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Sohrabi Y, Rahimian F, Yousefinejad S, Aliasghari F, Soleimani E. Microextraction techniques for occupational biological monitoring: Basic principles, current applications and future perspectives. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5883. [PMID: 38712625 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The application of green microextraction techniques (METs) is constantly being developed in different areas including pharmaceutical, forensic, food and environmental analysis. However, they are less used in biological monitoring of workers in occupational settings. Developing valid extraction methods and analytical techniques for the determination of occupational indicators plays a critical role in the management of workers' exposure to chemicals in workplaces. Microextraction techniques have become increasingly important because they are inexpensive, robust and environmentally friendly. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive review and interpret the applications of METs and novel sorbents and liquids in biological monitoring. Future perspectives and occupational indicators that METs have not yet been developed for are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Sohrabi
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahimian
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Yousefinejad
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Aliasghari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Esmaeel Soleimani
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Pan S, Li X, Xu X, Zhang D, Xu Z. Synthesis and application of quaternary amine-functionalized core-shell-shell magnetic polymers for determination of metabolites of benzene, toluene and xylene in human urine samples and study of exposure assessment. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464320. [PMID: 37669614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
As production processes have evolved, airborne concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene in many workplaces are already well below the occupational exposure limits. However, studies have shown that low levels of exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene can still cause health effects in people exposed occupationally. However, there is no literature on health risk assessment of internal exposure. In view of this, an analytical method based on quaternary amine-functionalized core-shell-shell magnetic polymers (QA-CSS-MPs) was developed for the determination of seven metabolites in urine by MSPE-UPLC-DAD-HRMS. Furthermore, an improved QuEChERS method for the extraction of seven metabolites from human urine samples was introduced for the first time and satisfactory extraction rates were achieved. In addition, QA-CSS-MPs microspheres with core-shell-shell structure were designed and synthesized, and the morphology, composition and magnetic properties of the materials were fully characterized to verify the rationality of the synthetic route. Subsequently, QA-CSS-MPs microspheres were used as magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbents for the purification of urine extracts, and UPLC-DAD-HRMS was used for the detection of seven metabolites. As a result, this method allows the accurate determination of seven metabolites in urine samples over an ultra-wide concentration range (0.001-100 mg/L). Under optimal experimental conditions, i.e., 2% hydrochloric acid in urine for the hydrolysis and 20 mg of QA-CSS-MPs for 5 min purification, the spiked recoveries of the seven target metabolites ranged from 81.5% to 117.7% with RSDs of 1.0%-9.4%. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N≥3) for the established method were in the range of 0.2-0.3 μg/L. The developed method was applied to 254 human urine samples for the determination of seven metabolites. The results showed that the concentration distributions of three xylene metabolites in urine, 2-MHA, 3-MHA, 4-MHA and total MHA, showed statistically significant differences for occupational exposure (p<0.001). In addition, the results of the internal exposure assessment showed that there is a high potential health risk associated with occupational exposure processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengdong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China.
| | - Xiaohai Li
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China
| | - Xinwu Xu
- Cixi Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315300, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China
| | - Zemin Xu
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
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Application of Fe3O4@TbBd nanobeads in Microextraction by Packed Sorbent (MEPS) for determination of BTEXs biomarkers by HPLC–UV in urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1197:123197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Solidified floating organic droplet microextraction coupled with HPLC for rapid determination of trans, trans muconic acid in benzene biomonitoring. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15751. [PMID: 34344921 PMCID: PMC8333051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzene is one of the carcinogenic compounds in the work environments. Exposure assessment of benzene through biological monitoring is an acceptable way to accurately measure the real exposure in order to conducting the health risk assessment, but it is always complicated, laborious, time consuming and costly process. A new sensitive, simple, fast and environmental friendly method was developed for the determination of urinary metabolite of benzene, trans trans muconic acid (t,t-MA) by dispersive liquid-liquid micro extraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography with ultra violet detector. Central composite design methodology was utilized to evaluate the effective factors on the extraction output of the target metabolite. The calibration curve was plotted in the concentration ranges of 0.02-5 µg mL-1. The precision and accuracy of the method were assayed via the relative standard deviation (RSD%) and relative recovery (RR%) using spiked samples with three replications. The RR% and RSD% of the optimized method were 86.9-91.3% and 4.3-6.3% respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) of the method was 0.006 µg mL-1. The level of t,t-MA in real samples was ranged from 0.54 to 1.64 mg/g creatinine. We demonstrated that t,t-MA can be extracted and determined by an inexpensive, simple and fast method.
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Abbaszadeh S, Yousefinejad S, Jafari S, Soleimani E. In-syringe ionic liquid-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with HPLC for the determination of trans,trans-muconic acid in human urine sample. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3126-3136. [PMID: 34114310 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
trans,trans-Muconic acid has been widely used as a biomarker in biological monitoring of benzene-exposed workers during routine occupational health services. In the present study, a novel microextraction technique, in-syringe ionic liquid-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, was implemented for preconcentration of trans,trans-muconic acid followed by analytical determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Moreover, the important variables affecting the performance of applied microextraction technique including needle diameter, volume of the spiked sample, volume of the ionic liquid, salt addition, rotation speed of centrifugation, centrifuge time, and ultrasonic time were optimized by experimental design. A good linear relationship was observed at the range of 0.032-10 μg/mL between the peak area and the concentration levels (R2 = 0.9997). The limit of detection and extraction recovery for trans,trans-muconic acid were 0.011 μg/mL and >96.2%, respectively. This method provided easy and rapid analysis of low amounts of trans,trans-muconic acid in human urine with simple equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Abbaszadeh
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Yousefinejad
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Jafari
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Esmaeel Soleimani
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Daryanavard SM, Zolfaghari H, Abdel-Rehim A, Abdel-Rehim M. Recent applications of microextraction sample preparation techniques in biological samples analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5105. [PMID: 33660303 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of biological samples is affected by interfering substances with chemical properties similar to those of the target analytes, such as drugs. Biological samples such as whole blood, plasma, serum, urine and saliva must be properly processed for separation, purification, enrichment and chemical modification to meet the requirements of the analytical instruments. This causes the sample preparation stage to be of undeniable importance in the analysis of such samples through methods such as microextraction techniques. The scope of this review will cover a comprehensive summary of available literature data on microextraction techniques playing a key role for analytical purposes, methods of their implementation in common biological samples, and finally, the most recent examples of application of microextraction techniques in preconcentration of analytes from urine, blood and saliva samples. The objectives and merits of each microextration technique are carefully described in detail with respect to the nature of the biological samples. This review presents the most recent and innovative work published on microextraction application in common biological samples, mostly focused on original studies reported from 2017 to date. The main sections of this review comprise an introduction to the microextraction techniques supported by recent application studies involving quantitative and qualitative results and summaries of the most significant, recently published applications of microextracion methods in biological samples. This article considers recent applications of several microextraction techniques in the field of sample preparation for biological samples including urine, blood and saliva, with consideration for extraction techniques, sample preparation and instrumental detection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hesane Zolfaghari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-Abbas, Iran
| | - Abbi Abdel-Rehim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Rehim
- Functional Materials Division, Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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Domínguez M, Blandez JF, Lozano‐Torres B, Torre C, Licchelli M, Mangano C, Amendola V, Sancenón F, Martínez‐Máñez R. A Nanoprobe Based on Gated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for The Selective and Sensitive Detection of Benzene Metabolite t,t‐Muconic Acid in Urine. Chemistry 2020; 27:1306-1310. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Domínguez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de, Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Juan F. Blandez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de, Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en NanomedicinaySensores Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe Universitat Politècnica de València Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, Torre 106 A 7planta 46026 Valencia Spain
| | - Beatriz Lozano‐Torres
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de, Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de, Enfermedades y Nanomedicina Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Universitat Politècnica de València Carrer d'Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3 46012 Valencia Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en NanomedicinaySensores Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe Universitat Politècnica de València Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, Torre 106 A 7planta 46026 Valencia Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Madrid 28019 Spain
| | - Cristina Torre
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de, Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Madrid 28019 Spain
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università di Pavia Via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Maurizio Licchelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università di Pavia Via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Carlo Mangano
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università di Pavia Via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Valeria Amendola
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università di Pavia Via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de, Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de, Enfermedades y Nanomedicina Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Universitat Politècnica de València Carrer d'Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3 46012 Valencia Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en NanomedicinaySensores Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe Universitat Politècnica de València Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, Torre 106 A 7planta 46026 Valencia Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Madrid 28019 Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez‐Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de, Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de, Enfermedades y Nanomedicina Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Universitat Politècnica de València Carrer d'Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3 46012 Valencia Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en NanomedicinaySensores Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe Universitat Politècnica de València Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, Torre 106 A 7planta 46026 Valencia Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Madrid 28019 Spain
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Wang GT, Zhang MY, Chen X, Lu ZW, Fan BT, Li KL, Yang J, Duan SL, Yang CB, Zou P. Highly selective and sensitive lanthanoids coordination polymers sensors for trans, trans-muconic acid, a biomarker of benzene. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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