle function, and different types of physical activity e.g. power-based versus endurance-based exercise appear to have differential effects on muscle power. Cross-sectional studies suggest that participation in power-based exercise is associated with greater muscle power across adulthood but this has not been investigated longitudinally. We recruited eighty-nine male and female power and endurance master athletes (sprint and distance runners respectively, baseline age 35-90y). Using jumping mechanography, we measured lower limb muscle function during a vertical jump including at least two testing sessions longitudinally over 4.5 ± 2.4y. We examined effects of time, discipline (power/endurance) and sex in addition to two- and three-way interactions using linear mixed-effects models. Peak relative power, relative force and jump height, but not Esslingen Fitness Index (indicating peak power relative to sex and age-matched reference data) declined with time. Peak power, force, height and EFI were greater in power than endurance athletes. There were no sex, discipline or sex*discipline interactions with time for any variable, suggesting that changes were similar over time for athletes of both sexes and disciplines. Advantages in lower limb muscle function in power athletes were maintained with time, in line with previous cross-sectional studies. These results suggest that improvements in lower limb function in less active older individuals following power-based training persist with continued adherence, although this requires further investigation in interventional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ireland
- Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
| | - Uwe Mittag
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Degens
- Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
- Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Rumania
| | - Dieter Felsenberg
- Private Praxis ´Osteology and Orphane Bone Diseases´ and Charité - Campus Benjamin Franklin, Centre of Muscle and Bone Research, Humboldt-University Berlin and Free University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ari Heinonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Erika Koltai
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marko T Korhonen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jamie S McPhee
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Igor Mekjavic
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Rado Pisot
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | | | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bostjan Simunic
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Harri Suominen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Moore DR. Protein Requirements for Master Athletes: Just Older Versions of Their Younger Selves. Sports Med 2021; 51:13-30. [PMID: 34515969 PMCID: PMC8566396 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is established that protein requirements are elevated in athletes to support their training and post-exercise recovery and adaptation, especially within skeletal muscle. However, research on the requirements for this macronutrient has been performed almost exclusively in younger athletes, which may complicate their translation to the growing population of Master athletes (i.e. > 35 years old). In contrast to older (> 65 years) untrained adults who typically demonstrate anabolic resistance to dietary protein as a primary mediator of the ‘normal’ age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, Master athletes are generally considered successful models of aging as evidenced by possessing similar body composition, muscle mass, and aerobic fitness as untrained adults more than half their age. The primary physiology changes considered to underpin the anabolic resistance of aging are precipitated or exacerbated by physical inactivity, which has led to higher protein recommendations to stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older untrained compared to younger untrained adults. This review puts forth the argument that Master athletes have similar muscle characteristics, physiological responses to exercise, and protein metabolism as young athletes and, therefore, are unlikely to have protein requirements that are different from their young contemporaries. Recommendations for protein amount, type, and pattern will be discussed for Master athletes to enhance their recovery from and adaptation to resistance and endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 100 Devonshire Place, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C9, Canada.
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Denova-Gutiérrez E, Rivera-Paredez B, Velázquez-Cruz R, Muñoz-Aguirre P, Ramírez-Palacios P, Clark P, Ferretti JL, Salmerón J, Cointry GR. Relationship between physical activity, lean body mass, and bone mass in the Mexican adult population. Arch Osteoporos 2021; 16:94. [PMID: 34105036 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-021-00936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated the association between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), bone mineral content (BMC), and lean mass (LM) in whole body (wb) and limbs of the Mexican adult population. Our results demonstrate that some types of LTPA with relatively high/medium impact on bones such as football, basketball, tennis, and weightlifting improve BMC and LM. PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of different kinds of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) on bone mass values and its association with lean mass (LM) in the whole body (wb) and limbs of a large sample of Mexican men and premenopausal (pre-MP) women. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Health Workers Cohort Study. Bone mineral content (BMC, kg), bone area (cm2), and LM (kg) were measured with DXA. The LTPA level and the "sedentary" condition were determined using a validated questionnaire adapted for the Mexican population. One-way ANOVA tests evaluated the differences in weight, height, body mass index, and wb, lower limb (ll) and upper limb (ul) BMC and LM between the active (those who engaged in LTPA) and sedentary group. Relationships between BMC and LM values were analyzed. Slopes of the curves and Z scores of LTPA groups with respect to the sedentary group were compared. RESULTS In men, both wb-BMC and ll-BMC were significantly higher in the groups performing basketball, football, tennis, weightlifting, and running, and all wb-LM, ll-LM, and ul-LM were higher in running, weightlifting, football, and basketball groups with respect to the sedentary group. Both the Z scores and the slopes of BMC-vs-LM relationships were higher than the controls, but only in the ll of male basketball and football players. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that some types of LTPA with relatively high/medium impact on bones, such as football, basketball, tennis, and weightlifting, improve both BMC and LM compared to sedentary individuals. Finally, this relationship is stronger for the bones found in the legs and it seems that women are less sensitive to this effect, possibly due to hormonal, dietary, and pharmacological reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México.
| | - Berenice Rivera-Paredez
- Unidad Académica de Investigación Epidemiológica, Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rafael Velázquez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Paloma Muñoz-Aguirre
- CONACYT - Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Paula Ramírez-Palacios
- Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica y en Servicios de Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Patricia Clark
- Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jose Luis Ferretti
- Centro de Estudios de Metabolismo Fosfocálcico, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Jorge Salmerón
- Unidad Académica de Investigación Epidemiológica, Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Roberto Cointry
- Centro de Estudios de Metabolismo Fosfocálcico, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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Kopiczko A, Adamczyk JG, Gryko K, Popowczak M. Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2021; 18:7. [PMID: 34058982 PMCID: PMC8166030 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-021-00262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to examine how bone mineral density (BMD) is related to body composition depending on the practiced sport (endurance, speed-power, throwing sports) in participants of the World Masters Athletics Championship. METHODS Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to determine BMD and bone mass (BMC). Body composition was analyzed by means of the JAWON Medical X-scan analyzer using bioelectrical impedance methods. Percentage body fat (%BF), body fat mass (BFM), lean body mass (LBM), total body water (TBW), soft lean mass (SLM), intracellular water (ICW), and extracellular water (ECW) were evaluated. RESULTS Among men, the most important variables affecting the BMD norm were LBM (OR = 32.578; p = 0.023), ECW (OR = 0.003; p = 0.016) and ICW (OR = 0.011; p = 0.031), in the distal part and SLM (OR = 5.008; p = 0.020) and ICW (0.354, p = 0.008) in the proximal part. In women, the most important predictors of normal BMD were ICW (OR = 10.174; p = 0.003) and LBM (OR = 0.470; p = 0.020) in the distal part and ICW (OR = 5.254; p = 0.038) in the proximal part. CONCLUSION The representatives of strength based events had the most advantageous BMD levels. The condition of bone tissue evaluated by BMC and BMD of the forearm in masters athletes was strongly determined by the level of lean body components and the type of sports training associated with the track and field event. In the most important predictors of the BMD norm were also hydration components ECW and ICW. However, this relationship requires more research on the nature and mechanisms of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kopiczko
- Department of Human Biology, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34, 00-968, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Grzegorz Adamczyk
- Department of Theory of Sport, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34, 00-968, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Gryko
- Department of Sport Games, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34, 00-968, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marek Popowczak
- Department of Team Sport Games, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Al. Ignacego Jana Paderewskiego 35, 51-612, Wrocław, Poland
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Effects of Low Energy Availability on Bone Health in Endurance Athletes and High-Impact Exercise as A Potential Countermeasure: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:391-403. [PMID: 33346900 PMCID: PMC7900047 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endurance athletes expend large amounts of energy in prolonged high-intensity exercise and, due to the weight-sensitive nature of most endurance sports, often practice periods of dietary restriction. The Female Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport models consider endurance athletes at high-risk for suffering from low energy availability and associated health complications, including an increased chance of bone stress injury. Several studies have examined the effects of low energy availability on various parameters of bone structure and markers of bone (re)modelling; however, there are differences in findings and research methods and critical summaries are lacking. It is difficult for athletes to reduce energy expenditure or increase energy intake (to restore energy availability) in an environment where performance is a priority. Development of an alternative tool to help protect bone health would be beneficial. High-impact exercise can be highly osteogenic and energy efficient; however, at present, it is rarely utilized to promote bone health in endurance athletes. Therefore, with a view to reducing the prevalence of bone stress injury, the objectives of this review are to evaluate the effects of low energy availability on bone health in endurance athletes and explore whether a high-impact exercise intervention may help to prevent those effects from occurring.
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12
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Suominen TH, Alén M, Törmäkangas T, Degens H, Rittweger J, Heinonen A, Suominen H, Korhonen MT. Regular Strength and Sprint Training Counteracts Bone Aging: A 10-Year Follow-Up in Male Masters Athletes. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10513. [PMID: 34258508 PMCID: PMC8260815 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional and interventional studies suggest that high-intensity strength and impact-type training provide a powerful osteogenic stimulus even in old age. However, longitudinal evidence on the ability of high-intensity training to attenuate age-related bone deterioration is currently lacking. This follow-up study assessed the role of continued strength and sprint training on bone aging in 40- to 85-year-old male sprinters (n = 69) with a long-term training background. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT)-derived bone structural, strength, and densitometric parameters of the distal tibia and tibia midshaft were assessed at baseline and 10 years later. The groups of well-trained (actively competing, sprint training including strength training ≥2 times/week; n = 36) and less-trained (<2 times/week, no strength training, switched to endurance training; n = 33) athletes were formed according to self-reports at follow-up. Longitudinal changes in bone traits in the two groups were examined using linear mixed models. Over the 10-year period, group-by-time interactions were found for distal tibia total bone mineral content (BMC), trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), and compressive strength index, and for mid-tibia cortical cross-sectional area, medullary area, total BMC, and BMC at the anterior and posterior sites (polar mass distribution analysis) (p < 0.05). These interactions reflected maintained (distal tibia) or improved (mid-tibia) bone properties in the well-trained and decreased bone properties in the less-trained athletes over the 10-year period. Depending on the bone variable, the difference in change in favor of the well-trained group ranged from 2% to 5%. The greatest differences were found in distal tibia trabecular vBMD and mid-tibia posterior BMC, which remained significant (p < 0.05) after adjustment for multiple testing. In conclusion, our longitudinal findings indicate that continued strength and sprint training is associated with maintained or even improved tibial properties in middle-aged and older male sprint athletes, suggesting that regular, intensive exercise counteracts bone aging. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli H Suominen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Markku Alén
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Oulu University Hospital and Center for Life Course Health Research University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Timo Törmäkangas
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Hans Degens
- Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science, and Sports Medicine Research Centre Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK.,Institute of Sport Science and Innovations Lithuanian Sports University Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine German Aerospace Center (DLR) Cologne Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Ari Heinonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Harri Suominen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Marko T Korhonen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
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13
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Six-month table tennis training improves body composition, bone health and physical performance in untrained older men; a randomized controlled trial. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Piasecki J, Inns TB, Bass JJ, Scott R, Stashuk DW, Phillips BE, Atherton PJ, Piasecki M. Influence of sex on the age-related adaptations of neuromuscular function and motor unit properties in elite masters athletes. J Physiol 2021; 599:193-205. [PMID: 33006148 DOI: 10.1113/jp280679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Masters athletes maintain high levels of activity into older age and allow an examination of the effects of aging dissociated from the effects of increased sedentary behaviour. Evidence suggests masters athletes are more successful at motor unit remodelling, the reinnervation of denervated fibres acting to preserve muscle fibre number, but little data are available in females. Here we used intramuscular electromyography to demonstrate that motor units sampled from the tibialis anterior show indications of remodelling from middle into older age and which does not differ between males and females. The age-related trajectory of motor unit discharge characteristic differs according to sex, with female athletes progressing to a slower firing pattern that was not observed in males. Our findings indicate motor unit remodelling from middle to older age occurs to a similar extent in male and female athletes, with discharge rates progressively slowing in females only. ABSTRACT Motor unit (MU) remodelling acts to minimise loss of muscle fibres following denervation in older age, which may be more successful in masters athletes. Evidence suggests performance and neuromuscular function decline with age in this population, although the majority of studies have focused on males, with little available data on female athletes. Functional assessments of strength, balance and motor control were performed in 30 masters athletes (16 male) aged 44-83 years. Intramuscular needle electrodes were used to sample individual motor unit potentials (MUPs) and near-fibre MUPs in the tibialis anterior (TA) during isometric contractions at 25% maximum voluntary contraction, and used to determine discharge characteristics (firing rate, variability) and biomarkers of peripheral MU remodelling (MUP size, complexity, stability). Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models examined effects of age and sex. All aspects of neuromuscular function deteriorated with age (P < 0.05) with no age × sex interactions, although males were stronger (P < 0.001). Indicators of MU remodelling also progressively increased with age to a similar extent in both sexes (P < 0.05), whilst MU firing rate progressively decreased with age in females (p = 0.029), with a non-significant increase in males (p = 0.092). Masters athletes exhibit age-related declines in neuromuscular function that are largely equal across males and females. Notably, they also display features of MU remodelling with advancing age, probably acting to reduce muscle fibre loss. The age trajectory of MU firing rate assessed at a single contraction level differed between sexes, which may reflect a greater tendency for females to develop a slower muscle phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Piasecki
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Thomas B Inns
- Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Joseph J Bass
- Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Reece Scott
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Daniel W Stashuk
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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15
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Zhang L, Sun Y. Muscle-Bone Crosstalk in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:724911. [PMID: 34650518 PMCID: PMC8505811 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.724911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia and osteoporosis are common musculoskeletal comorbidities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that seriously affect the quality of life and prognosis of the patient. In addition to spatially mechanical interactions, muscle and bone can also serve as endocrine organs by producing myokines and osteokines to regulate muscle and bone functions, respectively. As positive and negative regulators of skeletal muscles, the myokines irisin and myostatin not only promote/inhibit the differentiation and growth of skeletal muscles, but also regulate bone metabolism. Both irisin and myostatin have been shown to be dysregulated and associated with exercise and skeletal muscle dysfunction in COPD. During exercise, skeletal muscles produce a large amount of IL-6 which acts as a myokine, exerting at least two different conflicting functions depending on physiological or pathological conditions. Remarkably, IL-6 is highly expressed in COPD, and considered to be a biomarker of systemic inflammation, which is associated with both sarcopenia and bone loss. For osteokines, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), a classical regulator of bone metabolism, was recently found to play a critical role in skeletal muscle atrophy induced by chronic cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. In this focused review, we described evidence for myokines and osteokines in the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle dysfunction/sarcopenia and osteoporosis in COPD, and proposed muscle-bone crosstalk as an important mechanism underlying the coexistence of muscle and bone diseases in COPD.
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16
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Huebner M, Meltzer D, Ma W, Arrow H. The Masters athlete in Olympic weightlifting: Training, lifestyle, health challenges, and gender differences. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243652. [PMID: 33275639 PMCID: PMC7717526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olympic weightlifting requires strength, speed, and explosive power. Vigorous physical activity such as Olympic weightlifting, for older adults has many benefits from improved strength, social interactions, and a healthy and independent lifestyle. Little is known about the training habits, health, and lifestyle of Masters weightlifters that includes top level athletes as well as beginners, and there is a dearth of data on women. OBJECTIVES The primary aim was to describe demographics, training habits, and health including prevalence of injury and chronic disease in male and female Masters athletes in Olympic weightlifting. The secondary aim was to study gender differences and the age and impact of menopause on participation in the sport. RESULTS The 958 participants (46% men), ages 34 to 87, mostly train 3 to 4 days per week in 1 to 2 hour sessions. This is a highly educated and affluent group, 84% are white, 72% are married, 85% are post-secondary graduates. Exercise can also increase the risk of injury compared to less active older adults, but the rates of injury in weightlifting affecting training are lower than seen in other sports. The prevalence of depression and mental health is similar to a general population. Stress levels and sleep disturbances are more common among women than men. Women reach menopause at a similar age as women in industrialized countries, but menopausal symptoms constrained the training. CONCLUSION Older athletes are capable of rigorous training programs and top performances while adjusting to changes due to biological aging. Weightlifting athletes, coaches, and health professionals must be aware of patterns of injuries and gender differences to incorporate successful prevention strategies. Knowledge of presentations of menopause and impact of menopausal symptoms on training allows women and health care providers to make informed treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Huebner
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - David Meltzer
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, United States of America
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Holly Arrow
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
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17
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Erickson KR, Grosicki GJ, Mercado M, Riemann BL. Bone Mineral Density and Muscle Mass in Masters Olympic Weightlifters and Runners. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 28:749-755. [PMID: 32422599 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2019-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined the musculoskeletal implications of delayed exercise adoption in two distinct cohorts of masters athletes with ∼10 years of training experience: Olympic weightlifters (OWLs) and distance runners (RUNs). Total body and regional bone mineral density (BMD), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived lean mass were compared in 51 OWLs and 43 RUNs. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted on BMD and lean mass with the exercise group (i.e., OWLs vs. RUNs), age, sex, and years of experience as independent variables. Age was associated (p < .05) with less femoral (β = -0.25) and lumbar (β = -0.27) BMD. Total body (β = 0.23), lumbar (β = 0.25), and radial (β = 0.36) BMD were greater (p < .05) in OWLs versus RUNs. Lean mass was greater in OWLs versus RUNs (β = 0.29, p < .01), but did not relate to total body BMD (r = .15; p = .08). Greater total and regional BMD and lean mass in OWLs compared with RUNs may reduce risk for developing osteoporosis and/or sarcopenia and associated downstream health outcomes.
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18
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Crossland H, Piasecki J, McCormick D, Phillips BE, Wilkinson DJ, Smith K, McPhee JS, Piasecki M, Atherton PJ. Targeted genotype analyses of GWAS-derived lean body mass and handgrip strength-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms in elite master athletes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R184-R194. [PMID: 32579386 PMCID: PMC7473897 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00110.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have independently identified a set of genetic loci associated with lean body mass (LBM) and handgrip strength (HGS). Evaluation of these candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may be useful to investigate genetic traits of populations at higher or lower risk of muscle dysfunction. As such, we investigated associations between six SNPs linked to LBM or HGS in a population of elite master athletes (MA) and age-matched controls as a representative population of older individuals with variable maintenance of muscle mass and function. Genomic DNA was isolated from buffy coat samples of 96 individuals [consisting of 48 MA (71 ± 6 yr, age-graded performance 83 ± 9%) and 48 older controls (75 ± 6 yr)]. SNP validation and sample genotyping were conducted using the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS). For the three SNPs analyzed that were previously associated with LBM (FTO, IRS1, and ADAMTSL3), multinomial logistic regression revealed a significant association of the ADAMTSL3 genotype with %LBM (P < 0.01). For the three HGS-linked SNPs, neither GBF1 nor GLIS1 showed any association with HGS, but for TGFA, multinomial logistic regression revealed a significant association of genotype with HGS (P < 0.05). For ADAMTSL3, there was an enrichment of the effect allele in the MA (P < 0.05, Fisher's exact test). Collectively, of the six SNPs analyzed, ADAMTSL3 and TGFA showed significant associations with LBM and HGS, respectively. The functional relevance of the ADAMTSL3 SNP in body composition and of TGFA in strength may highlight a genetic component of the elite MA phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Crossland
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Piasecki
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel McCormick
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie S McPhee
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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19
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Ireland A, Mittag U, Degens H, Felsenberg D, Ferretti JL, Heinonen A, Koltai E, Korhonen MT, McPhee JS, Mekjavic I, Piasecki J, Pisot R, Radak Z, Simunic B, Suominen H, Wilks DC, Winwood K, Rittweger J. Greater maintenance of bone mineral content in male than female athletes and in sprinting and jumping than endurance athletes: a longitudinal study of bone strength in elite masters athletes. Arch Osteoporos 2020; 15:87. [PMID: 32524289 PMCID: PMC7286845 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-020-00757-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We investigated longitudinal changes in tibia bone strength in master power (jumping and sprinting) and endurance (distance) athletes of both sexes. Bone mass but not cross-sectional moment of inertia was better maintained in power than endurance athletes over time, particularly in men and independent of changes in performance. OBJECTIVE Assessment of effects of sex and athletic discipline (lower limb power events, e.g. sprint running and jumping versus endurance running events) on longitudinal changes in bone strength in masters athletes. METHODS We examined tibia and fibula bone properties at distal (4% distal-proximal tibia length) and proximal (66% length) sites using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) in seventy-one track and field masters athletes (30 male, 41 female, age at baseline 57.0 ± 12.2 years) in a longitudinal cohort study that included at least two testing sessions over a mean period of 4.2 ± 3.1 years. Effects of time, as well as time × sex and time × discipline interactions on bone parameters and calf muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), were examined. RESULTS Effects of time were sex and discipline-dependent, even following adjustment for enrolment age, sex and changes in muscle CSA and athletic performance. Male sex and participation in power events was associated with better maintenance of tibia bone mineral content (BMC, an indicator of bone compressive strength) at 4% and 66% sites. In contrast, there was no strong evidence of sex or discipline effects on cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI, an indicator of bone bending and torsional strength-P > 0.3 for interactions). Similar sex and discipline-specific changes were also observed in the fibula. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that male athletes and those participating in lower limb power-based rather than endurance-based disciplines have better maintenance of bone compressive but not bending and torsional strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ireland
- grid.25627.340000 0001 0790 5329Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK
| | - Uwe Mittag
- grid.7551.60000 0000 8983 7915Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Degens
- grid.25627.340000 0001 0790 5329Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK ,grid.419313.d0000 0000 9487 602XLithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania ,grid.10414.300000 0001 0738 9977University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Dieter Felsenberg
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Osteology and Orphane Bone Diseases and Charité – Campus Benjamin Franklin, Centre of Muscle and Bone Research, Humboldt-University Berlin and Free University, Berlin, Germany
| | - José L. Ferretti
- grid.10814.3c0000 0001 2097 3211Center for P-Ca Metabolism Studies (CEMFoC), National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ari Heinonen
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Erika Koltai
- grid.472475.70000 0000 9243 1481Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marko T. Korhonen
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jamie S. McPhee
- grid.25627.340000 0001 0790 5329Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Igor Mekjavic
- grid.11375.310000 0001 0706 0012Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia ,grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC Canada
| | - Jessica Piasecki
- grid.25627.340000 0001 0790 5329Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK ,grid.12361.370000 0001 0727 0669Sport Health and Performance Enhancement Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rado Pisot
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Zsolt Radak
- grid.472475.70000 0000 9243 1481Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bostjan Simunic
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Harri Suominen
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Désirée C. Wilks
- grid.25627.340000 0001 0790 5329Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK
| | - Keith Winwood
- grid.25627.340000 0001 0790 5329Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- grid.7551.60000 0000 8983 7915Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany ,grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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20
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Tanaka H, Tarumi T, Rittweger J. Aging and Physiological Lessons from Master Athletes. Compr Physiol 2019; 10:261-296. [PMID: 31853968 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sedentary aging is often characterized by physical dysfunction and chronic degenerative diseases. In contrast, masters athletes demonstrate markedly greater physiological function and more favorable levels of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, frailty, and cognitive dysfunction than their sedentary counterparts. In many cases, age-related deteriorations of physiological functions as well as elevations in risk factors that are typically observed in sedentary adults are substantially attenuated or even absent in masters athletes. Older masters athletes possess greater functional capacity at any given age than their sedentary peers. Impressive profiles of older athletes provide insight into what is possible in human aging and place aging back into the domain of "physiology" rather than under the jurisdiction of "clinical medicine." In addition, these exceptional aging athletes can serve as a role model for the promotion of physical activity at all ages. The study of masters athletes has provided useful insight into the positive example of successful aging. To further establish and propagate masters athletics as a role model for our aging society, future research and action are needed. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:261-296, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Takashi Tarumi
- Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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21
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Gessel T, Harrast MA. Running Dose and Risk of Developing Lower-Extremity Osteoarthritis. Curr Sports Med Rep 2019; 18:201-209. [PMID: 31385835 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Whether or not running leads to the development of knee and hip osteoarthritis has been a much-debated topic and is often a question patients pose to their physicians. Recent literature adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that lower-dose running may be protective against the development of osteoarthritis, whereas higher-dose running may increase one's risk of developing lower-extremity osteoarthritis. However, running dose remains challenging to define, leading to difficulty in providing firm recommendations to patients regarding the degree of running which may be safe. Furthermore, when counseling patients regarding their risk of developing lower-extremity osteoarthritis secondary to running, clinicians must consider many additional factors, such as the numerous health benefits from running and individual risk factors for developing osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Gessel
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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22
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Piasecki J, Ireland A, Piasecki M, Deere K, Hannam K, Tobias J, McPhee JS. Comparison of Muscle Function, Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition of Early Starting and Later Starting Older Masters Athletes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1050. [PMID: 31507432 PMCID: PMC6719569 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Masters endurance runners can epitomize healthy aging; being reflective of the physiological processes of aging without the compounded effects of inactivity. The primary aim of the present study was to determine, using cross-sectional data, whether individuals taking up training after the age of 50 years can achieve the same level of athletic performance and musculoskeletal characteristics in their older age as those who trained all of their adult lives. A total of 150 master endurance runners [age 68 (5) years; 111 male, 39 female] were divided into early starters (training all of their adulthood) and late starters (started training after age 50 years). A comparative non-athletic group of 59 healthy older adults [age 73 (4) years; 30 female, 29 male] were additionally included for analysis. Training intensity, age-graded performance (AGP) and musculoskeletal assessments were performed. Results showed that there was no difference between athlete groups for training intensity or age-graded performance, despite the 30-year difference in training history. Body fat percentage and leg lean mass did not differ between athlete groups, but were 17% lower and 12% greater, respectively, in athlete groups compared with controls. Power normalized to body mass did not differ between any groups. Spine BMD was lower in late starters than controls, while early starters did not differ from late starters or controls. Hip BMD did not differ between any of the groups. These findings show that the Masters athletes we studied that started intense endurance running after the age of 50 years had lower body fat and higher leg lean mass compared to non-athletes. Body composition and athletic performance of the late starters was very similar to those who trained all of their adult lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Piasecki
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Ireland
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Deere
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley Hannam
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie S McPhee
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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23
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Mills K, Dudley D, Collins NJ. Do the benefits of participation in sport and exercise outweigh the negatives? An academic review. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2019; 33:172-187. [PMID: 31431271 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Public health campaigns promote regular exercise and physical activity. These campaigns are founded on global recommendations that a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise is required, on a weekly basis, to maximise physical and mental health. However, participation in all forms of sports and physical activity has inherent risks that need to be considered by both health practitioners making activity recommendations and the people participating. This review examines biological, psychological and social benefits and harms of the three highest participation physical activities: walking/running, multidirectional sports and resistance exercise. While the remaining evidence indicates that the positives do outweigh the negatives, it demonstrates that moderate amounts of exercise provide the most optimal balance and that potential harms are typically associated with low or high participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Mills
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Dean Dudley
- Centre of Children's Learning in a Social World, Department of Educational Studies, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Natalie J Collins
- Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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24
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Piasecki M, Ireland A, Piasecki J, Degens H, Stashuk DW, Swiecicka A, Rutter MK, Jones DA, McPhee JS. Long-Term Endurance and Power Training May Facilitate Motor Unit Size Expansion to Compensate for Declining Motor Unit Numbers in Older Age. Front Physiol 2019; 10:449. [PMID: 31080415 PMCID: PMC6497749 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The evidence concerning the effects of exercise in older age on motor unit (MU) numbers, muscle fiber denervation and reinnervation cycles is inconclusive and it remains unknown whether any effects are dependent on the type of exercise undertaken or are localized to highly used muscles. MU characteristics of the vastus lateralis (VL) were assessed using surface and intramuscular electromyography in eighty-five participants, divided into sub groups based on age (young, old) and athletic discipline (control, endurance, power). In a separate study of the biceps brachii (BB), the same characteristics were compared in the favored and non-favored arms in eleven masters tennis players. Muscle size was assessed using MRI and ultrasound. In the VL, the CSA was greater in young compared to old, and power athletes had the largest CSA within their age groups. Motor unit potential (MUP) size was larger in all old compared to young (p < 0.001), with interaction contrasts showing this age-related difference was greater for endurance and power athletes than controls, and MUP size was greater in old athletes compared to old controls. In the BB, thickness did not differ between favored and non-favored arms (p = 0.575), but MUP size was larger in the favored arm (p < 0.001). Long-term athletic training does not prevent age-related loss of muscle size in the VL or BB, regardless of athletic discipline, but may facilitate more successful axonal sprouting and reinnervation of denervated fibers. These effects may be localized to muscles most involved in the exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Piasecki
- Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - A. Ireland
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - J. Piasecki
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - H. Degens
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - D. W. Stashuk
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - A. Swiecicka
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - M. K. Rutter
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Diabetes Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - D. A. Jones
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - J. S. McPhee
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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25
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Onambele-Pearson G, Wullems J, Doody C, Ryan D, Morse C, Degens H. Influence of Habitual Physical Behavior - Sleeping, Sedentarism, Physical Activity - On Bone Health in Community-Dwelling Older People. Front Physiol 2019; 10:408. [PMID: 31037056 PMCID: PMC6476278 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sedentary behavior (SB) has emerged as an independent public-health risk and may contribute to the lower bone mineral density (BMD) in old (>60 years of age) than young adults. The purpose of this study was to quantify SB and habitual physical behavior (PB) in community-dwelling older adults and how this correlates with BMD. In 112 relatively healthy and independent-living individuals aged 72.5 ± 6.4 years, BMD, PB and SB were determined using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and 7-day three-dimensional accelerometry, respectively. In men, only healthy and osteopenic BMDs were found, whereas in women, osteoporotic BMD classifications also occurred. Our sample spent ∼61%, 7%, 12% and 19% of daily waking hours in SB, standing, LIPA [light intensity physical activity (PA)] and MVPA (medium-to-vigorous intensity PA), respectively. In men, after accounting for covariates (BMI, total fat, android:gynoid ratio), sleeping (hours/day), number of breaks in SB, number of SB ≥ 5 min, number of PA bouts, total duration of PA bouts (min), mean PA bouts duration (min), LIPA (%PA bout time) and MVPA (%PA bout time) were all predictors of BMD. In women, after accounting for covariates (age, BMI, total fat, android:gynoid ratio), SB (hours/day), SB (% waking hours), LIPA (hours/day), LIPA (% waking hours), MVPA (% waking hours) and number of short SB (i.e., <5 min), total time spent in PA (min) significantly correlated with BMD. In conclusion, the PB predictors of bone health in older persons include: night time sleeping duration, number of short bouts of SB, number and duration of bouts of PA relative to total waking hours. While radar graphs of PB patterns for healthy, osteopenic, osteoporotic individuals highlighted significant differences in PB between them, they were not consistent with the expectations from the Mechanostat Theory: i.e., more loading leads to better bone. Rather, our results suggest that a balance of activities must be maintained across the PB spectrum, where certain PB parameters are especially impactful in each sex, supporting the recently coined multifactorial-based variations in the Mechanostat threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Onambele-Pearson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jorgen Wullems
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Conor Doody
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Declan Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Society, University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Morse
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Degens
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
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26
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Bagley L, McPhee JS, Ganse B, Müller K, Korhonen MT, Rittweger J, Degens H. Similar relative decline in aerobic and anaerobic power with age in endurance and power master athletes of both sexes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:791-799. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Bagley
- School of Healthcare Science Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Jamie S. McPhee
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Bergita Ganse
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma RWTH Aachen University Hospital Aachen Germany
| | - Klaus Müller
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine German Aerospace Center Cologne Germany
| | - Marko T. Korhonen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine German Aerospace Center Cologne Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Hans Degens
- School of Healthcare Science Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations Lithuanian Sports University Kaunas Lithuania
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures Mureș Rumania
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