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Vashisht M, Ge H, John J, McKelvey HA, Chen J, Chen Z, Wang JH. TRAF2/3 deficient B cells resist DNA damage-induced apoptosis via NF-κB2/XIAP/cIAP2 axis and IAP antagonist sensitizes mutant lymphomas to chemotherapeutic drugs. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:599. [PMID: 37679334 PMCID: PMC10485046 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Deletion of TRAF2 or TRAF3 in B cells prolongs their survival. However, it remains unknown whether deletion of such factors affects B cells' ability to tolerate DNA damage, which can be induced by chemotherapeutics and cause apoptosis. Genetic alterations of TRAF2 or TRAF3 are observed in subsets of human B-cell lymphomas and B cell-specific deletion of TRAF3 led to lymphoma development in aged mice. However, it remains unknown whether double deficiency of TRAF2 and TRAF3 accelerates B-cell lymphomagenesis. Here, we showed that B cell-specific TRAF2/3 double deficient (B-TRAF2/3-DKO) B cells were remarkably more resistant to DNA damage-induced apoptosis via upregulating cIAP2 and XIAP, which in turn attenuates caspase-3 activation. Mechanistically, resistance to DNA damage-induced apoptosis required NF-κB2, which effects by upregulating XIAP and cIAP2 transcription. B-TRAF2/3-DKO mice exhibited a shorter lifespan and succumbed to splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. Unexpectedly, the incidence of B-cell lymphoma development in B-TRAF2/3-DKO mice was relatively rare (∼10%). Sequencing B cell receptor repertoire of diseased B cells revealed that TRAF2/3 deficiency caused abnormal oligoclonal or clonal expansion of B cells. While a fraction of mutant B cells (25-43%) from aged diseased mice harbored recurrent chromosomal translocations, primary B cells isolated from young B-TRAF2/3-DKO mice had no detectable chromosomal alterations, suggesting that TRAF2/3 deficiency per se does not cause evident genomic instability in B cells. Chemo-resistant TRAF3-deficient B-cell lymphomas were sensitized to chemotherapeutic drugs by blocking IAP activity using IAP antagonist. We conclude that double deficiency of TRAF2 and TRAF3 does not accelerate B-cell lymphomagenesis. Our studies provide insight into mechanisms regulating DNA damage-induced apoptosis and may help develop effective therapies targeting mutant B-cell lymphomas using IAP antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Vashisht
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Huaibin Ge
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jessy John
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Harlie A McKelvey
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jingxin Chen
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Zhangguo Chen
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Jing H Wang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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2
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Lomov NA, Viushkov VS, Rubtsov MA. Mechanisms of Secondary Leukemia Development Caused by Treatment with DNA Topoisomerase Inhibitors. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:892-911. [PMID: 37751862 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923070040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia is a blood cancer originating in the blood and bone marrow. Therapy-related leukemia is associated with prior chemotherapy. Although cancer therapy with DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors is one of the most effective cancer treatments, its side effects include development of secondary leukemia characterized by the chromosomal rearrangements affecting AML1 or MLL genes. Recurrent chromosomal translocations in the therapy-related leukemia differ from chromosomal rearrangements associated with other neoplasias. Here, we reviewed the factors that drive chromosomal translocations induced by cancer treatment with DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors, such as mobility of ends of double-strand DNA breaks formed before the translocation and gain of function of fusion proteins generated as a result of translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai A Lomov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
| | - Vladimir S Viushkov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Rubtsov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Industrial Technologies and Entrepreneurship Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119435, Russia
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3
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Werner H, Meisel-Sharon S, Bruchim I. Oncogenic fusion proteins adopt the insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:28. [PMID: 29455671 PMCID: PMC5817802 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0807-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) has been identified as a potent anti-apoptotic, pro-survival tyrosine kinase-containing receptor. Overexpression of the IGF1R gene constitutes a typical feature of most human cancers. Consistent with these biological roles, cells expressing high levels of IGF1R are expected not to die, a quintessential feature of cancer cells. Tumor specific chromosomal translocations that disrupt the architecture of transcription factors are a common theme in carcinogenesis. Increasing evidence gathered over the past fifteen years demonstrate that this type of genomic rearrangements is common not only among pediatric and hematological malignancies, as classically thought, but may also provide a molecular and cytogenetic foundation for an ever-increasing portion of adult epithelial tumors. In this review article we provide evidence that the mechanism of action of oncogenic fusion proteins associated with both pediatric and adult malignancies involves transactivation of the IGF1R gene, with ensuing increases in IGF1R levels and ligand-mediated receptor phosphorylation. Disrupted transcription factors adopt the IGF1R signaling pathway and elicit their oncogenic activities via activation of this critical regulatory network. Combined targeting of oncogenic fusion proteins along with the IGF1R may constitute a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Yoran Institute for Human Genome Research, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Shilhav Meisel-Sharon
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilan Bruchim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera 38100, affiliated with the Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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4
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Habib R, Neitzel H, Ernst A, Wong JKL, Goryluk-Kozakiewicz B, Gerlach A, Demuth I, Sperling K, Chrzanowska K. Evidence for a pre-malignant cell line in a skin biopsy from a patient with Nijmegen breakage syndrome. Mol Cytogenet 2018; 11:17. [PMID: 29445421 PMCID: PMC5803995 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-018-0364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nijmegen breakage syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by microcephaly, immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity to X-irradiation, and a high predisposition to cancer. Nibrin, the product of the NBN gene, is part of the MRE11/RAD50 (MRN) complex that is involved in the repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and plays a critical role in the processing of DSBs in immune gene rearrangements, telomere maintenance, and meiotic recombination. NBS skin fibroblasts grow slowly in culture and enter early into senescence. Case presentation Here we present an incidental finding. Skin fibroblasts, derived from a 9 year old NBS patient, showed a mosaic of normal diploid cells (46,XY) and those with a complex, unbalanced translocation. The aberrant karyotype was analysed by G-banding, comparative genomic hybridization, and whole chromosome painting. The exact breakpoints of the derivative chromosome were mapped by whole genome sequencing: 45,XY,der(6)(6pter → 6q11.1::13q11 → 13q21.33::20q11.22 → 20qter),-13. The deleted region of chromosomes 6 harbors almost 1.400 and that of chromosome 13 more than 500 genes, the duplicated region of chromosome 20 contains about 700 genes. Such unbalanced translocations are regularly incompatible with cellular survival, except in malignant cells. The aberrant cells, however, showed a high proliferation potential and could even be clonally expanded. Telomere length was significantly reduced, hTERT was not expressed. The cells underwent about 50 population doublings until they entered into senescence. The chromosomal preparation performed shortly before senescence showed telomere fusions, premature centromere divisions, endoreduplications and tetraploid cells, isochromatid breaks and a variety of marker chromosomes. Inspection of the site of skin biopsy 18 years later, presented no evidence for abnormal growth. Conclusions The aberrant cells had a significant selective advantage in vitro. It is therefore tempting to speculate that this highly unbalanced translocation could be a primary driver of cancer cell growth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13039-018-0364-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raneem Habib
- 1Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,2Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidemarie Neitzel
- 2Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aurelie Ernst
- 3Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John K L Wong
- 3Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Antje Gerlach
- 2Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilja Demuth
- 5Lipid Clinic at the Interdisciplinary Metabolism Center, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Sperling
- 2Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Krystyna Chrzanowska
- 4Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Chen Z, Gowan K, Leach SM, Viboolsittiseri SS, Mishra AK, Kadoishi T, Diener K, Gao B, Jones K, Wang JH. Unexpected effects of different genetic backgrounds on identification of genomic rearrangements via whole-genome next generation sequencing. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:823. [PMID: 27769169 PMCID: PMC5075209 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whole genome next generation sequencing (NGS) is increasingly employed to detect genomic rearrangements in cancer genomes, especially in lymphoid malignancies. We recently established a unique mouse model by specifically deleting a key non-homologous end-joining DNA repair gene, Xrcc4, and a cell cycle checkpoint gene, Trp53, in germinal center B cells. This mouse model spontaneously develops mature B cell lymphomas (termed G1XP lymphomas). Results Here, we attempt to employ whole genome NGS to identify novel structural rearrangements, in particular inter-chromosomal translocations (CTXs), in these G1XP lymphomas. We sequenced six lymphoma samples, aligned our NGS data with mouse reference genome (in C57BL/6J (B6) background) and identified CTXs using CREST algorithm. Surprisingly, we detected widespread CTXs in both lymphomas and wildtype control samples, majority of which were false positive and attributable to different genetic backgrounds. In addition, we validated our NGS pipeline by sequencing multiple control samples from distinct tissues of different genetic backgrounds of mouse (B6 vs non-B6). Lastly, our studies showed that widespread false positive CTXs can be generated by simply aligning sequences from different genetic backgrounds of mouse. Conclusions We conclude that mapping and alignment with reference genome might not be a preferred method for analyzing whole-genome NGS data obtained from a genetic background different from reference genome. Given the complex genetic background of different mouse strains or the heterogeneity of cancer genomes in human patients, in order to minimize such systematic artifacts and uncover novel CTXs, a preferred method might be de novo assembly of personalized normal control genome and cancer cell genome, instead of mapping and aligning NGS data to mouse or human reference genome. Thus, our studies have critical impact on the manner of data analysis for cancer genomics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3153-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangguo Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E, 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Katherine Gowan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sonia M Leach
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.,Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Sawanee S Viboolsittiseri
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E, 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ameet K Mishra
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E, 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Tanya Kadoishi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E, 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Katrina Diener
- Genomic and Microarray Core, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Bifeng Gao
- Genomic and Microarray Core, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kenneth Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jing H Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E, 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.
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6
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Chen Z, Elos MT, Viboolsittiseri SS, Gowan K, Leach SM, Rice M, Eder MD, Jones K, Wang JH. Combined deletion of Xrcc4 and Trp53 in mouse germinal center B cells leads to novel B cell lymphomas with clonal heterogeneity. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:2. [PMID: 26740101 PMCID: PMC4704435 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Activated B lymphocytes harbor programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) initiated by activation-induced deaminase (AID) and repaired by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). While it has been proposed that these DSBs during secondary antibody gene diversification are the primary source of chromosomal translocations in germinal center (GC)-derived B cell lymphomas, this point has not been directly addressed due to the lack of proper mouse models. Methods In the current study, we establish a unique mouse model by specifically deleting a NHEJ gene, Xrcc4, and a cell cycle checkpoint gene, Trp53, in GC B cells, which results in the spontaneous development of B cell lymphomas that possess features of GC B cells. Results We show that these NHEJ deficient lymphomas harbor translocations frequently targeting immunoglobulin (Ig) loci. Furthermore, we found that Ig translocations were associated with distinct mechanisms, probably caused by AID- or RAG-induced DSBs. Intriguingly, the AID-associated Ig loci translocations target either c-myc or Pvt-1 locus whereas the partners of RAG-associated Ig translocations scattered randomly in the genome. Lastly, these NHEJ deficient lymphomas harbor complicated genomes including segmental translocations and exhibit a high level of ongoing DNA damage and clonal heterogeneity. Conclusions We propose that combined NHEJ and p53 defects may serve as an underlying mechanism for a high level of genomic complexity and clonal heterogeneity in cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-015-0230-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangguo Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Mihret T Elos
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sawanee S Viboolsittiseri
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Katherine Gowan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sonia M Leach
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.,Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Michael Rice
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Maxwell D Eder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kenneth Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jing H Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.
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7
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Patel NR, Salim AA, Sayeed H, Sarabia SF, Hollingsworth F, Warren M, Jakacky J, Tanas M, Oliveira AM, Rubin BP, Lazar AJ, López-Terrada D, Wang WL. Molecular characterization of epithelioid haemangioendotheliomas identifies novel WWTR1-CAMTA1 fusion variants. Histopathology 2015; 67:699-708. [PMID: 25817592 DOI: 10.1111/his.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a malignant vascular neoplasm. Subsets have been characterized previously by translocations resulting in either WWTR1-CAMTA1 or YAP1-TFE3 fusion. We sought to develop molecular and immunohistochemical (IHC) assays to aid in the diagnosis and characterization of EHE. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty-two formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cases diagnosed between 2002 and 2014 were retrieved from the pathology files of our institutions. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays were optimized to detect WWTR1-CAMTA1 and YAP1-TFE3 fusion transcripts in FFPE tissue and transcription factor E3 (TFE3) protein accumulation was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RNA was extracted from 33 adequate samples, with more recent cases providing a greater yield of high quality RNA. Fourteen of 18 informative cases were positive for WWTR1-CAMTA1 fusion transcripts, four of which showed higher-grade cytological features termed by some as 'malignant EHE'. Novel in-frame fusion transcripts were identified in four cases by direct sequencing. IHC revealed variable nuclear TFE3 staining in six of 17 cases; three with patchy staining showed WWTR1-CAMTA1 fusion. One of 18 informative cases was positive for YAP1-TFE3 fusion and showed strong nuclear TFE3 staining by IHC. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the high incidence of WWTR1-CAMTA1 and YAP1-TFE3 rearrangements in EHE and indicates that the staining pattern for TFE3 IHC is critical for specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimesh R Patel
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alaa A Salim
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hadi Sayeed
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen F Sarabia
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Faith Hollingsworth
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mikako Warren
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jared Jakacky
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Munir Tanas
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andre M Oliveira
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brian P Rubin
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic and the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dolores López-Terrada
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei-Lien Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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8
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Chen Z, Ranganath S, Viboolsittiseri SS, Eder MD, Chen X, Elos MT, Yuan S, Yuan S, Hansen E, Wang JH. AID-initiated DNA lesions are differentially processed in distinct B cell populations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5545-56. [PMID: 25339658 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation-induced deaminase (AID) initiates U:G mismatches, causing point mutations or DNA double-stranded breaks at Ig loci. How AID-initiated lesions are prevented from inducing genome-wide damage remains elusive. A differential DNA repair mechanism might protect certain non-Ig loci such as c-myc from AID attack. However, determinants regulating such protective mechanisms are largely unknown. To test whether target DNA sequences modulate protective mechanisms via altering the processing manner of AID-initiated lesions, we established a knock-in model by inserting an Sγ2b region, a bona fide AID target, into the first intron of c-myc. Unexpectedly, we found that the inserted S region did not mutate or enhance c-myc genomic instability, due to error-free repair of AID-initiated lesions, in Ag-stimulated germinal center B cells. In contrast, in vitro cytokine-activated B cells display a much higher level of c-myc genomic instability in an AID- and S region-dependent manner. Furthermore, we observe a comparable frequency of AID deamination events between the c-myc intronic sequence and inserted S region in different B cell populations, demonstrating a similar frequency of AID targeting. Thus, our study reveals a clear difference between germinal center and cytokine-activated B cells in their ability to develop genomic instability, attributable to a differential processing of AID-initiated lesions in distinct B cell populations. We propose that locus-specific regulatory mechanisms (e.g., transcription) appear to not only override the effects of S region sequence on AID targeting frequency but also influence the repair manner of AID-initiated lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangguo Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; and
| | - Sheila Ranganath
- Boston Children's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Sawanee S Viboolsittiseri
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Maxwell D Eder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Xiaomi Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; and
| | - Mihret T Elos
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Shunzong Yuan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | | | - Erica Hansen
- Boston Children's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jing H Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; and
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9
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Morimoto Y, Izumi H, Kuroda E. Significance of persistent inflammation in respiratory disorders induced by nanoparticles. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:962871. [PMID: 25097864 PMCID: PMC4109676 DOI: 10.1155/2014/962871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation, especially persistent inflammation, has been found to play a key role in respiratory disorders induced by nanoparticles in animal models. In inhalation studies and instillation studies of nanomaterials, persistent inflammation is composed of neutrophils and alveolar macrophages, and its pathogenesis is related to chemokines such as the cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) family and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and oxidant stress-related genes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). DNA damages occur chemically or physically by nanomaterials. Chemical and physical damage are associated with point mutation by free radicals and double strand brake, respectively. The failure of DNA repair and accumulation of mutations might occur when inflammation is prolonged, and finally normal cells could become malignant. These free radicals can not only damage cells but also induce signaling molecules containing immunoreaction. Nanoparticles and asbestos also induce the production of free radicals. In allergic responses, nanoparticles act as Th2 adjuvants to activate Th2 immune responses such as activation of eosinophil and induction of IgE. Taken together, the presence of persistent inflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases induced by nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Morimoto
- Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Hiroto Izumi
- Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Japan
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10
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Chen Z, Wang JH. Generation and repair of AID-initiated DNA lesions in B lymphocytes. Front Med 2014; 8:201-16. [PMID: 24748462 PMCID: PMC4039616 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-014-0324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Activation-induced deaminase (AID) initiates the secondary antibody diversification process in B lymphocytes. In mammalian B cells, this process includes somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR), both of which require AID. AID induces U:G mismatch lesions in DNA that are subsequently converted into point mutations or DNA double stranded breaks during SHM/CSR. In a physiological context, AID targets immunoglobulin (Ig) loci to mediate SHM/CSR. However, recent studies reveal genome-wide access of AID to numerous non-Ig loci. Thus, AID poses a threat to the genome of B cells if AID-initiated DNA lesions cannot be properly repaired. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate the specificity of AID targeting and the repair pathways responsible for processing AID-initiated DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangguo Chen
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Jing H. Wang
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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11
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Byrne M, Wray J, Reinert B, Wu Y, Nickoloff J, Lee SH, Hromas R, Williamson E. Mechanisms of oncogenic chromosomal translocations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1310:89-97. [PMID: 24528169 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome translocations are caused by inappropriate religation of two DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in heterologous chromosomes. These DSBs can be generated by endogenous or exogenous sources. Endogenous sources of DSBs leading to translocations include inappropriate recombination activating gene (RAG) or activation-induced deaminase (AID) activity during immune receptor maturation. Endogenous DSBs can also occur at noncanonical DNA structures or at collapsed replication forks. Exogenous sources of DSBs leading to translocations include ionizing radiation (IR) and cancer chemotherapy. Spatial proximity of the heterologous chromosomes is also important for translocations. While three distinct pathways for DNA DSB repair exist, mounting evidence supports alternative nonhomologous end joining (aNHEJ) as the predominant pathway through which the majority of translocations occur. Initiated by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), aNHEJ is utilized less frequently in DNA DSB repair than other forms of DSB repair. We recently found that PARP1 is essential for chromosomal translocations to occur and that small molecule PARP1 inhibitors, already in clinical use, can inhibit translocations generated by IR or topoisomerase II inhibition. These data confirm the central role of PARP1 in aNHEJ-mediated chromosomal translocations and raise the possibility of using clinically available PARP1 inhibitors in patients who are at high risk for secondary oncogenic chromosomal translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Byrne
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
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12
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The causes and consequences of genetic heterogeneity in cancer evolution. Nature 2013; 501:338-45. [PMID: 24048066 DOI: 10.1038/nature12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1560] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed extensive genetic diversity both between and within tumours. This heterogeneity affects key cancer pathways, driving phenotypic variation, and poses a significant challenge to personalized cancer medicine. A major cause of genetic heterogeneity in cancer is genomic instability. This instability leads to an increased mutation rate and can shape the evolution of the cancer genome through a plethora of mechanisms. By understanding these mechanisms we can gain insight into the common pathways of tumour evolution that could support the development of future therapeutic strategies.
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13
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Glukhov SI, Rubtsov MA, Alexeyevsky DA, Alexeevski AV, Razin SV, Iarovaia OV. The broken MLL gene is frequently located outside the inherent chromosome territory in human lymphoid cells treated with DNA topoisomerase II poison etoposide. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75871. [PMID: 24086652 PMCID: PMC3783379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL) gene is frequently rearranged in secondary leukaemias, in which it could fuse to a variety of different partners. Breakage in the MLL gene preferentially occurs within a ~8 kb region that possesses a strong DNA topoisomerase II cleavage site. It has been proposed that DNA topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage within this and other regions triggers translocations that occur due to incorrect joining of broken DNA ends. To further clarify a possible mechanism for MLL rearrangements, we analysed the frequency of MLL cleavage in cells exposed to etoposide, a DNA topoisomerase II poison commonly used as an anticancer drug, and positioning of the broken 3'-end of the MLL gene in respect to inherent chromosomal territories. It was demonstrated that exposure of human Jurkat cells to etoposide resulted in frequent cleavage of MLL genes. Using MLL-specific break-apart probes we visualised cleaved MLL genes in ~17% of nuclei. Using confocal microscopy and 3D modelling, we demonstrated that in cells treated with etoposide and cultivated for 1 h under normal conditions, ~9% of the broken MLL alleles were present outside the chromosome 11 territory, whereas in both control cells and cells inspected immediately after etoposide treatment, virtually all MLL alleles were present within the chromosomal territory. The data are discussed in the framework of the "breakage first" model of juxtaposing translocation partners. We propose that in the course of repairing DNA topoisomerase II-mediated DNA lesions (removal of stalled DNA topoisomerase II complexes and non-homologous end joining), DNA ends acquire additional mobility, which allows the meeting and incorrect joining of translocation partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I. Glukhov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Rubtsov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniil A. Alexeyevsky
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei V. Alexeevski
- A.N. Belozersky Institute for Physical and Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Research Institute for System Studies (NIISI RAN), Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Razin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Gene Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
- LIA 1066 French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, Villejuif, France–Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
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14
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Chen Z, Wang JH. Impact of chromosomal translocation and genomic instability on personalized medicine. Per Med 2013; 10:111-114. [DOI: 10.2217/pme.12.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangguo Chen
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine & National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Jing H Wang
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine & National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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