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Chu X, Zhang K, Wei H, Ma Z, Fu H, Miao P, Jiang H, Liu H. A Vis/NIR spectra-based approach for identifying bananas infected with Colletotrichum musae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1180203. [PMID: 37332705 PMCID: PMC10272841 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1180203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Anthracnose of banana caused by Colletotrichum species is one of the most serious post-harvest diseases, which can cause significant yield losses. Clarifying the infection mechanism of the fungi using non-destructive methods is crucial for timely discriminating infected bananas and taking preventive and control measures. Methods This study presented an approach for tracking growth and identifying different infection stages of the C. musae in bananas using Vis/NIR spectroscopy. A total of 330 banana reflectance spectra were collected over ten consecutive days after inoculation, with a sampling rate of 24 h. The four-class and five-class discriminant patterns were designed to examine the capability of NIR spectra in discriminating bananas infected at different levels (control, acceptable, moldy, and highly moldy), and different time at early stage (control and days 1-4). Three traditional feature extraction methods, i.e. PC loading coefficient (PCA), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and successive projections algorithm (SPA), combining with two machine learning methods, i.e. partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) and support vector machine (SVM), were employed to build discriminant models. One-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) without manually extracted feature parameters was also introduced for comparison. Results The PCA-SVM and·SPA-SVM models had good performance with identification accuracies of 93.98% and 91.57%, 94.47% and 89.47% in validation sets for the four- and five-class patterns, respectively. While the 1D-CNN models performed the best, achieving an accuracy of 95.18% and 97.37% for identifying infected bananas at different levels and time, respectively. Discussion These results indicate the feasibility of identifying banana fruit infected with C. musae using Vis/NIR spectra, and the resolution can be accurate to one day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Wei
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Fu
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pu Miao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhe Jiang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
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Liu Z, Li Y. Fungi Classification in Various Growth Stages Using Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) Spectroscopy and Machine Learning. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090978. [PMID: 36135703 PMCID: PMC9501579 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) fungi are beneficial to host plants with regard to abiotic stress. Here, we examined the capability of SWIR spectroscopy to classify fungus types and detected the growth stages of DSEs fungi in a timely, non-destructive and time-saving manner. The SWIR spectral data of five DSEs fungi in six growth stages were collected, and three pre-processing methods and sensitivity analysis (SA) variable selection methods were performed using a machine learning model. The results showed that the De-trending + first Derivative (DET_FST) processing spectra combined with the support vector machine (SVM) model yielded the best classification accuracy for fungi classification at different growth stages and growth stage detection on different fungus types. The mean accuracy of generic model for fungi classification and growth stage detection are 0.92 and 0.99 on the calibration set, respectively. Seven important bands, 1164, 1456, 2081, 2272, 2278, 2448 and 2481 nm, were found to be related to the SVM fungi classification. This study provides a rapid and efficient method for the classification of fungi in different growth stages and the detection of fungi growth stage of various types of fungi and could serve as a tool for fungi study.
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Griffin S, Magro M, Farrugia J, Falzon O, Camilleri K, Valdramidis VP. Towards the development of a sterile model cheese for assessing the potential of hyperspectral imaging as a non-destructive fungal detection method. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Application of near-infrared hyperspectral (NIR) images combined with multivariate image analysis in the differentiation of two mycotoxicogenic Fusarium species associated with maize. Food Chem 2020; 344:128615. [PMID: 33223289 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most versatile crops worldwide with high socioeconomic relevance. However, mycotoxins produced by pathogenic fungi are of constant concern in maize production, as they pose serious risks to human and animal health. Thus, the search for rapid detection and/or identification methods for mycotoxins and mycotoxin-producing fungi for application in food safety remain important. In this work, we implemented use of near infrared hyperspectral images (HSI-NIR) combined with pattern recognition analysis, partial-least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of images, to develop a rapid method for identification of Fusarium verticillioides and F. graminearum. Validation of the HSI-NIR method and subsequent analysis was realized using 15 Fusarium spp. isolates. The method was efficient as a rapid, non-invasive, and non-destructive assessment was achieved with 100% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for both fungi.
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Williams PJ, Bezuidenhout C, Rose LJ. Differentiation of Maize Ear Rot Pathogens, on Growth Media, with Near Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Piekarczyk J, Ratajkiewicz H, Jasiewicz J, Sosnowska D, Wójtowicz A. An application of reflectance spectroscopy to differentiate of entomopathogenic fungi species. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 190:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Growth Identification of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus by Visible/Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8040513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Tao F, Yao H, Hruska Z, Burger LW, Rajasekaran K, Bhatnagar D. Recent development of optical methods in rapid and non-destructive detection of aflatoxin and fungal contamination in agricultural products. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Xing F, Yao H, Liu Y, Dai X, Brown RL, Bhatnagar D. Recent developments and applications of hyperspectral imaging for rapid detection of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in food products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:173-180. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1363709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuguo Xing
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
- Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, Stennis Space Center, MS, USA
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service-United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Haibo Yao
- Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, Stennis Space Center, MS, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Robert L. Brown
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service-United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Deepak Bhatnagar
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service-United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Abstract
Aflatoxins can cause damage to the health of humans and animals. Several institutions around the world have established regulations to limit the levels of aflatoxins in food, and numerous analytical methods have been extensively developed for aflatoxin determination. This review covers the currently used analytical methods for the determination of aflatoxins in different food matrices, which includes sampling and sample preparation, sample pretreatment methods including extraction methods and purification methods of aflatoxin extracts, separation and determination methods. Validation for analysis of aflatoxins and safety considerations and precautions when doing the experiments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xie
- a College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , P. R. China.,b Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Min Chen
- a College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , P. R. China.,b Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Yibin Ying
- a College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , P. R. China.,b Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou , P. R. China
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Verdú S, Ivorra E, Sánchez AJ, Barat JM, Grau R. Spectral study of heat treatment process of wheat flour by VIS/SW-NIR image system. J Cereal Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sun Y, Gu X, Wang Z, Huang Y, Wei Y, Zhang M, Tu K, Pan L. Growth Simulation and Discrimination of Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus stolonifer and Colletotrichum acutatum Using Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143400. [PMID: 26642054 PMCID: PMC4671615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to develop a rapid and nondestructive method to model the growth and discrimination of spoilage fungi, like Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus stolonifer and Colletotrichum acutatum, based on hyperspectral imaging system (HIS). A hyperspectral imaging system was used to measure the spectral response of fungi inoculated on potato dextrose agar plates and stored at 28°C and 85% RH. The fungi were analyzed every 12 h over two days during growth, and optimal simulation models were built based on HIS parameters. The results showed that the coefficients of determination (R2) of simulation models for testing datasets were 0.7223 to 0.9914, and the sum square error (SSE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were in a range of 2.03–53.40×10−4 and 0.011–0.756, respectively. The correlation coefficients between the HIS parameters and colony forming units of fungi were high from 0.887 to 0.957. In addition, fungi species was discriminated by partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLSDA), with the classification accuracy of 97.5% for the test dataset at 36 h. The application of this method in real food has been addressed through the analysis of Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus stolonifer and Colletotrichum acutatum inoculated in peaches, demonstrating that the HIS technique was effective for simulation of fungal infection in real food. This paper supplied a new technique and useful information for further study into modeling the growth of fungi and detecting fruit spoilage caused by fungi based on HIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xinzhe Gu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Zhenjie Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yangmin Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yingying Wei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Kang Tu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Leiqing Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- * E-mail:
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Min H, Cho BK. Spectroscopic Techniques for Nondestructive Detection of Fungi and Mycotoxins in Agricultural Materials: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5307/jbe.2015.40.1.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Yao H, Hruska Z, Di Mavungu JD. Developments in detection and determination of aflatoxins. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of aflatoxins in the 1960s, much research has focused on detecting the toxins in contaminated food and feedstuffs in the interest of public safety. Most traditional detection methods involved lengthy culturing and/or separation techniques or analytical instrumentation and complex, multistep procedures that required destruction of samples for accurate toxin determination. With more regulations for acceptable levels of aflatoxins in place, modern analytical methods have become quite sophisticated, capable of achieving results with very high precision and accuracy, suitable for regulatory laboratories and for post-harvest sample testing in developed countries. Unfortunately, many countries around the world that are affected by the aflatoxin problem do not have ready access to high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry instrumentation and require alternate, readily available and simple detection methods that may be used by small holdings farmers in developing countries. This paper presents an overview of the existing detection and/or determination methods for aflatoxins. The traditional, quantitative, chemically-based analytical strategies for detecting aflatoxins in maize and their evolution to the modern instrumentation routinely used in developed countries are reviewed. Additionally, novel, more streamlined, user-friendly and in some instances, non-destructive, methods that may be useful for semi-quantitative or qualitative, quick-screening of contaminated maize samples appropriate also for use in developing countries, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Yao
- Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, 1021 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529, USA
| | - Z. Hruska
- Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, 1021 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529, USA
| | - J. Diana Di Mavungu
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Lara M, Lleó L, Diezma-Iglesias B, Roger J, Ruiz-Altisent M. Monitoring spinach shelf-life with hyperspectral image through packaging films. J FOOD ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Growth characteristics of three Fusarium species evaluated by near-infrared hyperspectral imaging and multivariate image analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:803-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Williams PJ, Geladi P, Britz TJ, Manley M. Near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging and multivariate image analysis to study growth characteristics and differences between species and strains of members of the genus Fusarium. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1759-69. [PMID: 22903431 PMCID: PMC3462313 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging was used to study three strains of each of three Fusarium spp. (Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioides) inoculated on potato dextrose agar in Petri dishes after either 72 or 96 h of incubation. Multivariate image analysis was used for cleaning the images and for making principal component analysis (PCA) score plots and score images and local partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models. The score images, including all strains, showed how different the strains were from each other. Using classification gradients, it was possible to show the change in mycelium growth over time. Loading line plots for principal component (PC) 1 and PC2 explained variation between the different Fusarium spp. as scattering and chemical differences (protein production), respectively. PLS-DA prediction results (including only the most important strain of each species) showed that it was possible to discriminate between species with F. verticillioides the least correctly predicted (between 16 and 47 % pixels correctly predicted). For F. subglutinans, 78-100 % pixels were correctly predicted depending on the training and test sets used. Similarly, the percentage correctly predicted values of F. proliferatum were 60-80 %. Visualisation of the mycelium radial growth in the PCA score images was made possible due to the use of NIR hyperspectral imaging. This is not possible with bulk spectroscopy in the visible or NIR regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Williams
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland (Stellenbosch), South Africa
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Singh C, Jayas D, Paliwal J, White N. Fungal Damage Detection in Wheat Using Short-Wave Near-Infrared Hyperspectral and Digital Colour Imaging. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10942911003687223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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