Effects of levodopa therapy on voxel-based degree centrality in Parkinson’s disease

Brain network centrality and connectivity are associated with clinical subtypes and disease progression in Parkinson's disease

To investigate brain network centrality and connectivity alterations in different Parkinson's disease (PD) clinical subtypes using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI), and to explore the correlation between baseline connectivity changes and the clinical progression. Ninety-two PD patients were enrolled at baseline, alongside 38 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Of these, 85 PD patients underwent longitudinal assessments with a mean of 2.75 ± 0.59 years. Two-step cluster analysis integrating comprehensive motor and non-motor manifestations was performed to define PD subtypes. Degree centrality (DC) and secondary seed-based functional connectivity (FC) were applied to identify brain network centrality and connectivity changes among groups. Regression analysis was used to explore the correlation between baseline connectivity changes and clinical progression. Cluster analysis identified two main PD subtypes: mild PD and moderate PD. Two different subtypes within the mild PD were further identified: mild motor-predominant PD and mild-diffuse PD. Accordingly, the disrupted DC and seed-based FC in the left inferior frontal orbital gyrus and left superior occipital gyrus were severe in moderate PD. The DC and seed-based FC alterations in the right gyrus rectus and right postcentral gyrus were more severe in mild-diffuse PD than in mild motor-predominant PD. Moreover, disrupted DC were associated with clinical manifestations at baseline in patients with PD and predicted motor aspects progression over time. Our study suggested that brain network centrality and connectivity changes were different among PD subtypes. RS-fMRI holds promise to provide an objective assessment of subtype-related connectivity changes and predict disease progression in PD.

Consistent abnormal activity in the putamen by dopamine modulation in Parkinson's disease: A resting-state neuroimaging meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to elucidate brain areas mediated by oral anti-parkinsonian medicine that consistently show abnormal resting-state activation in PD and to reveal their functional connectivity profiles using meta-analytic approaches.

METHODS

Searches of the PubMed, Web of Science databases identified 78 neuroimaging studies including PD OFF state (PD-OFF) versus (vs.) PD ON state (PD-ON) or PD-ON versus healthy controls (HCs) or PD-OFF versus HCs data. Coordinate-based meta-analysis and functional meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM) were performed using the activation likelihood estimation algorithm.

RESULTS

Brain activation in PD-OFF vs. PD-ON was significantly changed in the right putamen and left inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Contrast analysis indicated that PD-OFF vs. HCs had more consistent activation in the right paracentral lobule, right middle frontal gyrus, right thalamus, left superior parietal lobule and right putamen, whereas PD-ON vs. HCs elicited more consistent activation in the bilateral middle temporal gyrus, left occipital gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus and right caudate. MACM revealed coactivation of the right putamen in the direct contrast of PD-OFF vs. PD-ON. Subtraction analysis of significant coactivation clusters for PD-OFF vs. PD-ON with the medium of HCs showed effects in the sensorimotor, top-down control, and visual networks. By overlapping the MACM maps of the two analytical strategies, we demonstrated that the coactivated brain region focused on the right putamen.

CONCLUSIONS

The convergence of local brain regions and co-activation neural networks are involved the putamen, suggesting its potential as a specific imaging biomarker to monitor treatment efficacy.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/], identifier [CRD CRD42022304150].

Integrated PET/MRI With 11C-CFT and 18F-FDG for levodopa response difference in Parkinson's disease

AIM

Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Excellent levodopa responsiveness has been proposed as a characteristic supporting feature in substantiating the PD diagnosis. However, a small portion of clinically established PD patients shows poor levodopa response. This study aims to investigate brain function alterations of PD patients with poor levodopa responsiveness by PET/MRI.

METHOD

A total of 46 PD patients were recruited. They all completed 11C-CFT PET/MRI scans and the acute levodopa challenge test. Among these 46 PD patients, 42 participants further underwent 18F-FDG PET/MRI scans. Clinical variables regarding demographic data, disease features and cognition scales were also collected. Based on the improvement rate of UPDRS-III, PD patients were divided into non-responders (improvement rate < 33 %) and responders (improvement rate ≥ 33 %). Statistical parametric zapping was performed to analyze molecular imaging. Dopaminergic uptake and metabolism of 70 brain regions were converted to quantitative values and expressed as standard uptake value (SUV). SUV was further normalized by the cerebellum. The resulting SUV ratios and clinical variables were then compared by SPSS.

RESULTS

The difference between levodopa non-responders (n = 17) and responders (n = 29) in the UPDRS III baseline was statistically significant and the former had a lower UPDRS III baseline (19 (10, 32), p＜0.05). In contrast, no statistical difference between these two groups was found in age, gender, disease duration, cognition, motor subtype and Hoehn-Yahr stage. Dopaminergic uptake differences between levodopa non-responders (n = 17) and responders (n = 29) were shown in the left inferior frontal cortex (1.00 ± 0.09 vs 1.07 ± 0.08, p < 0.05 and FDR < 0.2), the right posterior cingulum (1.10 ± 0.10 vs 1.20 ± 0.13, p < 0.05 and FDR < 0.2) and the right insula (1.21 ± 0.12 vs 1.30 ± 0.10, p < 0.05 and FDR < 0.2). The metabolic alterations between levodopa non-responders (n = 16) and responders (n = 26) were shown in the right supplementary motor area (1.30 (1.18, 1.39) vs 1.41 (1.31, 1.53), p < 0.05 and FDR < 0.2), right precuneus (1.37 ± 0.10 vs 1.47 ± 0.18, p < 0.05 and FDR < 0.2), right parietal cortex (1.14 ± 0.15 vs 1.27 ± 0.21, p < 0.05 and FDR < 0.2), right supramarginal gyrus (1.16 (1.12, 1.26) vs 1.25 (1.14, 1.46), p < 0.05 and FDR < 0.2), right postcentral gyrus (1.15 (1.08, 1.32) vs 1.24 (1.17, 1.39), p < 0.05 and FDR < 0.2), medulla (0.75 ± 0.07 vs 0.80 ± 0.07, p < 0.05 and FDR < 0.2), right rolandic operculum (1.25 (1.18, 1.32) vs 1.33 (1.25, 1.50), p < 0.05 and FDR < 0.2), right olfactory (0.95 (0.91, 1.01) vs 1.01 (0.95, 1.15), p < 0.05 and FDR < 0.2), the right insula (1.15 (1.06, 1.22) vs 1.21 (1.12, 1.35), p < 0.05 and FDR < 0.2) and the left cerebellum crus (0.96 (0.91, 1.01) vs 0.92 (0.86, 0.96), p < 0.05 and FDR < 0.2).

CONCLUSIONS

PD patients with poor response to levodopa showed less severe impairment of baseline motor symptoms, more severe dopaminergic deficits in the left inferior frontal, right posterior cingulate cortex and the right insula, and lower metabolism in the right supplementary motor area, right precuneus, right parietal cortex, right supramarginal gyrus, right postcentral gyrus, medulla, right rolandic operculum, right olfactory, the right insula and higher metabolism in the left cerebellum crus.

Intrinsic brain activity alterations in patients with Parkinson's disease

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study is to explore the brain activity alterations in Parkinson's disease (PD) from the perspectives of neuronal activity, synchronization of neuronal activity, and coordination of whole-brain activity.

METHODS

In this study, we recruited 38 PD patients and 35 matched healthy controls (HCs). We explored intrinsic brain activity alterations in PD by comparing resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) metrics of the amplitude of low-frequency of fluctuation (ALFF), the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF), percent amplitude of fluctuation (PerAF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and degree centrality (DC). Two-sample t-tests were used to determine the differences between the two groups. Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the relationships between abnormal ALFF, fALFF, PerAF, ReHo, and DC values and clinical indicators such as the Movement Disorder Society's Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stage, and duration of disease.

RESULTS

Compared with the HCs, PD had increased ALFF,fALFF, and PerAF in the temporal lobe and cerebellum, and decreased ALFF,fALFF, and PerAF in the occipital-parietal lobe in the neuronal activity. In the synchronization of neuronal activity, PD patients had increased ReHo in the right inferior parietal lobule and decreased ReHo in the caudate. In the coordination of whole-brain activity, PD patients had increased DC in the cerebellum and decreased DC in the occipital lobe. Correlation analysis showed that there is a correlation between abnormal brain regions and clinical indicators in PD. Notably, the changes in occipital lobe brain activity were found in ALFF, fALFF, PerAF, and DC, and were most correlated with the clinical indicators of PD patients.

CONCLUSIONS

This study found that intrinsic brain function in several occipital-temporal-parietal and cerebellum regions was altered in PD patients, potentially related to the clinical indicators of PD. These results may enhance our understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms of PD and may contribute to further exploring the selection of therapeutic targets in PD patients.

Altered brain network centrality in Parkinson's disease patients after deep brain stimulation: a functional MRI study using a voxel-wise degree centrality approach

OBJECTIVE

After deep brain stimulation (DBS), patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) show improved motor symptoms and decreased verbal fluency, an effect that occurs before the initiation of DBS in the subthalamic nucleus. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of DBS on whole-brain degree centrality (DC) and seed-based functional connectivity (FC) in PD patients.

METHODS

The authors obtained resting-state functional MRI data of 28 PD patients before and after DBS surgery. All patients underwent MRI scans in the off-stimulation state. The DC method was used to evaluate the effects of DBS on whole-brain FC at the voxel level. Seed-based FC analysis was used to examine network function changes after DBS.

RESULTS

After DBS surgery, PD patients showed significantly weaker DC values in the left middle temporal gyrus, left supramarginal gyrus, and left middle frontal gyrus, but significantly stronger DC values in the midbrain, left precuneus, and right precentral gyrus. FC analysis revealed decreased FC values within the default mode network (DMN).

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that the DC of DMN-related brain regions decreased in PD patients after DBS surgery, whereas the DC of the motor cortex increased. These findings provide new evidence for the neural effects of DBS on voxel-based whole-brain networks in PD patients.

Severity-dependent functional connectome and the association with glucose metabolism in the sensorimotor cortex of Parkinson's disease

Functional MRI studies have achieved promising outcomes in revealing abnormal functional connectivity in Parkinson's disease (PD). The primary sensorimotor area (PSMA) received a large amount of attention because it closely correlates with motor deficits. While functional connectivity represents signaling between PSMA and other brain regions, the metabolic mechanism behind PSMA connectivity has rarely been well established. By introducing hybrid PET/MRI scanning, the current study enrolled 33 advanced PD patients during medication-off condition and 25 age-and-sex-matched healthy controls (HCs), aiming to not only identify the abnormal functional connectome pattern of the PSMA, but also to simultaneously investigate how PSMA functional connectome correlates with glucose metabolism. We calculated degree centrality (DC) and the ratio of standard uptake value (SUVr) using resting state fMRI and ¹⁸F-FDG-PET data. A two-sample t-test revealed significantly decreased PSMA DC (P_FWE < 0.014) in PD patients. The PSMA DC also correlated negatively with H-Y stage (P = 0.031). We found a widespread reduction of H-Y stage associated (P-values < 0.041) functional connectivity between PSMA and the visual network, attention network, somatomotor network, limbic network, frontoparietal network as well as the default mode network. The PSMA DC correlated positively with FDG-uptake in the HCs (P = 0.039) but not in the PD patients (P > 0.44). In summary, we identified disease severity-dependent PSMA functional connectome which in addition uncoupled with glucose metabolism in PD patients. The current study highlighted the critical role of simultaneous PET/fMRI in revealing the functional-metabolic mechanism in the PSMA of PD patients.

Classification of severe obstructive sleep apnea with cognitive impairment using degree centrality: A machine learning analysis

In this study, we aimed to use voxel-level degree centrality (DC) features in combination with machine learning methods to distinguish obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Ninety-nine OSA patients were recruited for rs-MRI scanning, including 51 MCI patients and 48 participants with no mild cognitive impairment. Based on the Automated Anatomical Labeling (AAL) brain atlas, the DC features of all participants were calculated and extracted. Ten DC features were screened out by deleting variables with high pin-correlation and minimum absolute contraction and performing selective operator lasso regression. Finally, three machine learning methods were used to establish classification models. The support vector machine method had the best classification efficiency (AUC = 0.78), followed by random forest (AUC = 0.71) and logistic regression (AUC = 0.77). These findings demonstrate an effective machine learning approach for differentiating OSA patients with and without MCI and provide potential neuroimaging evidence for cognitive impairment caused by OSA.

Association between high levels of body-esteem and increased degree of midcingulate cortex global connectivity: A resting-state fMRI study

Multiple neuroimaging studies have examined the neural underpinnings of body image disturbances in patients with eating disorders. However, key brain regions related to body image, such as body-esteem (BE), among healthy individuals are understudied. Given the extremely crucial role of BE in eating behaviors and physical and mental health, the current study conducted data-driven analysis and characterized the neurobiological correlates of BE with the network properties of the resting brain using the voxel-wise degree centrality (DC) measures of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data and seed-based resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC). A total of 694 healthy young adults (females = 474, mean age = 18.38 years, range = 17-22) underwent rs-fMRI, and completed the Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults, the Eating Disorder Diagnosis Scale, and the Restraint Scale. After correcting for differences in age, gender, body mass index, and head motion, whole-brain correlation analyses revealed that a high level of BE was associated with increased DC within the right midcingulate cortex (MCC) and subsequent high levels of MCC-based RSFC strengths. Furthermore, MCC connectivity patterns related to BE were inversely associated with disordered eating behaviors. These findings suggest that adaptive cognitive and emotional regulation (i.e., self-evaluation and emotion based on body image) may explain the potential relationship between MCC connectivity patterns and BE to a certain extent. As such, future studies should investigate these interesting possibilities.

The Effects of CPAP Treatment on Resting-State Network Centrality in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients

Background and Objectives

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep disorder and previous studies have shown that OSA patients suffer from brain network impairments associated with cognitive deficits, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment can improve clinical symptoms. However, the relationship between CPAP treatment and brain network changes remains unclear. This study explored the characteristics of brain network changes in OSA patients before (pre-CPAP) and after one month of CPAP treatment (post-CPAP).

Methods

We collected data, including sleep monitoring, clinical assessment, and magnetic resonance imaging scans, from 21 OSA patients and 21 age-matched healthy controls (HCs). Voxel-level degree centrality (DC) was used to assess whole-brain network connectivity characteristics, a two-sample t-test was used to compare network differences between pre-CPAP OSA patients and HCs, and a paired sample t-test was used to compare the characteristics of brain network changes in OSA patients before and after treatment. The correlations between the DC value and each of the clinical variables were analyzed in the OSA patients.

Results

Compared with HCs, pre-CPAP OSA patients showed increased DC values in the bilateral cerebellar posterior lobes (CPLs) and decreased DC values in the right superior temporal gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus. Compared with pre-CPAP OSA patients, post-CPAP OSA patients showed reduced DC values in the bilateral CPL and increased DC values in several brain regions in the frontal, temporal, and insular lobes after CPAP treatment. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment MoCA (MoCA) scores were positively correlated with the DC value of the bilateral cerebellum posterior lobe, right middle temporal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, left paracentral lobule and left paracentral lobule. Also, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores were negatively correlated with the DC value of the right middle temporal gyrus in post-CPAP OSA patients.

Conclusion

CPAP treatment can effectively reverse the compensatory response of the bilateral CPL and functional network damage brought about by OSA, which may provide potential neuroimaging biomarkers for CPAP treatment evaluation.

Cognitive Deficit and Aberrant Intrinsic Brain Functional Network in Early-Stage Drug-Naive Parkinson’s Disease

Background

Although cognitive deficit is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD), the mechanism and valid biomarkers of it have not been identified. To our best knowledge, this was the first study to investigate the intrinsic dysconnectivity pattern of whole-brain functional networks in early-stage drug-naive (ESDN) PD patients and its association with cognitive deficit of PD using voxel-wise Degree Centrality (DC) approach.

Methods

A total of 53 ESDN PD patients and 53 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) data were acquired, and voxel-wise DC approach was applied. Electrophysiological testing at P300 amplitude was recorded. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was conducted to evaluate cognitive performance.

Results

ESDN PD patients had lower MoCA scores and P300 amplitudes, but higher P300 latency, than HC (all p < 0.0001). PD patients displayed higher DC in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), left medial frontal gyrus (MFG) and left precentral gyrus (PreCG); but lower DC in the left inferior parietal lobule (IPL), left inferior temporal gyrus (ITG), right occipital lobe, and right postcentral gyrus (PoCG) (p_{Bonferroni correction} < 0.0001). Interestingly, the DC values of left MFG, right PoCG and right occipital lobe were negatively associated with P300 latency but positively associated with P300 amplitudes and MoCA scores (all p_{Bonferroni correction} < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Our results indicate the cognitive deficit and abnormal intrinsic brain functional network in ESDN PD patients. The damage of Default Mode Network (DMN) may be contributes to the pathogenesis of cognitive dysfunction in ESDN PD.

Abnormal Neural Activity in Different Frequency Bands in Parkinson's Disease With Mild Cognitive Impairment

Background: Abnormal spontaneous neural activity is often found in patients with Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI). However, the frequency dependence of neuronal interaction activities, especially the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and degree centrality (DC), in PD-MCI is still unclear. Thus, this study aimed to explore the frequency dependence of PD-MCI based on fALFF and DC maps. Methods: Twenty-four patients with PD-MCI, 42 PD patients with normal cognition (PD-NC), and 33 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. Neuropsychological assessments and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) were performed. The fALFF and DC values in the conventional, slow4 and slow5 frequency bands were compared among the groups. Results: In the conventional frequency band, the DC value in the left precentral area was decreased in PD-MCI patients, while that in the right fusiform area was increased in PD-NC patients compared with HCs. Regarding fALFFs, both the PD-MCI and PD-NC patients had decreased values in the right precentral area compared with those of the HCs. The fALFFs did not differ between PD-MCI and PD-NC patients. The fALFF results in the slow4 subfrequency band were consistent with those in the conventional frequency band. In the slow5 band, the DC value in the left middle temporal lobe was higher in PD-MCI patients than in PD-NC patients and was positively correlated with the performance of the PD-MCI patients on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Additionally, both PD-MCI and PD-NC patients showed lower fALFF values in the bilateral putamen than the HCs, and the fALFF in the bilateral putamen was negatively correlated with the Hoehn and Yahr stages of PD-MCI. The fALFF in the left putamen was negatively correlated with the scores of PD-MCI patients on the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale Part III (MDS-UPRDS-III). Conclusion: Our results suggested that abnormal neuronal activities, such as fALFF and DC, are dependent on frequency in PD-MCI. Some subfrequency bands could distinguish PD-MCI from PD. Our findings may be helpful for further revealing the frequency-dependent resting functional disruption in PD-MCI.

Global efficiency of the motor network is decreased in Parkinson's disease in comparison with essential tremor and healthy controls

BACKGROUND

Graph theory (GT) is a mathematical field that analyses complex networks that can be applied to neuroimaging to quantify brain's functional systems in Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET).

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the functional connectivity (FC) measured by the global efficiency (GE) of the motor network in PD and compare it to ET and healthy controls (HC), and correlate it to clinical parameters.

METHODS

103 subjects (54PD, 18ET, 31HC) were submitted to structural and functional MRI. A network was designed with regions of interest (ROIs) involved in motor function, and GT was applied to determine its GE. Clinical parameters were analyzed as covariates to estimate the impact of disease severity and medication on GE.

RESULTS

GE of the motor circuit was reduced in PD in comparison with HC (p .042). Areas that most contributed to it were left supplementary motor area (SMA) and bilateral postcentral gyrus. Tremor scores correlated positively with GE of the motor network in PD subgroups. For ET, there was an increase in the connectivity of the anterior cerebellar network to the other ROIs of the motor circuit in comparison with PD.

CONCLUSIONS

FC measured by the GE of the motor network is diminished in PD in comparison with HC, especially due to decreased connectivity of left SMA and bilateral postcentral gyrus. This finding supports the theory that there is a global impairment of the motor network in PD, and it does not affect just the basal ganglia, but also areas associated with movement modulation. The ET group presented an increased connectivity of the anterior cerebellar network to the other ROIs of the motor circuit when compared to PD, which reinforces what it is known about its role in this pathology.

Common and specific altered amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in Parkinson's disease patients with and without freezing of gait in different frequency bands

Freezing of gait (FOG), a disabling symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), severely affects PD patients' life quality. Previous studies found neuropathologies in functional connectivity related to FOG, but few studies detected abnormal regional activities related to FOG in PD patients. In the present study, we analyzed the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) to detect brain regions showing abnormal activity in PD patients with FOG (PD-with-FOG) and without FOG (PD-without-FOG). As different frequencies of neural oscillations in brain may reflect distinct brain functional and physiological properties, we conducted this study in three frequency bands, slow-5 (0.01-0.027 Hz), slow-4 (0.027-0.073 Hz), and classical frequency band (0.01-0.08 Hz). We acquired rs-fMRI data from 18 PD-with-FOG patients, 18 PD-without-FOG patients, and 17 healthy controls, then calculated voxel-wise ALFF across the whole brain and compared ALFF among the three groups in each frequency band. We found: (1) in slow-5, both PD-with-FOG and PD-without-FOG patients showed lower ALFF in the bilateral putamen compared to healthy controls, (2) in slow-4, PD-with-FOG patients showed higher ALFF in left inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) and lower ALFF in right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) compared to either PD-without-FOG patients or healthy controls, (3) in classical frequency band, PD-with-FOG patients also showed higher ALFF in ITG compared to either PD-without-FOG patients or healthy controls. Furthermore, we found that ALFF in MFG and ITG in slow-4 provided the highest classification accuracy (96.7%) in distinguishing PD-with-FOG from PD-without-FOG patients by using a stepwise multivariate pattern analysis. Our findings indicated frequency-specific regional spontaneous neural activity related to FOG, which may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of FOG.

Abnormal Degree Centrality in White Matter Hyperintensities: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Background: White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are a common occurrence with aging and are associated with cognitive impairment. However, the neurobiological mechanisms of WMHs remain poorly understood. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a prominent tool that helps in non-invasive examinations and is increasingly used to diagnose neuropsychiatric diseases. Degree centrality (DC) is a common and reliable index in fMRI, which counts the number of direct connections for a given voxel in a network and reflects the functional connectivity within brain networks. We explored the underlying mechanism of cognitive impairment in WMHs from the perspective of DC. Methods: A total of 104 patients with WMHs and 37 matched healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in the current study. All participants underwent individual and overall cognitive function tests and resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI). WMHs were divided into three groups (39 mild WMHs, 37 moderate WMHs, and 28 severe WMHs) according to their Fazekas scores, and the abnormal DC values in the WMHs and HCs groups were analyzed. Results: There was a significant difference in the right inferior frontal orbital gyrus and left superior parietal gyrus between the WMHs and HCs groups. The functional connectivity between the right inferior frontal orbital gyrus and left inferior temporal gyrus, left superior parietal gyrus, and left parietal inferior gyrus was also different in the WMHs group. Conclusion: The change in DC value may be one of the underlying mechanisms of cognitive impairment in individuals with WMHs, which provides us with a new approach to delaying cognitive impairment in WMHs.

Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation Over the Suprahyoid Muscles Motor Cortex Facilitates Increased Degree Centrality in Healthy Subjects

Theta-burst stimulation (TBS), a variant of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), can potentially benefit the treatment of swallowing disorders. However, the after-effects of TBS on the swallowing motor cortex remain uncertain. The newly developed graph-based analysis of the centrality approach has been increasingly used to explore brain networks. The purpose of this study was to identify degree centrality (DC) alterations in the brain network after different TBS protocols were performed over the suprahyoid muscles motor cortex in healthy subjects. A total of 40 right-handed healthy subjects (mean age: 23.73 ± 2.57 years, range: 21–30, 20 females) were included in this study and randomly assigned to two groups, including the continuous TBS (cTBS) group and the intermittent TBS (iTBS) group. All of the subjects underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) scanning before and after TBS implementation. Compared to the baseline, cTBS resulted in increased DC values in the left inferior frontal gyrus (P < 0.01). In the iTBS group, decreased DC was observed in the left cerebellum and left medial frontal gyrus; However, increased DC was observed in several brain areas including the right superior temporal gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus, right postcentral gyri and left paracentral lobule (P < 0.01). These results indicated that cTBS mainly results in increasing DC in the ipsilateral. However, iTBS is capable of facilitating the excitability of the swallowing motor cortex and increasing the connectivity of multiple brain regions, including the bilateral sensorimotor network, and might have therapeutic potential in the treatment of swallowing disorders.

Altered spontaneous brain activity pattern in patients with ophthalmectomy: an resting-state fMRI study

AIM

To use the voxel-wise degree centrality (DC) method to explore the underlying functional network brain-activity in patients with ophthalmectomy.

METHODS

A total of 32 ophthalmic surgery patients (10 women and 22 men), and 32 healthy subjects (10 women and 22 men) highly matched in gender, age, and the same operation method. Everyone experienced a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. The spontaneous brain activity could be assessed by DC. Correlation analysis was used to explore the relationships between the average DC signal values and behavior performance in different regions. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was utilized to differentiate between ophthalmectomy patients and healthy controls (HCs).

RESULTS

Compared with HCs, ophthalmectomy patients had greatly reduced DC values in left lingual gyrus, bilateral lingual lobe, left cingulate gyrus, and increased DC values of left cerebellum posterior lobe, left middle frontal gyrus1, right supramarginal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus2, right middle frontal gyrus. However, we did not find that there was a correlation between the average DC values from various brain regions and clinical manifestations.

CONCLUSION

Dysfunction may be caused by ophthalmectomy in lots of cerebral areas, which may show the potential pathological mechanism of ophthalmectomy and it is beneficial to clinical diagnosis.

Altered Global Synchronizations in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: A Resting-State fMRI Study

Background: Abnormalities of cognitive and movement functions are widely reported in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The mechanisms therein are complicated and assumed to a coordination of various brain regions. This study explored the alterations of global synchronizations of brain activities and investigated the neural correlations of cognitive and movement function in PD patients.

Methods: Thirty-five age-matched patients with PD and 35 normal controls (NC) were enrolled in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) scanning. Degree centrality (DC) was calculated to measure the global synchronizations of brain activity for two groups. Neural correlations between DC and cognitive function Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), as well as movement function Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III), were examined across the whole brain within Anatomical Automatic Labeling (AAL) templates.

Results: In the PD group, increased DC was observed in left fusiform gyrus extending to inferior temporal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and angular gyrus, while it was decreased in right inferior opercular-frontal gyrus extending to superior temporal gyrus (STG). The DC in a significant region of the fusiform gyrus was positively correlated with UPDRS-III scores in PD (r = 0.41, p = 0.0145). Higher FAB scores were shown in NC than PD (p < 0.0001). Correlative analysis of PD between DC and FAB showed negative results (p < 0.05) in frontal cortex, whereas positive in insula and cerebellum. As for the correlations between DC and UPDRS-III, negative correlation (p < 0.05) was observed in bilateral inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and right cerebellum, whereas positive correlation (p < 0.05) in bilateral hippocampus and para-hippocampus gyrus (p < 0.01).

Conclusion: The altered global synchronizations revealed altered cognitive and movement functions in PD. The findings suggested that the global functional connectivity in fusiform gyrus, cerebellum and hippocampus gyrus are critical regions in the identification of cognitive and movement functions in PD. This study provides new insights on the interactions among global coordination of brain activity, cognitive and movement functions in PD.