1
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McGugin RW, Sunday MA, Gauthier I. The neural correlates of domain-general visual ability. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:4280-4292. [PMID: 36045003 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
People vary in their general ability to compare, identify, and remember objects. Research using latent variable modeling identifies a domain-general visual recognition ability (called o) that reflects correlations among different visual tasks and categories. We measure associations between a psychometrically-sensitive measure of o and a neurometrically-sensitive measure of visual sensitivity to shape. We report evidence for distributed neural correlates of o using functional and anatomical regions-of-interest (ROIs) as well as whole brain analyses. Neural selectivity to shape is associated with o in several regions of the ventral pathway, as well as additional foci in parietal and premotor cortex. Multivariate analyses suggest the distributed effects in ventral cortex reflect a common mechanism. The network of brain areas where neural selectivity predicts o is similar to that evoked by the most informative features for object recognition in prior work, showing convergence of 2 different approaches on identifying areas that support the best object recognition performance. Because o predicts performance across many visual tasks for both novel and familiar objects, we propose that o could predict the magnitude of neural changes in task-relevant areas following experience with specific task and object category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rankin W McGugin
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, Nashville, TN 37240, United States
| | - Mackenzie A Sunday
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, Nashville, TN 37240, United States
| | - Isabel Gauthier
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, Nashville, TN 37240, United States
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2
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Levakov G, Sporns O, Avidan G. Modular community structure of the face network supports face recognition. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:3945-3958. [PMID: 34974616 PMCID: PMC9476611 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Face recognition is dependent on computations conducted in specialized brain regions and the communication among them, giving rise to the face-processing network. We examined whether modularity of this network may underlie the vast individual differences found in human face recognition abilities. Modular networks, characterized by strong within and weaker between-network connectivity, were previously suggested to promote efficacy and reduce interference among cognitive systems and also correlated with better cognitive abilities. The study was conducted in a large sample (n = 409) with diffusion-weighted imaging, resting-state fMRI, and a behavioral face recognition measure. We defined a network of face-selective regions and derived a novel measure of communication along with structural and functional connectivity among them. The modularity of this network was positively correlated with recognition abilities even when controlled for age. Furthermore, the results were specific to the face network when compared with the place network or to spatially permuted null networks. The relation to behavior was also preserved at the individual-edge level such that a larger correlation to behavior was found within hemispheres and particularly within the right hemisphere. This study provides the first evidence of modularity-behavior relationships in the domain of face processing and more generally in visual perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gidon Levakov
- Address correspondence to G. Levakov, Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 107 S Indiana Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, 107 S Indiana Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Galia Avidan
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel,Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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3
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Zoltowski AR, Lyu I, Failla M, Mash LE, Dunham K, Feldman JI, Woynaroski TG, Wallace MT, Barquero LA, Nguyen TQ, Cutting LE, Kang H, Landman BA, Cascio CJ. Cortical Morphology in Autism: Findings from a Cortical Shape-Adaptive Approach to Local Gyrification Indexing. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5188-5205. [PMID: 34195789 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been challenging to elucidate the differences in brain structure that underlie behavioral features of autism. Prior studies have begun to identify patterns of changes in autism across multiple structural indices, including cortical thickness, local gyrification, and sulcal depth. However, common approaches to local gyrification indexing used in prior studies have been limited by low spatial resolution relative to functional brain topography. In this study, we analyze the aforementioned structural indices, utilizing a new method of local gyrification indexing that quantifies this index adaptively in relation to specific sulci/gyri, improving interpretation with respect to functional organization. Our sample included n = 115 autistic and n = 254 neurotypical participants aged 5-54, and we investigated structural patterns by group, age, and autism-related behaviors. Differing structural patterns by group emerged in many regions, with age moderating group differences particularly in frontal and limbic regions. There were also several regions, particularly in sensory areas, in which one or more of the structural indices of interest either positively or negatively covaried with autism-related behaviors. Given the advantages of this approach, future studies may benefit from its application in hypothesis-driven examinations of specific brain regions and/or longitudinal studies to assess brain development in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa R Zoltowski
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ilwoo Lyu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Michelle Failla
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.,College of Nursing, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lisa E Mash
- San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | - Kacie Dunham
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jacob I Feldman
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Frist Center for Autism and Innovation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Tiffany G Woynaroski
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Frist Center for Autism and Innovation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Mark T Wallace
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.,Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Frist Center for Autism and Innovation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Laura A Barquero
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Tin Q Nguyen
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Laurie E Cutting
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.,Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.,Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hakmook Kang
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Bennett A Landman
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Carissa J Cascio
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.,Frist Center for Autism and Innovation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.,Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
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4
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Nestor A, Lee ACH, Plaut DC, Behrmann M. The Face of Image Reconstruction: Progress, Pitfalls, Prospects. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 24:747-759. [PMID: 32674958 PMCID: PMC7429291 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that neural and behavioral data acquired in response to viewing face images can be used to reconstruct the images themselves. However, the theoretical implications, promises, and challenges of this direction of research remain unclear. We evaluate the potential of this research for elucidating the visual representations underlying face recognition. Specifically, we outline complementary and converging accounts of the visual content, the representational structure, and the neural dynamics of face processing. We illustrate how this research addresses fundamental questions in the study of normal and impaired face recognition, and how image reconstruction provides a powerful framework for uncovering face representations, for unifying multiple types of empirical data, and for facilitating both theoretical and methodological progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Nestor
- Department of Psychology at Scarborough, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Andy C H Lee
- Department of Psychology at Scarborough, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Plaut
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marlene Behrmann
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Denadai R, Chou PY, Su YY, Lo CC, Lin HH, Ho CT, Lo LJ. Facial Appearance and Psychosocial Features in Orthognathic Surgery: A FACE-Q- and 3D Facial Image-Based Comparative Study of Patient-, Clinician-, and Lay-Observer-Reported Outcomes. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E909. [PMID: 31242639 PMCID: PMC6616869 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Outcome measures reported by patients, clinicians, and lay-observers can help to tailor treatment plans to meet patients' needs. This study evaluated orthognathic surgery (OGS) outcomes using pre- and post-OGS patients' (n = 84) FACE-Q reports, and a three-dimensional facial photograph-based panel assessment of facial appearance and psychosocial parameters, with 96 blinded layperson and orthodontic and surgical professional raters, and verified whether there were correlations between these outcome measurement tools. Post-OGS FACE-Q and panel assessment measurements showed significant (p < 0.001) differences from pre-OGS measurements. Pre-OGS patients' FACE-Q scores were significantly (p < 0.01) lower than normal, age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched individuals' (n = 54) FACE-Q scores, with no differences in post-OGS comparisons. The FACE-Q overall facial appearance scale had a low, statistically significant (p < 0.001) correlation to the facial-aesthetic-based panel assessment, but no correlation to the FACE-Q lower face and lips scales. No significant correlation was observed between the FACE-Q and panel assessment psychosocial-related scales. This study demonstrates that OGS treatment positively influences the facial appearance and psychosocial-related perceptions of patients, clinicians and lay observers, but that there is only a low, or no, correlation between the FACE-Q and panel assessment tools. Future investigations may consider the inclusion of both tools as OGS treatment endpoints for the improvement of patient-centered care, and guiding the health-system-related decision-making processes of multidisciplinary teams, policymakers, and other stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Denadai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Pang-Yun Chou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ying Su
- Department of Craniofacial Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chin Lo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiu-Hsia Lin
- Image Lab and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Ting Ho
- Department of Craniofacial Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Lun-Jou Lo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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6
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Schwarz L, Kreifelts B, Wildgruber D, Erb M, Scheffler K, Ethofer T. Properties of face localizer activations and their application in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) fingerprinting. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214997. [PMID: 31013276 PMCID: PMC6478291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional localizers are particularly prevalent in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies concerning face processing. In this study, we extend the knowledge on face localizers regarding four important aspects: First, activation differences in occipital and fusiform face areas (OFA/FFA) and amygdala are characterized by increased activation while precuneus and medial prefrontal cortex show decreased deactivation to faces versus control stimuli. The face-selective posterior superior temporal sulcus is a hybrid area exhibiting increased activation within its inferior and decreased deactivation within its superior part. Second, the employed control stimuli can impact on whether a region is classified in group analyses as face-selective or not. We specifically investigated this for recently described cytoarchitectonic subregions of the fusiform cortex (FG-2/FG-4). Averaged activity across voxels in FG-4 was stronger for faces than objects, houses, or landscapes. In FG-2, averaged activity was only significantly stronger in comparison with landscapes, but small peaks within this area were detected for comparison versus objects and houses. Third, reproducibility of individual peak activations is excellent for right FFA and quite good for right OFA, whereas within all other areas it was too low to provide valid information on time-invariant individual peaks. Finally, the fine-grained spatial activation patterns in right OFA and FFA are both time-invariant within each individual and sufficiently different between individuals to enable identification of individual participants with near-perfect precision (fMRI fingerprinting).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schwarz
- University Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department for Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin Kreifelts
- University Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Wildgruber
- University Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Erb
- Department for Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- Department for Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ethofer
- University Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department for Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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7
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Heckendorf E, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van Ijzendoorn MH, Huffmeijer R. Neural responses to children's faces: Test-retest reliability of structural and functional MRI. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01192. [PMID: 30739395 PMCID: PMC6422824 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Functional MRI (fMRI) is commonly used to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying psychological processes and behavioral responses. However, to draw well-founded conclusions from fMRI studies, more research on the reliability of fMRI is needed. METHODS We invited a sample of 41 female students to participate in two identical fMRI sessions, separated by 5 weeks on average. To investigate the potential effect of left-handedness on the stability of neural activity, we oversampled left-handed participants (N = 20). Inside the scanner, we presented photographs of familiar and unfamiliar children's faces preceded by neutral and threatening primes to the participants. We calculated intraclass correlations (ICCs) to investigate the test-retest reliability of peak activity in areas that showed significant activity during the first session (primary visual cortex, fusiform face area, inferior frontal gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus). In addition, we examined how many trials were needed to reliably measure the effects. RESULTS Across all participants, only fusiform face area activity in response to faces showed good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.71). All other test-retest reliabilities were low (0.01 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.35). Reliabilities varied only slightly with increasing numbers of trials, with no consistent increase in ICCs. Test-retest reliabilities for left-handed participants (0.28 ≤ ICC ≤0.66) were generally somewhat higher than for right-handed participants (-0.13 ≤ ICC ≤0.75), but not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Our study shows good test-retest reliability for fusiform facer area activity in response to faces, but low test-retest reliability for other contrasts and areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Heckendorf
- Department of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marian J Bakermans-Kranenburg
- Department of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Clinical Child and Family Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus H van Ijzendoorn
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rens Huffmeijer
- Department of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Sunday MA, McGugin RW, Tamber-Rosenau BJ, Gauthier I. Visual imagery of faces and cars in face-selective visual areas. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205041. [PMID: 30265719 PMCID: PMC6161903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging provides a unique tool to investigate otherwise difficult-to-access mental processes like visual imagery. Prior studies support the idea that visual imagery is a top-down reinstatement of visual perception, and it is likely that this extends to object processing. Here we use functional MRI and multi-voxel pattern analysis to ask if mental imagery of cars engages the fusiform face area, similar to what is found during perception. We test only individuals who we assumed could imagine individual car models based on their above-average perceptual abilities with cars. Our results provide evidence that cars are represented differently from common objects in face-selective visual areas, at least in those with above-average car recognition ability. Moreover, pattern classifiers trained on data acquired during imagery can decode the neural response pattern acquired during perception, suggesting that the tested object categories are represented similarly during perception and visual imagery. The results suggest that, even at high-levels of visual processing, visual imagery mirrors perception to some extent, and that face-selective areas may in part support non-face object imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin J. Tamber-Rosenau
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Isabel Gauthier
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
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9
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McGugin RW, Ryan KF, Tamber-Rosenau BJ, Gauthier I. The Role of Experience in the Face-Selective Response in Right FFA. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:2071-2084. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rankin W McGugin
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Wilson Hall, PMB 407817, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817, USA
| | - Katie F Ryan
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Wilson Hall, PMB 407817, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817, USA
| | - Benjamin J Tamber-Rosenau
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Wilson Hall, PMB 407817, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, 3695 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Isabel Gauthier
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Wilson Hall, PMB 407817, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817, USA
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10
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