High-Percentage Pathological Findings in Obese Patients Suggest that Esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy Should Be Made Mandatory Prior to Bariatric Surgery

How reliable is pre-sleeve endoscopy to characterize pathological features?

BACKGROUND

Vertical sleeve gastrectomy is a relatively new bariatric procedure with lower morbidity and mortality than other weight loss surgeries. The predictive values of preoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy for detecting histopathological abnormalities prior to sleeve gastrectomy have not been clearly described. This study aimed to determine the negative predictive value of preoperative endoscopic biopsies for detecting Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and other pathological findings.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study examined 102 patients who underwent vertical sleeve gastrectomy from January 2023 to November 2023. Preoperative histopathology of esophagogastroduodenoscopy specimens was compared to postoperative ones for H. pylori infection, gastritis, atrophy, and metaplasia. Moreover, gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms were postoperatively followed for 6 months.

RESULTS

The negative predictive value of preoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy for detecting H. pylori infection, gastritis, metaplasia and atrophy were 95 %, 79 %, 93 %, and 98 %, respectively. In an overall view, for all pathologies, the negative predictive value was 53.4 %. Moderate gastritis and focal metaplasia were significantly underdiagnosed preoperatively (p < 0.001). H. pylori infection and focal metaplasia were significantly more prevalent in females after surgery (p < 0.001). H. pylori infection and gastritis were positively correlated with increased postoperative gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Preoperative endoscopy has a high negative predictive value for detecting H. pylori infection, atrophy, and metaplasia but has suboptimal values for gastritis.

Unveiling the hidden pathologies: preoperative endoscopic findings in patients with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery

BACKGROUND

Obesity is closely associated with upper gastrointestinal disorders. The recommendations for routine preoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) before bariatric surgery remains a topic of debate. This study aimed to describe the pathological endoscopic findings in individuals qualified for bariatric surgery.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis was conducted on preoperative gastroscopy reports of patients who underwent bariatric surgery at our hospital between October 2022 and October 2023.

RESULTS

A total of 405 patients were included in the study. The two most prevalent endoscopic findings during EGD in this patient cohort were chronic superficial gastritis (326/405, 80.5%) and reflux esophagitis (82/405, 20.2%). Some patients exhibited two or more abnormalities. Patients with reflux esophagitis were older, had a higher proportion of men, higher BMI, higher rates of smoking and drinking compared to those without it (P = 0.033, P < 0.001, P = 0.003, P = 0.001, and P = 0.003, respectively). Morbid obesity (P = 0.037), smoking habits (P = 0.012), and H. pylori infection (P = 0.023) were significant risk factors for reflux esophagitis in male patients, while age (P = 0.007) was the sole risk factor in female patients. No statistically significant differences were observed in surgical procedures between LA-A and B groups (P = 0.382), but statistically significant differences were noted between the nondiabetic and diabetic groups (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative EGD can unveil a broad spectrum of pathologies in patients with obesity, suggesting the need for routine examination before bariatric surgery. The findings of this study can guide bariatric surgeons in developing tailored treatments and procedures, thus significantly enhancing prognosis. Gastroscopy should be performed routinely in Chinese patients planning to undergo bariatric surgery.

Can Incidental Gastric GISTs During Bariatric Surgeries Change the Primary Plan of Surgery? A Single Team Experience and a Systematic Review of Literature

As bariatric surgeries (BS) increase, more incidental findings are liable to be discovered. Incidental gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) during BS can be found in around 0.7% of the cases. In this article, we have performed a systematic review of the literature and added our data to those of the review to review a conceptual treatment strategy to both improve patient outcomes and decrease the risk of overall cancer. With the rise of new bariatric techniques, we have proposed a new classification to BS to enhance our description of the treatment strategy.

Preoperative Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and the Effect on Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Preoperative oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) in bariatric surgery remains a controversial topic, with a large variety in practice globally. An electronic database search of Medline, Embase and PubMed was performed in an aim to categorise the findings of preoperative endoscopies in bariatric patients. A total of 47 studies were included in this meta-analysis resulting in 23,368 patients being assessed. Of patients assessed, 40.8% were found to have no novel findings, 39.7% had novel findings which did not affect surgical planning, 19.8% had findings that affected their surgery and 0.3% were ruled to not be suitable for bariatric surgery. Preoperative OGD is altering surgical planning in one-fifth of patients; however, further comparative studies are required to determine if each patient should undergo this procedure especially if asymptomatic.

Preoperative Assessment of Patients Undergoing Bariatric Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction. Saudi Arabia (SA) is one of the top countries in the world when it comes to the number of bariatric procedures performed each year. There is still some debate on whether to do regular or selective upper endoscopy during the preoperative examination. The purpose of this study was to explore various endoscopic findings and Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients having laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) prior to surgery. Methods. We investigated a cohort of 132 patients referred to the endoscopy unit from the bariatric surgery outpatient clinic for prebariatric esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) as a part of preoperative LSG. Data extraction from medical records included clinical data such as body mass index (BMI), gastrointestinal symptoms (that include heartburn, regurgitation, epigastric pain, and nausea), medical comorbidities, and laboratory investigations. It included data about the endoscopic findings of EGD procedure as esophageal, gastric, and duodenal findings results as well as the results of biopsy specimens that were taken. Results. Out of 132 patients, 29 (22%) had a BMI of less than 40 kg/m2 whereas 103 (78%) had a BMI of 40 kg/m2 or above, with an average of $44.4\pm 6.4$  kg/m2. The average age of participants was $33.6\pm 10.4$ years. HP was detected in 36 patients (35.0%) with a slightly greater prevalence in patients with a higher BMI (33.7%) than in patients with lower BMI (35.0%). Collectively, 73 patients (55.7%) had positive endoscopic findings of various grades, sites, and combinations. Incompetent cardia (35.6%) was the most often seen esophageal finding, antral gastritis (34.1%) was the most frequently encountered gastric finding, and duodenitis 1st part was the commonest duodenal endoscopic finding (7.8%). Among asymptomatic patients, incompetent cardia was detected in 33.3%, antral gastritis was found in 30.1%, and around one-quarter of them were positive on HP testing (26.6%). Additionally, 16.1% of them had signs of reflux esophagitis, 17.2% had hiatal hernia, and 14.0% had nodular gastritis. Conclusion. The current study revealed a high prevalence of positive endoscopic findings as well as HP infection upon routine endoscopic examination among patients undergoing bariatric surgery even those who were asymptomatic from any gastrointestinal symptoms.

A Case of Accidentally Found Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor in a 57-Year-Old Candidate of Gastric Bypass Surgery

INTRODUCTION

GIST tumors are the most common mesenchymal tumors in the alimentary tract but are rather rare compared to other GI tract tumors and are usually found incidentally. Studies about cases of GIST tumor in bariatric surgery are scarce and there is no specific guideline for treatment. Most of previous cases were managed by sleeve gastrectomy due to their location which were usually in the body and greater curvature.

METHODS

This patient had a GIST on lesser curvature and therefore underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y bypass. The follow-up was done with imaging studies and CT scan since the location of the tumor was no longer accessible to endoscopy after the gastric bypass.

RESULTS

The post-operative course was uneventful and after 2 years the patient is still in good health and had no other complications. The patient has been followed up by imaging studies.

DISCUSSION

There are pros and cons to this compared with sleeve gastrectomy. The most important advantage for this approach is that we have the stomach preserved; thus, our operation has the reversibility potential in case of any complication which requires revision operations. However, on the flip side, the limitation of such intervention is that we are not able to use the EGD to monitor and follow up our patient. Based on the relevant literature, for following up and monitoring the postoperative condition of these patients with relatively small GISTs, imaging studies specially abdominal computed tomography scan (CT scan) would be highly beneficial. It is also worth of mentioning that performing a EGD before a bariatric surgery, which is well noted in IFSO position statements and is well explained and discussed in other literature, had a major role in diagnosing this patient's GIST tumor and is proved to be beneficial and essential, once again.

Role of Preoperative Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in Bariatric Treatment

Background: The recommendations for routine preoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in patients qualified for bariatric surgeries are still a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to analyze the pathologies on preoperative EGD in patients qualified for bariatric surgeries. Materials and Methods: This study included 222 patients, divided into two groups. The obesity group consisted of patients with obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m²), for whom EGD was a routine part of the preparation for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). The control group of patients with normal body weight (BMI) qualified for EGD because of gastrointestinal ailments. Results: Regarding preoperative EGD in patients qualified for bariatric surgeries, we analyzed the prevalence of endoscopic pathologies in various gastrointestinal tract segments. Patients with obesity were shown to present with esophageal pathologies significantly more often than persons in the control group (n = 23, 20.91% vs. n = 12, 10.91%, p = 0.042). The odds ratio of esophageal pathologies in patients with obesity versus the control group equaled 2.15 (95%CI: 1.01–4.59). In turn, the odds ratio of duodenal pathologies in patients from the control group was 3.31 (95%Cl: 1.16–9.47), which means that persons from this group were approximately three times more likely to be diagnosed with those pathologies compared to obese patients. Moreover, patient sex was a significant predictor of duodenal pathologies, with an odds ratio of 4.03 (95%CI: 1.53–10.61). Conclusions: Preoperative EGD can identify a broad spectrum of pathologies in obese patients, which suggests a routine examination before bariatric surgery.

GERD after Bariatric Surgery. Can We Expect Endoscopic Findings?

Background and Objectives: Bariatric surgery remains the gold standard treatment for morbidly obese patients. Roux-en-y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy are the most frequently performed surgeries worldwide. Obesity has also been related to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The management of a preoperative diagnosis of GERD, with/without hiatal hernia before bariatric surgery, is mandatory. Endoscopy can show abnormal findings that might influence the final type of surgery. The aim of this article is to discuss and review the evidence related to the endoscopic findings after bariatric surgery. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the literature has been conducted, including all recent articles related to endoscopic findings after bariatric surgery. Our review of the literature has included 140 articles, of which, after final review, only eight were included. The polled articles included discussion of the endoscopy findings after roux-en-y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Results: We found that the specific care of bariatric patients might include an endoscopic diagnosis when GERD symptoms are present. Conclusions: Recent evidence has shown that endoscopic follow-up after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy could be advisable, due to the pathological findings in endoscopic procedures in asymptomatic patients.

IFSO Position Statement on the Role of Esophago-Gastro-Duodenal Endoscopy Prior to and after Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Procedures

One of the roles of the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) is to provide guidance on the management of patients seeking surgery for adiposity-based chronic diseases. The role of endoscopy around the time of endoscopy is an area of clinical controversy. In 2018, IFSO commissioned a task force to determine the role of endoscopy before and after surgery for the management of adiposity and adiposity-based chronic diseases. The following position statement is issued by the IFSO Endoscopy in Bariatric/Metabolic Surgery Taskforce. It has been approved by the IFSO Scientific Committee and Executive Board. This statement is based on current clinical knowledge, expert opinion, and published peer-reviewed scientific evidence. It will be reviewed regularly.

ASMBS position statement on the rationale for performance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy before and after metabolic and bariatric surgery

The following position statement is issued by the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery in response to inquiries made to the Society by patients, physicians, society members, hospitals, health insurance payors, the media, and others regarding the need and possible strategies for screening endoscopic examination before metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS), as well as the rationale, indications, and strategies for postoperative surveillance for mucosal abnormalities, including gastroesophageal reflux disease and associated esophageal mucosal injuries (erosive esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus) that may develop in the long term after MBS, specifically for patients undergoing sleeve gastrectomy or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The general principles described here may also apply to procedures such as biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) and BPD with duodenal switch (DS); however, the paucity of procedure-specific literature for BPD and DS limits the value of this statement to those procedures. In addition, children with obesity undergoing MBS may have unique considerations and are not specifically addressed in this position statement. This recommendation is based on current clinical knowledge, expert opinion, and published peer-reviewed scientific evidence available at this time. The statement is not intended to be and should not be construed as stating or establishing a local, regional, or national standard of care. The statement will be revised in the future as additional evidence becomes available.

Barrett's Oesophagus and Bariatric/Metabolic Surgery-IFSO 2020 Position Statement

The International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) has been playing an integral role in educating both the metabolic surgical and the medical community at large about the importance of surgical and/or endoscopic interventions in treating adiposity-based chronic diseases. The occurrence of chronic conditions following bariatric/metabolic surgery (BMS), such as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and columnar (intestinal) epithelial metaplasia of the distal oesophagus (also known as Barrett's oesophagus (BE)), has long been discussed in the metabolic surgical and medical community. Equally, the risk of neoplastic progression of Barrett's oesophagus to oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and the resulting requirement for surgery are the source of some concern for many involved in the care of these patients, as the surgical alteration of the gastrointestinal tract may lead to impaired reconstructive options. As such, there is a requirement for guidance of the community.The IFSO commissioned a task force to elucidate three aspects of the presenting problem: First, to determine what the estimated incidence of Barrett's oesophagus is in patients presenting for BMS; second, to determine the frequency at which Barrett's oesophagus may develop following BMS (with a particular focus on the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG)); and third, to determine if regression of Barrett's oesophagus may occur following BMS given the close relationship of obesity and the development of BE/EAC. Based on these findings, a position statement regarding the management of this pathology in the context of BMS was developed. The following position statement is issued by the IFSO Barrett's Oesophagus task force andapproved by the IFSO Scientific Committee and Executive Board. This statement is based on current clinical knowledge, expert opinion and published peer-reviewed scientific evidence. It will be reviewed regularly.

Endoscopic Screening for Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: Rationale, Candidates, and Challenges

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the only known precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), a cancer with increasing incidence and poor survival. Risk of EAC in patients with BE is higher compared with the general population. Endoscopic screening for BE is performed to identify patients earlier in the metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence from BE to EAC to enable eradication therapy. BE screening should be considered in individuals with multiple risk factors for BE and EAC. Challenges to BE screening include the absence of a cost-effective, widely applicable minimally invasive screening tool, gastroesophageal reflux disease centric screening recommendations, and limitations of current endoscopic surveillance practice.

Hiatal Hernia Evaluation Before Bariatric Surgery: Should It Be Routinely Done?

PURPOSE

The necessity of routine preoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS) in the evaluation of hiatal hernia (HH) among bariatric surgery candidates is controversial since most are detected during surgery, regardless of the preoperative work-up. The aim is to determine the accuracy of preoperative EGD and UGIS for HH diagnosis among bariatric surgery candidates.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The records of bariatric surgery patients between 2011 and 2015 were reviewed. Patients underwent routine UGIS and/or EGD before the surgery. The positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) for each study were calculated based on operative findings.

RESULTS

A total of 463 patients were included in the study. Mean age was 44.34 ± 12.99 years. Mean preoperative body mass index (BMI) was 42.7 ± 5.15 kg/m². A total of 450 patients (97.2%) had a UGIS, 263 patients underwent EGD (56.8%), and 258 (55.7%) patients had both tests. HH was diagnosed in 26 (5.8%), 60 (13%), and 72 (27.8%) patients, respectively. HH was found intra-operatively in 53 patients (11.4%). It was associated with heartburn (P = 0.005) and previous bariatric surgery (P = 0.008). EGD had a greater sensitivity than UGIS (47.4% vs. 30.2%) and a lower specificity (81.4% vs. 97.5%). PPV and NPV for UGIS and EGD were 61.5% and 91.3% vs. 30% and 90.2%, respectively. The sensitivity of both tests when combined together reached 60.5%.

CONCLUSIONS

Both EGD and UGIS, whether solely performed or combined, have low sensitivity for diagnosis of HH and can probably be omitted from the preoperative evaluation, except for high-risk patients.

Perioperative screening, management, and surveillance of Barrett's esophagus in bariatric surgical patients

Obesity is a strong risk factor for Barrett's esophagus (BE), the only proven precursor lesion to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Bariatric surgery is currently the only reliable treatment that achieves long-term sustained weight loss; however, it can markedly affect the development of de novo BE, and the progression or regression of existing BE. Bariatric procedures may also have implications on future surgical management of any consequent EAC. In this review, we examine the current evidence and published guidelines for BE in bariatric surgery. Current screening practices before bariatric surgery vary substantially, with conflicting recommendations from bariatric societies. If diagnosed, the presence of BE may alter the type of bariatric procedure. A selective screening approach prevents unnecessary endoscopy; however, there is poor symptom correlation with disease. Studies suggest that sleeve gastrectomy predisposes patients to gastroesophageal reflux and de novo BE. Conversely, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is associated with decreased reflux and potential improvement or resolution of BE. There are currently no guidelines addressing the surveillance for BE following bariatric surgery. BE is an important consideration in the management of bariatric surgical patients. Evidence-based recommendations are required to guide procedure selection and postoperative surveillance.

Pre-screening for bariatric surgery patients: comparative effectiveness of transnasal endoscopy versus esophagogastroduodenoscopy

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic evaluation is frequently performed before bariatric surgery to identify foregut pathology that may alter procedure selection. Transnasal endoscopy (TNE) is an alternative to esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). The objective of this study was to compare TNE to EGD.

METHODS

Patients who underwent TNE or EGD before bariatric surgery from January 2012 through April 2019 were reviewed. Statistical analyses included Chi-square, Wilcoxon two-sample, and Fisher's exact tests. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

Three hundred and forty-five patients underwent preoperative screening (63% EGD, 37% TNE) before bariatric surgery. Mean age and preoperative body mass index in the TNE and EGD groups were 46.2 ± 12.4 vs 45.5 ± 11.6 years (p = 0.58) and 46.5 ± 7.1 vs. 45.5 ± 6.1 kg/m² (p = 0.25), respectively. Three TNEs were aborted, resulting in a success rate of 98%. Of patients who underwent EGD, 1 (0.5%) visited the emergency department (ED), and 7 (3%) called the nurse with post-procedure concerns. There were no ED visits or nurse calls from patients who underwent TNE. The median total time in the procedure room was 77 (57-97) min for EGD vs. 26 (8-33) min for TNE (p < 0.001). One patient who underwent TNE required subsequent EGD. Mean charge per patient for EGD and TNE was $5034.70 and $1464.00, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

TNE was associated with less post-procedure care, shorter procedure time and fewer charges compared to EGD. TNE could be considered an initial screening tool for patients undergoing bariatric surgery, while EGD could be used selectively in patients with abnormal TNE findings.

The role of preoperative upper endoscopy in adolescents undergoing laparoscopic vertical sleeve gastrectomy

BACKGROUND

Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) has been associated with gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and, in adults, with a development of Barrett's esophagus. Adults with Barrett's esophagus identified at baseline before bariatric operation are generally advised against VSG operations. The role of preoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in adolescents preparing for bariatric surgery is not clearly defined.

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this study was to report the frequency of abnormalities identified on EGD performed at baseline in adolescents undergoing VSG for severe obesity.

SETTING

Free-standing academic children's hospital. United States.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review was conducted to describe findings of EGD performed just before VSG in a cohort of 40 adolescents and young adults (age range 14-25 yr) immediately before VSG. Review of findings from gross and histopathological evaluation of the esophagus, resected stomach, and duodenum was performed.

RESULTS

Five individuals reported preoperative symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux. Anatomic findings at EGD were normal in 98% of individuals. Histopathology of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum was normal in 88%, 70%, and 95%, respectively. Abnormal findings of gastritis (18%), esophagitis (13%), and/or Helicobacter pylori (10%) infection were most common. Those with evidence of H. pylori in gastric resection specimens were treated appropriately with eradication therapy postoperatively. With the exception of 2 patients with incidentally detected esophageal mucosal eosinophilia, EGD findings did not lead to additional changes in medical or surgical management. There were no complications of the EGD procedure.

CONCLUSIONS

Routine EGD at the time of VSG was safe but resulted in low yield of abnormal findings requiring a change in clinical management.

Preoperative Endoscopic and Radiologic Evaluation of Bariatric Patients: What Do They Add?

BACKGROUND

Preoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and barium swallow (BS) are commonly performed for evaluation in bariatric surgery patients. The routine use of these modalities has been controversial.

METHODS

A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was performed to include primary bariatric surgery patients between March 2013 and August 2016.

RESULTS

Two hundred nine patients were included. All the patients underwent preoperative EGD and BS. The mean age was 43.12 years and BMI 46.4 kg/m². Reflux symptoms were present in 58.5% of patients. Preoperative EGD revealed abnormalities in 87.5% of patients: esophagitis (54.5%), Barrett's esophagus (5.3%), dysplasia (1%), and gastritis (51%). Endoscopic evidence of HH was documented in 52.2% of patients while only 34% of patients had evidence of HH in their BS. Of the asymptomatic patients, 80.2% had abnormal EGD. Helicobacter pylori on biopsy was found in 17.2% patients, out of which 47.2% were asymptomatic. Based on EGD findings, the choice of surgical procedure was changed in 3.34% of patients. Repair of HH was performed in 107 patients, with 68.2% (n = 73) symptomatic patients and 31.8% (n = 34) asymptomatic patients. On ROC analysis, EGD was better predictive of the presence of HH (AUC = 0.802, OR 5.20, p  =   < 0.0001) and symptoms were a poor indicator for GERD.

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative EGD is abnormal in the majority of patients regardless of their symptoms. EGD is the only modality that can provide tissue sample, which can potentially determine the type of bariatric surgery. Given the low diagnostic accuracy of BS, its routine use can be eliminated.

Preoperative Upper-GI Endoscopy Prior to Bariatric Surgery: Essential or Optional?

Introduction

The role of preoperative upper-gastrointestinal (GI) gastroscopy has been discussed with controversy in bariatric surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of upper-GI pathologies detected via endoscopy prior to bariatric surgery along with their clinical significance for patients’ management.

Material and Methods

In our single center prospectively established database of obese patients, who underwent bariatric surgery from January 2011 to December 2017, we retrospectively analyzed the perioperative endoscopic findings along with their influence on patients’ management.

Results

In total, 636 obese patients with median BMI (body mass index) of 49 kg/m² [range 31–92] received an upper-GI endoscopy prior to bariatric surgery. Among the surgical procedures, laparoscopic Roux-Y-gastric bypass (72.6%; n = 462) was the most frequent operation. Endoscopically detected pathological conditions were peptic ulcer 3.5% (22/636), Helicobacter pylori (Hp) gastritis 22.4% (143/636), and gastric or duodenal polyps 6.8% (43/636). Reflux esophagitis could be detected in 139/636 patients (21.9%). Barrett’s esophagus (BE) was histologically diagnosed in 95 cases (15.0%), whereas BE was suspected endoscopically in 75 cases (11.3%) only. Esophageal adenocarcinomas were detected in 3 cases (0.5%). Change of the operative strategy due to endoscopically or histologically detected pathologic findings had to be performed in 10 cases (1.6%).

Conclusion

Preoperative upper-GI endoscopy identifies a wide range of abnormal endoscopic findings in obese patients, which may have a significant impact on decision-making, particularly regarding the most suitable bariatric procedure and the appropriate follow-up. Therefore, preoperative upper-GI endoscopy should be considered in all obese patients prior to bariatric procedure.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors for Barrett's esophagus

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Although screening for Barrett's esophagus (BE) is recommended in individuals with multiple risk factors, the type and number of risk factors necessary to trigger screening is unclear. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to assess the relationship between number of risk factors and prevalence of BE.

METHODS

Through October 17, 2018 we searched studies that described the prevalence of BE in the general population and based on presence of risk factors that included GERD, male gender, age >50 years, family history of BE and esophageal adenocarcinoma, and obesity (defined as body mass index >35). Risk of BE based on number of risk factors was assessed using meta-regression while controlling for potential confounders.

RESULTS

Of 2741 studies, 49 were included in the analysis (307,273 individuals, 1948 with biopsy specimen-proven BE). Indications varied by study. The prevalence of BE for various populations was as follows: low-risk general population, .8% (95% confidence interval [CI], .6%-1.1%); GERD, 3% (95% CI, 2.3%-4%); GERD plus presence of any other risk factor, 12.2% (95% CI, 10.2%-14.6%); family history, 23.4% (95% CI, 13.7% -37.2%); age >50, 6.1% (95% CI, 4.6%-8.1%); obesity, 1.9% (95% CI, 1.2%-3%); and male sex, 6.8% (95% CI, 5.3%-8.6%). Prevalence of BE varied significantly between Western and non-Western populations. In a meta-regression, controlling for the region of the study, age, and gender, there was a positive linear relationship between the number of risk factors and the prevalence of BE.

CONCLUSIONS

Results of this study provide estimates of BE prevalence based on the presence and the number of risk factors. These results add credence to current guidelines that suggest screening in the presence of multiple risk factors.