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Kim H, Kim M, Oh S, Hwang Y, Choe JS. Optimization of Enzyme-Assisted Extraction from Ginger ( Zingiber officinale) Leaf and Its Immune-Stimulating Effects on Macrophages. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2024; 29:228-236. [PMID: 38974589 PMCID: PMC11223925 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2024.29.2.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The ginger leaves contain terpenoids and phenolic compounds, such as gingerol and shogaol, which exert various physiological effects. This study focused on determining the optimal conditions for an enzyme (Ultimase MFC) extraction to enhance the bioactive components of underutilized ginger leaves using the response surface method. The extracted material was evaluated in terms of its yield and antioxidant capacity (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). As a result, the optimal conditions included an enzyme concentration of 0.1% (v/v), a liquid-solid ratio of 33.939 mL/g, and an extraction time of 4 h. The optimized conditions resulted in an improvement in yield and antioxidant capacity, except for the total phenolic content of ginger leaves, when compared to the reference control extract. Additionally, the possibility of improving immunity was confirmed as nitric oxide and cytokines increased in macrophage cells compared with non-treatment control. Therefore, these extraction conditions enhance the potential industrial value of ginger leaves and underscore their promise as a natural ingredient for functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbi Kim
- Division of Functional Food and Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea
| | - Mina Kim
- Division of Functional Food and Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea
| | - Sangnam Oh
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonbuk 55069, Korea
| | - Yujin Hwang
- Division of Functional Food and Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sook Choe
- Division of Functional Food and Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea
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Banerjee S, Banik A, Rajak VK, Bandyopadhyay TK, Nayak J, Jasinski M, Kumar R, Jeon BH, Siddiqui MR, Khan MA, Chakrabortty S, Tripathy SK. Two-Phase Crude Oil-Water Flow Through Different Pipes: An Experimental Investigation Coupled with Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:11181-11193. [PMID: 38497000 PMCID: PMC10938452 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The present study deals with two-phase non-Newtonian pseudoplastic crude oil and water flow inside horizontal pipes simulated by ANSYS. The study helps predict velocity and velocity profiles, as well as pressure drop during two-phase crude-oil-water flow, without complex calculations. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis will be very important in reducing the experimental cost and the effort of data acquisition. Three independent horizontal stainless steel pipes (SS-304) with inner diameters of 1 in., 1.5 in., and 2 in. were used to circulate crude oil with 5, 10, and 15% v/v water for simulation purposes. The entire length of the pipes, along with their surfaces, were insulated to reduce heat loss. A grid size of 221,365 was selected as the optimal grid. Two-phase flow phenomena, pressure drop calculations, shear stress on the walls, along with the rate of shear strain, and phase analysis were studied. Moreover, velocity changes from the wall to the center, causing a velocity gradient and shear strain rate, but at the center, no velocity variation (velocity gradient) was observed between the layers of the fluid. The precision of the simulation was investigated using three error parameters, such as mean square error, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, and RMSE-standard deviation of observation ratio. From the simulation, it was found that CFD analysis holds good agreement with experimental results. The uncertainty analysis demonstrated that our CFD model is helpful in predicting the rheological parameters very accurately. The study aids in identifying and predicting fluid flow phenomena inside horizontal straight pipes in a very effective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirsendu Banerjee
- School
of Chemical Technology, Kalinga Institute
of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Anirban Banik
- Department
of Civil Engineering, NIT Sikkim, Ravangla, Sikkim 737139, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Rajak
- Department
of Petroleum Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
| | | | - Jayato Nayak
- Centre
for Life Sciences, Mahindra University, Hyderabad, Telengana 500043, India
| | - Michał Jasinski
- Department
of Electrical Engineering Fundamentals, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeze, Wyspianskiego, St., Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department
of Earth Resources & Environmental, Engineering, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic
of Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department
of Earth Resources & Environmental, Engineering, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic
of Korea
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moonis Ali Khan
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sankha Chakrabortty
- School
of Chemical Technology, Kalinga Institute
of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Suraj K. Tripathy
- School
of Chemical Technology, Kalinga Institute
of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
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Kim M, Nam DG, Choe JS, Hwang KA, Choi AJ. Optimization of pectinase-assisted extraction condition of mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit using response surface methodology and its effect on anthocyanin synthesis pathway-related metabolites. J Food Sci 2021; 86:3926-3938. [PMID: 34341996 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit (MF) is a rich source of functional compounds, such as anthocyanin. However, during solvent extraction, these compounds are not fully dispersed into the substrate, leading to incomplete extraction. Moreover, raw MF rapidly ripens and deteriorates after harvesting; hence, innovative methods to process MF are needed. Here, a pectinase-assisted extraction method is developed to liberate polyphenols and anthocyanins from cell wall matrices in MF. We optimized the procedure to maximize water solubility index (WSI), total phenolic (TP) content, and total anthocyanin (TA) content using a central composite design to perform a response surface methodology (RSM) analysis. The optimal conditions predicted by the RSM were a 1:5 w/v material/water ratio with 3.5% pectinase (v/w) and 1.5% citric acid (w/w) for 113 min at 50°C. Under these conditions, the WSI, TP, and TA were significantly higher compared with those in the untreated control. The results well matched (within 5% differences) with the predicted RSM values. Furthermore, metabolite analysis revealed that the levels of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin hexoside, and quercetin were higher in pectinase-assisted MF extraction compared with the untreated control. This work demonstrated that pectinase-assisted extraction using citric acid could be an efficient technique to enhance the value of MF and its potential applications in the food industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A pectinase-assisted extraction method was optimized to enhance the WSI, TP, and TA yields from MF extracts. The optimal conditions were predicted to be 1:5 w/v material/water ratio, 3.5% pectinase (v/w), and 1.5% CA (w/w) with a 113 min reaction time at 50°C. Under these conditions, WSI, TP, and TA were significantly increased compared with the untreated control. These results suggested the potential of mulberry plants for use in the food industry via the development of a simple, efficient process to extract functional compounds from MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Kim
- Division of Functional Food & Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Geon Nam
- Division of Functional Food & Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sook Choe
- Division of Functional Food & Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hwang
- Division of Functional Food & Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae-Jin Choi
- Division of Functional Food & Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
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