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Gonçalves-Santos E, Caldas IS, Fernandes VÂ, Franco LL, Pelozo MF, Feltrim F, Maciel JS, Machado JVC, Gonçalves RV, Novaes RD. Pharmacological potential of new metronidazole/eugenol/dihydroeugenol hybrids against Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro and in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110416. [PMID: 37295025 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS From well-delimited immunomodulatory, redox and antimicrobial properties; metronidazole and eugenol were used as structural platforms to assembly two new molecular hybrids (AD06 and AD07), whose therapeutic relevance was analyzed on T. cruzi infection in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Non-infected, T. cruzi-infected H9c2 cardiomyocytes, and mice non-treated and treated with vehicle, benznidazole (Bz - reference drug), AD06 and AD07 were investigated. Parasitological, prooxidant, antioxidant, microstructural, immunological, and hepatic function markers were analyzed. RESULTS Our findings indicated that in addition to having a direct antiparasitic effect on T. cruzi, metronidazole/eugenol hybrids (especially AD07) attenuated cellular parasitism, reactive species biosynthesis and oxidative stress in infected cardiomyocytes in vitro. Although AD06 and AD07 exerted no relevant impact on antioxidant enzymes activity (CAT, SOD, GR and GPx) in host cells, these drugs (especially AD07) attenuated trypanothione reductase activity in T. cruzi, which increased parasite's susceptibility to in vitro pro-oxidant challenge. AD06 and AD07 were well tolerated and do not determine humoral response suppression, mortality (100 % survival) or hepatotoxicity in mice, as indicated by transaminases plasma levels. AD07 also induced relevant in vivo antiparasitic and cardioprotective effects, attenuating parasitemia, cardiac parasite load and myocarditis in T. cruzi-infected mice. Although this cardioprotective response is potentially related to AD07 antiparasitic effect, a direct anti-inflammatory potential of this molecular hybrid cannot be ruled out. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings indicated that the new molecular hybrid AD07 stood out as a potentially relevant candidate for the development of new, safe and more effective drug regimens for T. cruzi infection treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Gonçalves-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo S Caldas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valquiria  Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas L Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Alimentos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mônica F Pelozo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Alimentos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Feltrim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Alimentos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Maciel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Alimentos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jose Vaz C Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani V Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo D Novaes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Olivo Freites C, Sy H, Gharamti A, Higuita NIA, Franco-Paredes C, Suárez JA, Henao-Martínez AF. Chronic Chagas Disease-the Potential Role of Reinfections in Cardiomyopathy Pathogenesis. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2022; 19:279-289. [PMID: 35951245 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-022-00568-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Chagas disease is a neglected anthropozoonosis of global importance with significant cardiovascular-associated mortality. This review focuses on the Trypanosoma cruzi reinfections' role in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy pathogenesis. We discuss and summarize the available data related to pathology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of reinfections. RECENT FINDINGS Reinfections influence the genetic and regional diversity of T. cruzi, tissue tropism, modulation of the host's immune system response, clinical manifestations, the risk for congenital infections, differences in diagnostics performances, response to antiparasitic therapy, and the natural history of the disease. Animal models suggest that reinfections lead to worse outcomes and increased mortality, while other studies showed an association between reinfections and lower parasitemia levels and subsequent infection protection. In some regions, the human risk of reinfections is 14% at 5 years. Evidence has shown that higher anti-T. cruzi antibodies are correlated with an increased rate of cardiomyopathy and death, suggesting that a higher parasite exposure related to reinfections may lead to worse outcomes. Based on the existing literature, reinfections may play a role in developing and exacerbating chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy and are linked to worse outcomes. Control efforts should be redirected to interventions that address structural poverty for the successful and sustainable prevention of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Olivo Freites
- Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hendrik Sy
- Internal Medicine Department, Mount Sinai Health System, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amal Gharamti
- Internal Medicine Department, Yale-Waterbury Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - José Antonio Suárez
- Clinical Research Department, Investigador SNI Senacyt Panamá, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de La Salud, Panamá City, Republic of Panama
| | - Andrés F Henao-Martínez
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, USA.
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