Study on synthesis of some substituted N-propargyl isatins by propargylation reaction of corresponding isatins using potassium carbonate as base under ultrasound- and microwave-assisted conditions

Design and synthesis of 1,2-dihydroquinoline/chromene fused sugar triazole frameworks by copper-catalyzed one-pot click and intramolecular arylation reactions

Expedient copper-catalyzed one-pot click and intramolecular arylation reactions have been developed for the synthesis of 1,2-dihydroquinoline/chromene-fused triazoles with varying sugar functionalities. It has been observed that the additive TMEDA greatly facilitates this copper-catalyzed cyclization. This reaction involves two mechanistically distinct reactions i.e. an atom-economical click reaction and a direct arylation of a sugar triazole. This method provides rapid and simple access to fused sugar triazoles in moderate to good yields. All the key products were characterized using 1H and 13C NMR and HRMS data.

Rational Design and Synthesis of Isatin-Chalcone Hybrids Integrated with 1H-1,2,3-Triazole: Anti-Proliferative Profiling and Molecular Docking Insights

In this study, a series of isatin-chalcone linked triazoles were synthesized using Cu-promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction and evaluated for their cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines. The most potent compound displayed approximately 2.5 times greater activity compared to both reference compounds against ovarian cancer cell lines. These findings were supported by caspase-mediated apoptosis and molecular docking analyses. Docking revealed comparable VEGFR-2 affinities for 5 b and 5-FU but highlighted stronger interaction of 5 b with EGFR, evident from its lower docking score. Overall, these results signify the notable anti-proliferative potential of most synthesized hybrids, notably emphasizing the efficacy of compound 5 b in suppressing cancer cell growth.

New nitazoxanide derivatives: design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies as antibacterial and antimycobacterial agents

A new series inspired by combining fragments from nitazoxanide (NTZ) and 4-aminosalicylic acid (4-ASA) was synthesized and screened for in vitro antibacterial and antimycobacterial activities. The majority showed higher antibacterial potency than NTZ against all the screened strains, notably, 5f, 5j, 5n and 5o with MICs of 0.87-9.00 μM. Compounds 5c, 5n and 5o revealed higher potency than ciprofloxacin against K. pneumoniae, while 5i was equipotent. For E. faecalis, 3b, 5j, and 5k showed higher potency than ciprofloxacin. 5j was more potent against P. aeruginosa than ciprofloxacin, while 5n was more potent against S. aureus with an MIC of 0.87 μM. 5f showed equipotency to ciprofloxacin against H. pylori with an MIC of 1.74 μM. Compounds 3a and 3b (4-azidoNTZ, MIC 4.47 μM) are 2 and 5-fold more potent against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb H37Rv) than NTZ (MIC 20.23 μM) and safer. 4-Azidation and/or acetylation of NTZ improve both activities, while introducing 1,2,3-triazoles improves the antibacterial activity. Molecular docking studies within pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (G6PS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) active sites were performed to explore the possible molecular mechanisms of actions. Acceptable drug-likeness properties were found. This study may shed light on further rational design of substituted NTZ as broad-spectrum more potent antimicrobial candidates.

Identification of sulphonamide-tethered N-((triazol-4-yl)methyl)isatin derivatives as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease

SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the end of 2019 led to profound consequences on global health and economy. Till producing successful vaccination strategies, the healthcare sectors suffered from the lack of effective therapeutic agents that could control the spread of infection. Thus, academia and the pharmaceutical sector prioritise SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drug discovery. Here, we exploited previous reports highlighting the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities of isatin-based molecules to develop novel triazolo-isatins for inhibiting main protease (Mpro) of the virus, a crucial enzyme for its replication in the host cells. Particularly, sulphonamide 6b showed promising inhibitory activity with an IC50= 0.249 µM. Additionally, 6b inhibited viral cell proliferation with an IC50 of 4.33 µg/ml, and was non-toxic to VERO-E6 cells (CC50 = 564.74 µg/ml) displaying a selectivity index of 130.4. In silico analysis of 6b disclosed its ability to interact with key residues in the enzyme active site, supporting the obtained in vitro findings.

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Propargyl Derivatives, and Their Application as Synthetic Intermediates and Building Blocks

The propargyl group is a highly versatile moiety whose introduction into small-molecule building blocks opens up new synthetic pathways for further elaboration. The last decade has witnessed remarkable progress in both the synthesis of propargylation agents and their application in the synthesis and functionalization of more elaborate/complex building blocks and intermediates. The goal of this review is to highlight these exciting advances and to underscore their impact.

3D-Printing of Capsule Devices as Compartmentalization Tools for Supported Reagents in the Search of Antiproliferative Isatins

The application of high throughput synthesis methodologies in the generation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) currently requires the use of automated and easily scalable systems, easy dispensing of supported reagents in solution phase organic synthesis (SPOS), and elimination of purification and extraction steps. The recyclability and recoverability of supported reagents and/or catalysts in a rapid and individualized manner is a challenge in the pharmaceutical industry. This objective can be achieved through a suitable compartmentalization of these pulverulent reagents in suitable devices for it. This work deals with the use of customized polypropylene permeable-capsule devices manufactured by 3D printing, using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique, adaptable to any type of flask or reactor. The capsules fabricated in this work were easily loaded "in one step" with polymeric reagents for use as scavengers of isocyanides in the work-up process of Ugi multicomponent reactions or as compartmentalized and reusable catalysts in copper-catalyzed cycloadditions (CuAAC) or Heck palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions (PCCCRs). The reaction products are different series of diversely substituted isatins, which were tested in cancerous cervical HeLa and murine 3T3 Balb fibroblast cells, obtaining potent antiproliferative activity. This work demonstrates the applicability of 3D printing in chemical processes to obtain anticancer APIs.