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Nilofar, Ahmed S, Zengin G, Di Simone SC, Acquaviva A, Libero ML, Chiavaroli A, Orlando G, Tacchini M, Di Vito M, Menghini L, Ferrante C. Combining the Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Properties of Selected Essential Oils with their Chemical Components by GC-MS Analysis. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202400738. [PMID: 38695450 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
In the current investigation, a comprehensive analysis was carried out on essential oils (EOs) extracted from six aromatic plant species, namely Rosmarinus officinalis, Pelargonium graveolens, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, Laurus nobilis, and Aloysia citrodora. An exploration was conducted into the chemical composition using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), antioxidant properties assessed through DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, MCA, and PBD assays, ecotoxicological impacts evaluated via allelopathy and the Daphnia magna heartbeat test, as well as bio-pharmacological effects including anticancer activity and gene expression analysis. Results revealed strong antioxidant activity in all essential oils, with T. vulgaris EO (2748.00 mg TE/g) and O. vulgare EO (2609.29 mg TE/g) leading in CUPRAC assay. R. officinalis EO showed the highest α-amylase inhibition at 1.58 mmol ACAE/g, while O. vulgare EO excelled in α-glucosidase inhibition at 1.57 mmol ACAE/g. Additionally, cytotoxic effects were evaluated on human colorectal cancer (HCT116) cells. A. citrodora, O. vulgare, and R. officinalis EOs were found the most potent anticancer, as also witnessed by their higher modulatory effects on the gene expression of BAX and Bcl-2. Collectively, the present data highlight the importance to implement the knowledge and to valorize the supply chain of aromatic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilofar
- Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden "Giardino dei, Semplici", Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio", via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42130, Konya, Turkey
| | - Shakeel Ahmed
- Foodomics Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42130, Konya, Turkey
| | - Simonetta Cristina Di Simone
- Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden "Giardino dei, Semplici", Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio", via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Acquaviva
- Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden "Giardino dei, Semplici", Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio", via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria Loreta Libero
- Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden "Giardino dei, Semplici", Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio", via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiavaroli
- Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden "Giardino dei, Semplici", Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio", via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giustino Orlando
- Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden "Giardino dei, Semplici", Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio", via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Massimo Tacchini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), UR7 Terra&Acqua Tech, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maura Di Vito
- Dip. di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore 24, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1, 00167, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Menghini
- Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden "Giardino dei, Semplici", Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio", via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudio Ferrante
- Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden "Giardino dei, Semplici", Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio", via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
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Value-Added Compounds with Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Enzyme-Inhibitory Effects from Post-Distillation and Post-Supercritical CO 2 Extraction By-Products of Rosemary. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020244. [PMID: 36829802 PMCID: PMC9952831 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrodistillation is the main technique to obtain essential oils from rosemary for the aroma industry. However, this technique is wasteful, producing numerous by-products (residual water, spent materials) that are usually discarded in the environment. Supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction is considered an alternative greener technology for producing aroma compounds. However, there have been no discussions about the spent plant material leftover. Therefore, this work investigated the chemical profile (GC-MS, LC-HRMS/MS) and multi-biological activity (antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory) of several raw rosemary materials (essential oil, SC-CO2 extracts, solvent extracts) and by-products/waste materials (post-distillation residual water, spent plant material extracts, and post-supercritical CO2 spent plant material extracts). More than 55 volatile organic compounds (e.g., pinene, eucalyptol, borneol, camphor, caryophyllene, etc.) were identified in the rosemary essential oil and SC-CO2 extracts. The LC-HRMS/MS profiling of the solvent extracts revealed around 25 specialized metabolites (e.g., caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acids, luteolin derivatives, rosmanol derivatives, carnosol derivatives, etc.). Minimum inhibitory concentrations of 15.6-62.5 mg/L were obtained for some rosemary extracts against Micrococcus luteus, Bacilus cereus, or Staphylococcus aureus MRSA. Evaluated in six different in vitro tests, the antioxidant potential revealed strong activity for the polyphenol-containing extracts. In contrast, the terpene-rich extracts were more potent in inhibiting various key enzymes (e.g., acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase, and glucosidase). The current work brings new insightful contributions to the continuously developing body of knowledge about the valorization of rosemary by-products as a low-cost source of high-added-value constituents in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical industries.
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Wei L, Li J, Yang Y, Zhu M, Zhao M, Yang J, Yang Z, Zhou L, Zhou S, Gong J, Jiang X, Liu J, Li Y, Zhang J. Characterization and potential bioactivity of polyphenols of Rosa rugosa. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Antioxidants in Alzheimer's Disease: Current Therapeutic Significance and Future Prospects. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020212. [PMID: 35205079 PMCID: PMC8869589 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) rate is accelerating with the increasing aging of the world's population. The World Health Organization (WHO) stated AD as a global health priority. According to the WHO report, around 82 million people in 2030 and 152 million in 2050 will develop dementia (AD contributes 60% to 70% of cases), considering the current scenario. AD is the most common neurodegenerative disease, intensifying impairments in cognition, behavior, and memory. Histopathological AD variations include extracellular senile plaques' formation, tangling of intracellular neurofibrils, and synaptic and neuronal loss in the brain. Multiple evidence directly indicates that oxidative stress participates in an early phase of AD before cytopathology. Moreover, oxidative stress is induced by almost all misfolded protein lumps like α-synuclein, amyloid-β, and others. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in activating and causing various cell signaling pathways that result in lesion formations of toxic substances, which foster the development of the disease. Antioxidants are widely preferred to combat oxidative stress, and those derived from natural sources, which are often incorporated into dietary habits, can play an important role in delaying the onset as well as reducing the progression of AD. However, this approach has not been extensively explored yet. Moreover, there has been growing evidence that a combination of antioxidants in conjugation with a nutrient-rich diet might be more effective in tackling AD pathogenesis. Thus, considering the above-stated fact, this comprehensive review aims to elaborate the basics of AD and antioxidants, including the vitality of antioxidants in AD. Moreover, this review may help researchers to develop effectively and potentially improved antioxidant therapeutic strategies for this disease as it also deals with the clinical trials in the stated field.
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