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Micheli G, Camilloni G. Can Introns Stabilize Gene Duplication? BIOLOGY 2022; 11:941. [PMID: 35741463 PMCID: PMC9220161 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gene duplication is considered one of the most important events that determine the evolution of genomes. However, the neo-duplication condition of a given gene is particularly unstable due to recombination events. Several mechanisms have been proposed to justify this step. In this "opinion article" we propose a role for intron sequences in stabilizing gene duplication by limiting and reducing the identity of the gene sequence between the two duplicated copies. A review of the topic and a detailed hypothesis are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino Micheli
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari CNR, Università Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Camilloni
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Università Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Liu F, He J, Wang W, Xing G, Gai J. Bi-Phenotypic Trait May Be Conferred by Multiple Alleles in a Germplasm Population. Front Genet 2020; 11:559. [PMID: 32582292 PMCID: PMC7283545 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese soybean germplasm pool (CSGP) comprises annual wild (WA), farmers’ landrace (LR) and released cultivar (RC) populations, and ecoregion subpopulations in WA/LR/RC (ecoregion IV/III/II/I). A representative sample consisted of 1,024 accessions was studied for pubescence color (PC) and flower color (FC). In the evolution from WA (brown PC and mainly purple FC) to LR then to RC, with above wild characteristic changed, while gray PC, and white FC emerged and their frequency increased. Using 36,952 genomic SNPLDB markers with 100,092 haplotypes, the association between markers and bi-phenotypic traits was detected using χ2 association analysis under single locus model and RTM-GWAS procedure under multi-locus model, respectively. Multiple markers co-associated with individual bi-phenotypic trait with the most significant markers containing multiple rather than two haplotypes even for a bi-phenotypic trait. On a marker/locus, each haplotype corresponds to two colors, except one (FC-1-5) out of 11 haplotypes for single color. The major candidate gene was annotated with its alleles identified from the population sequencing data. Similarly, multiple alleles identified and each corresponds to two colors except three (a8/a9/b3) out of 12 alleles for single color. The major haplotypes/alleles in LR and RC were traced to WA ecoregion subpopulations, the WAIV and WAIII genotypes showed genetically more close to the cultivated subpopulations, therefore, WA from Ecoregion IV and III were inferred as the common ancestor for cultivated soybeans. The marker-haplotypes/gene-alleles not exactly coincided with the bi-phenotypic trait has challenged to the traditional Mendelian genetics, which was discussed and to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangdong Liu
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,MARA National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,MARA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianbo He
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,MARA National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,MARA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wubin Wang
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,MARA National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,MARA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangnan Xing
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,MARA National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,MARA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyi Gai
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,MARA National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,MARA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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