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Macedo-Rego RC, Jennions MD, Santos ESA. Does the potential strength of sexual selection differ between mating systems with and without defensive behaviours? A meta-analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1504-1523. [PMID: 38597347 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The Darwin-Bateman paradigm predicts that females enhance their fitness by being choosy and mating with high-quality males, while males should compete to mate with as many females as possible. In many species, males enhance their fitness by defending females and/or resources used by females. That is, males directly defend access to mating opportunities. However, paternity analyses have repeatedly shown that females in most species mate polyandrously, which contradicts traditional expectations that male defensive behaviours lead to monandry. Here, in an extensive meta-analysis, encompassing 109 species and 1026 effect sizes from across the animal kingdom, we tested if the occurrence of defensive behaviours modulates sexual selection on females and males. If so, we can illuminate the extent to which males really succeed in defending access to mating and fertilisation opportunities. We used four different indices of the opportunity for sexual selection that comprise pre-mating and/or post-mating episodes of selection. We found, for both sexes, that the occurrence of defensive behaviours does not modulate the potential strength of sexual selection. This implies that male defensive behaviours do not predict the true intensity of sexual selection. While the most extreme levels of sexual selection on males are in species with male defensive behaviours, which indicates that males do sometimes succeed in restricting females' re-mating ability (e.g. elephant seals, Mirounga leonina), estimates of the opportunity for sexual selection vary greatly across species, regardless of whether or not defensive behaviours occur. Indeed, widespread polyandry shows that females are usually not restricted by male defensive behaviours. In addition, our results indicate that post-mating episodes of selection, such as cryptic female choice and sperm competition, might be important factors modulating the opportunity for sexual selection. We discuss: (i) why male defensive behaviours fail to lower the opportunity for sexual selection among females or fail to elevate it for males; (ii) how post-mating events might influence sexual selection; and (iii) the role of females as active participants in sexual selection. We also highlight that inadequate data reporting in the literature prevented us from extracting effect sizes from many studies that had presumably collected the relevant data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato C Macedo-Rego
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, no. 321, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael D Jennions
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Centre, 10 Marais Street, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Eduardo S A Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, no. 321, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
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Scheepers MJ, Gouws G. Mating System, Reproductive Success, and Sexual Selection in Bluntnose Klipfishes (Clinus cottoides). J Hered 2019; 110:351-360. [PMID: 30726981 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical part of the sexual selection process in animals is the genetic mating system. Quantifying mating systems, especially in species with cryptic life histories can be challenging. One approach is to use genotypic markers and accurate parentage analysis, along with methods to account for bias when sampling natural populations, to calculate sexual selection metrics derived from Bateman's principles. In this study, 3 microsatellites were used to genotype 48 adults (23 female and 25 male) and 342 offspring from known mothers of live-bearing bluntnose klipfish. Parentage analysis was performed to interpret mating and reproductive success for both sexes. Metrics quantified were the opportunity for selection (I), the opportunity for sexual selection (Is), absolute (βss), and standardized (β'ss) Bateman gradients and the maximum intensity of precopulatory sexual selection (s'max). Multiple mating by both sexes were revealed by parentage analysis. However, females did not show significant Bateman gradients or a significant maximum intensity of precopulatory sexual selection (s'max), whereas male sexual selection metrics were all significantly greater than 0. These results suggest a polygynandrous mating system for this species. There is an opportunity for sexual selection to act on males but not females in this population, which is evolutionary tied to anisogamy, parental investment, and sex roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martinus Johannes Scheepers
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- National Research Foundation-South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (NRF-SAIAB), South Africa
| | - Gavin Gouws
- National Research Foundation-South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (NRF-SAIAB), South Africa
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3
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Hare RM, Simmons LW. Sexual selection and its evolutionary consequences in female animals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:929-956. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin M. Hare
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, 6009 Australia
| | - Leigh W. Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, 6009 Australia
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Keevil M, Hewitt B, Brooks R, Litzgus J. Patterns of intraspecific aggression inferred from injuries in an aquatic turtle with male-biased size dimorphism. CAN J ZOOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in turtles are correlated with ecological mode, and it has been hypothesized that mating systems are also shaped by ecological mode. Male combat and coercive mating are competing explanations for male-biased SSD, but are difficult to assess empirically in aquatic species with cryptic behaviour. We quantified SSD and compiled observations of putative combat wounds collected from over 500 captures of Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina (L., 1758)) in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, to test hypotheses of mate competition and coercion. We found that both sex and body size were important predictors of risk of wounding, consistent with the hypothesis that male–male sexual competition is the primary driver of intraspecific aggression. Low wounding rates among females suggests that resource competition and coercive mating are not important causes of injuries. The risk of wounding increased monotonically with body size in adult males but not in adult females, and small males were less likely to be injured, suggesting that they employ a risk-averse strategy by avoiding direct competition for mates. There was no evidence of asymptotic or decreasing wounding probability in the largest males, which is consistent with the hypothesis that large males compete most intensively to monopolize mates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.G. Keevil
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - B.S. Hewitt
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - R.J. Brooks
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J.D. Litzgus
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
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Anthes N, Häderer IK, Michiels NK, Janicke T. Measuring and interpreting sexual selection metrics: evaluation and guidelines. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Anthes
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group Institute for Evolution and Ecology University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Ines K. Häderer
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group Institute for Evolution and Ecology University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Nico K. Michiels
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group Institute for Evolution and Ecology University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Tim Janicke
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive UMR 5175 CNRS University of Montpellier 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
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Tang-Martínez Z. Rethinking Bateman's Principles: Challenging Persistent Myths of Sexually Reluctant Females and Promiscuous Males. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2016; 53:532-559. [PMID: 27074147 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1150938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In 1948, Angus Bateman published a paper on fruit flies that tested Charles Darwin's ideas of sexual selection. Based on this one fruit fly study, Bateman concluded that because males are able to produce millions of small sperm, males are likely to behave promiscuously, mating with as many females as possible. On the other hand, because females produce relatively fewer, larger, and presumably more expensive eggs, females are likely to be very discriminating in selecting only one high-quality sexual partner. He also posited that a male's reproductive success increases linearly with the number of females he is able to mate with, but that a female's reproductive success peaks after she mates with only one male. Consequently, in almost all organisms, sexual selection acts most strongly on males. These ideas became a recurring theme in attempts to explain wide-ranging differences in male and female behavior not only in nonhuman animals but also in humans. As such, Bateman's conclusions and predictions have become axiomatic and, at times, have gone unquestioned even when modern empirical data do not conform to this model. This article reviews the origins and history of these ideas and uses modern data to highlight the current and growing controversy surrounding the validity and general applicability of this paradigm.
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Janicke T, Häderer IK, Lajeunesse MJ, Anthes N. Darwinian sex roles confirmed across the animal kingdom. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1500983. [PMID: 26933680 PMCID: PMC4758741 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since Darwin's conception of sexual selection theory, scientists have struggled to identify the evolutionary forces underlying the pervasive differences between male and female behavior, morphology, and physiology. The Darwin-Bateman paradigm predicts that anisogamy imposes stronger sexual selection on males, which, in turn, drives the evolution of conventional sex roles in terms of female-biased parental care and male-biased sexual dimorphism. Although this paradigm forms the cornerstone of modern sexual selection theory, it still remains untested across the animal tree of life. This lack of evidence has promoted the rise of alternative hypotheses arguing that sex differences are entirely driven by environmental factors or chance. We demonstrate that, across the animal kingdom, sexual selection, as captured by standard Bateman metrics, is indeed stronger in males than in females and that it is evolutionarily tied to sex biases in parental care and sexual dimorphism. Our findings provide the first comprehensive evidence that Darwin's concept of conventional sex roles is accurate and refute recent criticism of sexual selection theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Janicke
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, École Pratique des Hautes Études, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Ines K. Häderer
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc J. Lajeunesse
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Nils Anthes
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Croshaw D, Pechmann J. Size does not matter for male Marbled Salamanders (Ambystoma opacum). CAN J ZOOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2014-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the phenotypic attributes that contribute to variance in mating and reproductive success is crucial in the study of evolution by sexual selection. In many animals, body size is an important trait because larger individuals enjoy greater fitness due to the ability to secure more mates and produce more offspring. Among males, this outcome is largely mediated by greater success in competition with rival males and (or) advantages in attractiveness to females. Here we tested the hypothesis that large male Marbled Salamanders (Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807)) mate with more females and produce more offspring than small males. In experimental breeding groups, we included males chosen specifically to represent a range of sizes. After gravid females mated and nested freely, we collected egg clutches and genotyped all adults and samples of hatchlings with highly variable microsatellite markers to assign paternity. Size had little effect on male mating and reproductive success. Breeding males were not bigger than nonbreeding males, mates of polyandrous females were not smaller than those of monogamous females, and there was no evidence for positive assortative mating by size. Although body size did not matter for male Marbled Salamanders, we documented considerable fitness variation and discuss alternative traits that could be undergoing sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.A. Croshaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA; Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, PO Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA
| | - J.H.K. Pechmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, USA
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Rovelli V, Randi E, Davoli F, Macale D, Bologna MA, Vignoli L. She gets many and she chooses the best: polygynandry inSalamandrina perspicillata(Amphibia: Salamandridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rovelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze; Università Roma Tre; Viale Marconi 446 Rome 00146 Italy
| | - Ettore Randi
- Laboratorio di Genetica; ISPRA; Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale; Via Cà Fornacetta 9 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO) 40064 Italy
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science; Department of Biotechnology; Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Aalborg University; Sohngaardsholmsvej 57 DK-9000 Aalborg Denmark
| | - Francesca Davoli
- Laboratorio di Genetica; ISPRA; Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale; Via Cà Fornacetta 9 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO) 40064 Italy
| | - Daniele Macale
- Fondazione Bioparco di Roma; Viale del Giardino Zoologico 20; Rome 00197 Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Vignoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze; Università Roma Tre; Viale Marconi 446 Rome 00146 Italy
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10
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Levine BA, Smith CF, Schuett GW, Douglas MR, Davis MA, Douglas ME. Bateman-Trivers in the 21st Century: sexual selection in a North American pitviper. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenna A. Levine
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR 72701 USA
| | - Charles F. Smith
- Department of Biology; Wofford College; Spartanburg SC 29303 USA
- The Copperhead Institute; PO Box 6755 Spartanburg SC 29304 USA
- Chiricahua Desert Museum; PO Box 376 Rodeo NM 88056 USA
| | - Gordon W. Schuett
- The Copperhead Institute; PO Box 6755 Spartanburg SC 29304 USA
- Chiricahua Desert Museum; PO Box 376 Rodeo NM 88056 USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience; Georgia State University; Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Marlis R. Douglas
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR 72701 USA
- Illinois Natural History Survey; Prairie Research Institute; University of Illinois; Champaign IL 61820 USA
| | - Mark A. Davis
- Illinois Natural History Survey; Prairie Research Institute; University of Illinois; Champaign IL 61820 USA
| | - Michael E. Douglas
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR 72701 USA
- Illinois Natural History Survey; Prairie Research Institute; University of Illinois; Champaign IL 61820 USA
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11
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Projected population persistence of eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) using a stage-structured life-history model and population viability analysis. J Nat Conserv 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Rios Moura R, Peixoto PEC. The effect of operational sex ratio on the opportunity for sexual selection: a meta-analysis. Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Li R, Li Q, Wang C. Sibship reconstruction and effective population size estimation in mass spawning ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii based on microsatellite analysis. Genes Genomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-013-0121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gowaty PA, Kim YK, Anderson WW. Mendel's law reveals fatal flaws in Bateman's 1948 study of mating and fitness. Fly (Austin) 2013; 7:28-38. [PMID: 23360967 PMCID: PMC3660748 DOI: 10.4161/fly.23505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bateman's experimental study of Drosophila melanogaster produced conclusions that are now part of the bedrock premises of modern sexual selection. Today it is the most cited experimental study in sexual selection, and famous as the first experimental demonstration of sex differences in the relationship between number of mates and relative reproductive success. We repeated the experimental methodology of the original to evaluate its reliability. The results indicate that Bateman's methodology of visible mutations to assign parentage and reproductive success to subject adults is significantly biased. When combined in offspring, the mutations decrease offspring survival, so that counts of mate number and reproductive success are mismeasured. Bateman's method overestimates the number of subjects with no mates and underestimates the number with one or more mates for both sexes. Here we discuss why Bateman's paper is important and present additional analyses of data from our monogamy trials. Monogamy trials can inform inferences about the force of sexual selection in populations because in monogamy trials male-male competition and female choice are absent. Monogamy trials also would have provided Bateman with an a priori test of the fit of his data to Mendel's laws, an unstated, but vital assumption of his methodology for assigning parentage from which he inferred the number of mates per individual subject and their reproductive success. Even under enforced monogamous mating, offspring frequencies of double mutant, single mutant and no mutant offspring were significantly different from Mendelian expectations proving that Bateman's method was inappropriate for answering the questions he posed. Double mutant offspring (those with a mutation from each parent) suffered significant inviability as did single mutant offspring whenever they inherited their mother's marker but the wild-type allele at their father's marker locus. These inviability effects produced two important inaccuracies in Bateman's results and conclusions. (1) Some matings that actually occurred were invisible and (2) reproductive success of some mothers was under-estimated. Both observations show that Bateman's conclusions about sex differences in number of mates and reproductive success were unwarranted, based on biased observations. We speculate about why Bateman's classic study remained without replication for so long, and we discuss why repetition almost 60 years after the original is still timely, necessary and critical to the scientific enterprise. We highlight overlooked alternative hypotheses to urge that modern tests of Bateman's conclusions go beyond confirmatory studies to test alternative hypotheses to explain the relationship between mate number and reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Adair Gowaty
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA USA
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability; University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Washington, DC USA
| | - Yong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Genetics; University of Georgia; Athens, GA USA
- Department of Biology; Emory University; Atlanta, GA USA
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Gerlach NM, McGlothlin JW, Parker PG, Ketterson ED. Reinterpreting Bateman gradients: multiple mating and selection in both sexes of a songbird species. Behav Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ars077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Eo SH, Dewoody JA. The effects of contig length and depth on the estimation of SNP frequencies, and the relative abundance of SNPs in protein-coding and non-coding transcripts of tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). BMC Genomics 2012; 13:259. [PMID: 22716167 PMCID: PMC3416719 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next-generation sequencing methods have contributed to rapid progress in the fields of genomics and population genetics. Using this high-throughput and cost-effective technology, a number of studies have estimated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequency by calculating the mean number of SNPs per unit sequence length (e.g., mean SNPs/kb). However, both read length and contig depth are highly variable and thus raise doubt about simple methods of SNP frequency estimation. RESULTS We used 454 pyrosequencing to identify 2,980 putative SNPs in the eastern tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum) transcriptome, then constructed analytical models to estimate SNP frequency. The model which considered only contig length (i.e., the method employed in most published papers) was evaluated with very poor likelihood. Our most robust model considered read depth as well as contig length, and was 7.5 × 10⁵⁵ times more likely than the length-only model. Using this novel modeling approach, we estimated SNP frequency in protein-coding (mRNA) and non-coding transcripts (e.g., small RNAs). We found little difference in SNP frequency in the contigs, but we found a trend of a higher frequency of SNPs in long contigs representing non-coding transcripts relative to protein-coding transcripts. These results support the hypothesis that long non-coding transcripts are less conserved than long protein-coding transcripts. CONCLUSIONS A modeling approach (i.e., using multiple model construction and model selection approaches) can be a powerful tool for identifying selection on specific functional sequence groups by comparing the frequency and distribution of polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyung Eo
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Comparative transcriptomics and gene expression in larval tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) gill and lung tissues as revealed by pyrosequencing. Gene 2011; 492:329-38. [PMID: 22138480 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Biologists are beginning to unravel the complexities of gene expression in model organisms by studying the transcriptome, the complement of genes that are transcribed in a given tissue. It is unclear, however, if findings from model systems apply to non-model organisms because of environmental effects on gene expression. Furthermore, there have been few efforts to quantify how transcriptome or gene expression varies across individuals and across tissues in natural environments. Herein, we describe transcriptomic profiling of gene expression in lung and gill tissue of three larval tiger salamanders. We do so with a hierarchical experimental design that captures variation in expression among genes, among tissues, and among individuals. Using 454 pyrosequencing, we produced high-quality sequence data of 59 megabases and assembled ~200,000 reads into 19,501 contigs. These contigs BLASTed to 3,599 transcripts, of which 721 were expressed in both tissues, 1,668 were unique to gill, and 1,210 unique to lung. Our data showed tissue-specific patterns in gene expression level with variation among transcripts and individuals. We identified genes and gene ontology terms related to respiration and compared their relative expression levels between gill and lung tissues. We also found evidence of exogenous genes associated with larval salamanders, and we identified ~1400 potential molecular markers (microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms) that are associated with expressed genes. Given the tissue-specific differences we observed in transcriptomes, these data reinforce the idea that changes in gene expression serve as a primary mechanism underlying phenotypic plasticity.
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DOYLE JACQUELINEM, McCORMICK CORYR, DeWOODY JANDREW. The quantification of spermatozoa by real‐time quantitative PCR, spectrophotometry, and spermatophore cap size. Mol Ecol Resour 2010; 11:101-6. [PMID: 21429105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JACQUELINE M. DOYLE
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - CORY R. McCORMICK
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - J. ANDREW DeWOODY
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Serbezov D, Bernatchez L, Olsen EM, Vøllestad LA. Mating patterns and determinants of individual reproductive success in brown trout (Salmo trutta) revealed by parentage analysis of an entire stream living population. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:3193-205. [PMID: 20629953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive success and its determinants are difficult to infer for wild populations of species with no parental care where behavioural observations are difficult or impossible. In this study, we characterized the breeding system and provide estimates of individual reproductive success under natural conditions for an exhaustively sampled stream-resident brown trout (Salmo trutta) population. We inferred parentage using a full probability Bayesian model that combines genetic (microsatellite) with phenotypic data. By augmenting the potential parents file with inferred parental genotypes from sib-ship analysis in cases where large families had unsampled parents, we could make more precise inference on variance of family size. We observed both polygamous and monogamous matings and large reproductive skew for both sexes, particularly in males. Correspondingly, we found evidence for sexual selection on body size for both sexes. We show that the mating system of brown trout has the potential to be very flexible and we conjecture that environmental uncertainty could be driving the evolution and perhaps select for the maintenance of plasticity of the mating system in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Serbezov
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Age, Body Size, and Sexual Dimorphism in Size and Shape in Salamandrella keyserlingii (Caudata: Hynobiidae). Evol Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-010-9080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bos DH, Williams RN, Gopurenko D, Bulut Z, DeWoody JA. Condition-dependent mate choice and a reproductive disadvantage for MHC-divergent male tiger salamanders. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:3307-15. [PMID: 19508451 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles likely have adaptive value because of overdominance, in which case MHC heterozygous individuals have increased fitness relative to homozygotes. Because of this potential benefit, the evolution of sexual reproduction between MHC-divergent individuals (i.e. negative assortative mating, NAM) may be favoured. However, the strongest evidence for MHC-based NAM comes from inbred animals, and context-dependent mating preferences have rarely been evaluated although they often occur in nature. We assessed the extent MHC-based mating preferences among wild tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) using multiple molecular approaches. We genotyped 102 adults and 864 larvae from 36 breeding trials at both microsatellite and MHC loci. Parentage analysis revealed that reproductive success among males was positively associated with increased tail length and that with respect to the focal female, MHC-similar males sired a significantly higher number of offspring than more dissimilar males. This trend was consistent, even under context-dependent scenarios that favour traditional MHC-based NAM. These results suggest that the most MHC-divergent males may be at a reproductive disadvantage in pairwise breeding trials. Our data add to a growing body of evidence that suggests where it exists, MHC-based choice is probably dynamic and mediated by many factors that vary in the wild, notably signals from other indicator traits and by the quality and quantity of potential mates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Bos
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Microsatellite mutation rates in the eastern tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum) differ 10-fold across loci. Genetica 2008; 136:501-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-008-9341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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