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Caballero D, Pérez-Salazar MJ, Sánchez-Margallo JA, Sánchez-Margallo FM. Applying artificial intelligence on EDA sensor data to predict stress on minimally invasive robotic-assisted surgery. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2024; 19:1953-1963. [PMID: 38955902 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-024-03218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims predicting the stress level based on the ergonomic (kinematic) and physiological (electrodermal activity-EDA, blood pressure and body temperature) parameters of the surgeon from their records collected in the previously immediate situation of a minimally invasive robotic surgery activity. METHODS For this purpose, data related to the surgeon's ergonomic and physiological parameters were collected during twenty-six robotic-assisted surgical sessions completed by eleven surgeons with different experience levels. Once the dataset was generated, two preprocessing techniques were applied (scaled and normalized), these two datasets were divided into two subsets: with 80% of data for training and cross-validation, and 20% of data for test. Three predictive techniques (multiple linear regression-MLR, support vector machine-SVM and multilayer perceptron-MLP) were applied on training dataset to generate predictive models. Finally, these models were validated on cross-validation and test datasets. After each session, surgeons were asked to complete a survey of their feeling of stress. These data were compared with those obtained using predictive models. RESULTS The results showed that MLR combined with the scaled preprocessing achieved the highest R2 coefficient and the lowest error for each parameter analyzed. Additionally, the results for the surgeons' surveys were highly correlated to the results obtained by the predictive models (R2 = 0.8253). CONCLUSIONS The linear models proposed in this study were successfully validated on cross-validation and test datasets. This fact demonstrates the possibility of predicting factors that help us to improve the surgeon's health during robotic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Caballero
- Bioengineering and Health Technologies Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Manuel J Pérez-Salazar
- Bioengineering and Health Technologies Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Juan A Sánchez-Margallo
- Bioengineering and Health Technologies Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Cáceres, Spain.
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Budden AK, Henry A, Wakefield CE, Abbott JA. Surgeon stress, anxiety, and workload: a descriptive study of participant reported responses to fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery exercises. Surg Endosc 2024:10.1007/s00464-024-11238-3. [PMID: 39271514 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-024-11238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress while operating is an important contributor to surgeon health and burnout. Measuring stress is key to improving surgeon and patient outcomes, however biological responses to stress during surgery are variable and difficult to interpret. Participant reported measures of stress have been suggested as an alternative, but the most appropriate measure has not been defined. This study's primary aim was to assess measures of anxiety, stress, and workload before and after surgical simulation and characterize the relationship between these measures. METHODS Surgeons completed three laparoscopic exercises from the fundamentals of laparoscopy program (peg transfer, pattern cutting, intracorporeal suturing) in a neutral environment and "stressed" environment (ergonomic, noise, or time pressure). State trait anxiety and self-reported stress on a visual analogue scale were collected prior to simulation and again immediately afterwards. The NASA task load index (TLX) was also administered post-simulation. RESULTS Of the 26 participants from gynecological and general surgery specialties, state anxiety increased in 98/148 simulations (62%) with a significant mean increase during simulation (32.9 ± 7.9 vs 39.4 ± 10.2, p < .001). Self-reported stress increased in 107/148 simulations (72%), with a significant increase in mean scores during simulation (38.7 ± 22.5 vs 48.9 ± 23.7, p < .001). NASA-TLX scores immediately after simulation ranged from 40 to 118 (mean 60.5 ± 28.7). Greater anxiety and stress scores were reported in "stressed" simulations (43.6 ± 23.1 vs 54.2 ± 23.3; 68.7 ± 27.0 vs 52.4 ± 28.2 respectively) with a significant interaction effect of the "stressed" environment and type of exercise. Anxiety and stress were moderately positively correlated prior to simulation (r = .40) and strongly positively correlated post-simulation (r = .70), however only stress was strongly correlated to workload (r = .79). CONCLUSION Stress and anxiety varied by type of laparoscopic exercise and simulation environment. Correlations between anxiety and stress are stronger post-simulation than prior to simulation. Stress, but not anxiety, is highly correlated with workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K Budden
- Discipline of Women's Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
- Gynaecological Research and Clinical Evaluation (GRACE), Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, Australia.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Coffs Harbour Hospital, 343 Pacific Highway, Coffs Harbour, 2450, Australia.
| | - Amanda Henry
- Discipline of Women's Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claire E Wakefield
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Behavioural Sciences Unit, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jason A Abbott
- Discipline of Women's Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Gynaecological Research and Clinical Evaluation (GRACE), Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, Australia
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Lefetz O, Baste JM, Hamel JF, Mordojovich G, Lefevre-Scelles A, Coq JM. Robotic surgery and work-related stress: A systematic review. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 117:104188. [PMID: 38301320 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite robot-assisted surgery (RAS) becoming increasingly common, little is known about the impact of the underlying work organization on the stress levels of members of the operating room (OR) team. To this end, assessing whether RAS may impact work-related stress, identifying associated stress factors and surveying relevant measurement methods seems critical. Using three databases (Scopus, Medline, Google Scholar), a systematic review was conducted leading to the analysis of 20 articles. Results regarding OR team stress levels and measurement methods were heterogeneous, which could be explained by differing research conditions (i.e., lab. vs. real-life). Relevant stressors such as (in)experience with RAS and quality of team communication were identified. Development of a common, more reliable methodology of stress assessment is required. Research should focus on real-life conditions in order to develop valid and actionable knowledge. Surgical teams would greatly benefit from discussing RAS-related stressors and developing team-specific strategies to handle them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Lefetz
- Univ Rouen Normandie, CRFDP, UR 7475, F-76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Baste
- Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Rouen, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, CS, 76183, Rouen Cedex 1, France; Rouen University Hospital, Department of general and thoracic surgery, F-76000, Rouen, France; Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1096, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | | | - Gerardo Mordojovich
- Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Av. Vitacura 5951, Vitacura, Región Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile; Hospital de la Fuerza Aérea de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Mayor de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antoine Lefevre-Scelles
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of intensive care, anesthesia and perioperative medicine, F-76000, Rouen, France; Rouen University Hospital, Emergency Care Training Center (CESU-76A) of Emergency medical service (SAMU-76A), F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Michel Coq
- Univ Rouen Normandie, CRFDP, UR 7475, F-76000, Rouen, France
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Menke V, Hansen O, Schmidt J, Dechantsreiter G, Staib L, Davliatov M, Schilcher F, Hübner B, Bianco F, Kastelan Z, Kulis T, Hudolin T, Penezic L, Zekulic T, Andelic J, Juric I, Puda I, Siaulys R, Venckus R, Jasenus M, Eismontas V, Samalavicius NE. The stress for surgeons: exploring stress entities with the robotic senhance surgical system. J Robot Surg 2024; 18:94. [PMID: 38413542 DOI: 10.1007/s11701-024-01853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Robotic surgery is on its way to revolutionizing traditional surgical procedures, offering precise and minimally invasive techniques hypothesized to shorten recovery times and improve patient outcomes. While there have been multiple publications on robotic systems' medical and procedural achievements, more emphasis should be put on the surgeon's experience, especially in comparison with laparoscopic surgery. The present report aims to systematically examine the stress impact on surgeons by comparing the robotic Senhance Surgical System (Asensus Surgical, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A) to laparoscopic surgery. The well-established "SURG-TLX" survey is used to measure distinct stress entities. The "SURG-TLX" survey is a modified version of the NASA-TLX, validated for surgery by M. Willson. Based on a comprehensive database from six centers encompassing various disciplines and surgical procedures, our analysis indicates significantly reduced "overall stress" levels for robotic (cockpit) compared to laparoscopic surgeons. Exploring the "SURG-TLX" stress dimensions further between methods (robotic vs. laparoscopic) and surgeon position (laparoscopic, (robotic) bedside, or (robotic) cockpit) resulted in significantly more Mental (p.value < 0.015), less Physical Demands (p.value < 0.001) and less Distraction (p.value < 0.009) for robotic surgery, especially regarding the robotic cockpit surgeons. This finding suggests that robotic surgery with the Senhance Surgical System contributes to a favorable stress profile for surgeons, potentially enhancing their overall well-being and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivianda Menke
- Department of Surgery, Evangelisches Hospital Wesel, Wesel, Germany.
| | - Olaf Hansen
- Department of Surgery, Evangelisches Hospital Wesel, Wesel, Germany
| | - Johannes Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Landshut-Achdorf, Landshut, Germany
| | | | - Ludger Staib
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Hospital Esslingen, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Mukhammad Davliatov
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Hospital Esslingen, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Florian Schilcher
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Hospital Esslingen, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Bodo Hübner
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Hospital Esslingen, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Francesco Bianco
- Department of Surgery, General, Minimally Invasive & Robotic Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zeljko Kastelan
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Kulis
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tvrtko Hudolin
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luka Penezic
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Toni Zekulic
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jerko Andelic
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ilija Juric
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Puda
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Raimondas Siaulys
- Department of Surgery, Urology and Gynaecology, Klaipeda University Hospital, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Raimundas Venckus
- Department of Surgery, Urology and Gynaecology, Klaipeda University Hospital, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Marius Jasenus
- Department of Surgery, Urology and Gynaecology, Klaipeda University Hospital, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Vitalijus Eismontas
- Department of Surgery, Urology and Gynaecology, Klaipeda University Hospital, Klaipeda, Lithuania
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Budden AK, Song S, Henry A, Wakefield CE, Abbott JA. Surgeon reported measures of stress and anxiety prior to and after elective gynecological surgery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2024; 103:360-367. [PMID: 38053225 PMCID: PMC10823402 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Performing surgical procedures is a recognized source of stress for surgeons. Vocational stress is an important contributor to performance, patient care, and burnout with dispositional and environmental factors contributing. Accurately assessing surgeon stress is critical to measuring effectiveness of stress reduction programs. The primary aim was to identify differences between surgeons' self-reported anticipated stress and anxiety prior to gynecological surgery, compared with their recollection of experienced stress and anxiety during surgery. Secondary aims assessed any differences by level of training, surgical type, and surgeon role. MATERIAL AND METHODS Attending and resident gynecologists performing routine elective surgeries completed a visual analog scale (VAS) assessing perceived stress and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) prior to and immediately after completing 161 elective surgeries including total laparoscopic hysterectomy, laparoscopic excision of moderate-severe endometriosis, or hysteroscopic myomectomy. RESULTS Eight attending gynecologists and nine residents participated. Residents commenced as primary surgeon in 62/90 (69%) procedures. Stress experienced during surgery was greater than anticipated in 92/161 (57%) surgery episodes (mean VAS increase: 3.9; 95% CI: 1.1-6.8, p = 0.009). State anxiety was greater than anticipated in 99/161 (62%) episodes (mean state anxiety increase: 4.4; 95% CI: 3.0-5.8, p < 0.001). Greater preprocedural anticipatory stress and anxiety was observed in residents vs. attending gynecologists (VAS 51.9 vs. 22.8, p < 0.001; state anxiety 38.3 vs. 28.1, p < 0.001) and in primary vs. assistant surgeons (VAS 47.2 vs. 29.9, p < 0.001; state anxiety 36.9 vs. 28.3, p < 0.001). Intraoperative stress and anxiety were greater in primary surgeons (VAS 50.4 vs. 30.5, p < 0.001; anxiety 41.3 vs. 32.5, p < 0.001) and residents (VAS 43.4 vs. 31.7, p < 0.001; anxiety 53.5 vs. 33.7, p < 0.001) compared with assistants and attending gynecologists. Perceived stress and anxiety were positively correlated at both timepoints (r = 0.68, p < 0.001; r = 0.82, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS When asked to reflect on stress experienced during surgery, our data show that stress during surgery is greater than anticipated for many surgical episodes. Self-reported stress symptoms commence prior to surgery and are more commonly reported by surgeons operating as primary surgeon and by those in training. Future research should focus on determinants of presurgical stress and examine when stressors become inhibitory to performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K. Budden
- School of Clinical MedicineUNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Gynecology Research and Clinical Excellence (GRACE)Royal Hospital for WomenSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Sophia Song
- School of Clinical MedicineUNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Gynecology Research and Clinical Excellence (GRACE)Royal Hospital for WomenSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Amanda Henry
- School of Clinical MedicineUNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthSt George HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Claire E. Wakefield
- School of Clinical MedicineUNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Kids Cancer CenterSydney Children's HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jason A. Abbott
- School of Clinical MedicineUNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Gynecology Research and Clinical Excellence (GRACE)Royal Hospital for WomenSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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6
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Budden AK, Song S, Henry A, Nesbitt-Hawes E, Wakefield CE, Abbott JA. Acute Biological Changes in Gynecologic Surgeons during Surgery: A Prospective Study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2023; 30:841-849. [PMID: 37379897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To assess changes in biological measures of acute stress in surgeons during surgery in real-world settings DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SETTING A tertiary teaching hospital. PATIENTS 8 consultant and 9 training gynecologists. INTERVENTION A total of, 161 elective gynecologic surgeries of 3 procedures: laparoscopic hysterectomy, laparoscopic excision of endometriosis, or hysteroscopic myomectomy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Changes in surgeons' biological measures of acute stress while undertaking elective surgery. Salivary cortisol, mean and maximum heart rate (HR), and indices of the HR variability were recorded before and during surgery. From baseline to during surgery over the cohort, salivary cortisol decreased from 4.1 nmol/L to 3.6 nmol/L (p = .03), maximum HR increased from 101.8 beats per min (bpm) to 106.5 bpm (p <.01), root mean square of standard deviation decreased from 51.1 ms to 39.0 ms (p <.01), and standard deviation of beat-to-beat variability decreased from 73.7 to 59.8 ms (p <.01). Analysis of individual changes in stress by participant-surgery event by paired data graphs reveal inconsistent direction of change in all measures of biological stress despite stratification by surgical experience, role in surgery, level of training, or type of surgery performed. CONCLUSION This study measured biometric stress changes at both a group and individual level in real-world, live surgical settings. Individual changes have not previously been reported and the variable direction of stress change by participant-surgery episode identified in this study demonstrates a problematic interpretation of mean cohort findings previously reported. Results from this study suggest that either live surgery with tight environment control or surgical simulation studies may identify what, if any, biological measures of stress can predict acute stress reactions during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K Budden
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Drs. Budden, Song, Henry, Nesbitt-Hawes, Wakefield, and Abbott); Gynecology Research and Clinical Excellence, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, Australia (Drs. Budden, Song, Nesbitt-Hawes, and Abbott).
| | - Sophia Song
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Drs. Budden, Song, Henry, Nesbitt-Hawes, Wakefield, and Abbott); Gynecology Research and Clinical Excellence, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, Australia (Drs. Budden, Song, Nesbitt-Hawes, and Abbott)
| | - Amanda Henry
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Drs. Budden, Song, Henry, Nesbitt-Hawes, Wakefield, and Abbott); Department of Women's and Children's Health, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia (Dr. Henry)
| | - Erin Nesbitt-Hawes
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Drs. Budden, Song, Henry, Nesbitt-Hawes, Wakefield, and Abbott); Gynecology Research and Clinical Excellence, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, Australia (Drs. Budden, Song, Nesbitt-Hawes, and Abbott)
| | - Claire E Wakefield
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Drs. Budden, Song, Henry, Nesbitt-Hawes, Wakefield, and Abbott); Kids Cancer Center, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, Australia (Dr. Wakefield)
| | - Jason A Abbott
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Drs. Budden, Song, Henry, Nesbitt-Hawes, Wakefield, and Abbott); Gynecology Research and Clinical Excellence, Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, Australia (Drs. Budden, Song, Nesbitt-Hawes, and Abbott)
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Lee A, Torkamani-Azar M, Zheng B, Bednarik R. Unpacking the Broad Landscape of Intraoperative Stressors for Clinical Personnel: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:1953-1977. [PMID: 37484819 PMCID: PMC10361288 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s401325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The main goals of this mixed-methods systematic review are to identify what types of intraoperative stressors for operating room personnel have been reported in collected studies and examine the characteristics of each intraoperative stressor. Methods With a systematic literature search, we retrieved empirical studies examining intraoperative stress published between 2010 and 2020. To synthesize findings, we applied two approaches. First, a textual narrative synthesis was employed to summarize key study information of the selected studies by focusing on surgical platforms and study participants. Second, a thematic synthesis was employed to identify and characterize intraoperative stressors and their subtypes. Results Ninety-four studies were included in the review. Regarding the surgical platforms, the selected studies mainly focused on minimally invasive surgery and few studies examined issues around robotic surgery. Most studies examined intra-operative stress from surgeons' perspectives but rarely considered other clinical personnel such as nurses and anesthetists. Among seven identified stressors, technical factors were the most frequently examined followed by individual, operating room environmental, interpersonal, temporal, patient, and organizational factors. Conclusion By presenting stressors as multifaceted elements affecting collaboration and interaction between multidisciplinary team members in the operating room, we discuss the potential interactions between stressors which should be further investigated to build a safe and efficient environment for operating room personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahreum Lee
- Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Bin Zheng
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Singh G, Jie WWJ, Sun MT, Casson R, Selva D, Chan W. Overcoming the impact of physiologic tremors in ophthalmology. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 260:3723-3736. [PMID: 35788893 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ophthalmic surgery involves the manipulation of micron-level sized structures such as the internal limiting membrane where tactile sensation is practically absent. All humans have physiologic tremors that are of low amplitude and not discernible to the naked eye; they do not adversely affect the majority of the population's daily functioning. However, during microsurgery, such tremors can be problematic. In this review, we focus on the impact of physiological tremors on ophthalmic microsurgery and offer a comparative discussion on the impact of such tremors on other surgical specialties. METHODS A single investigator used the MEDLINE database (via PubMed) to search for and identify articles for inclusion in this systematic review. Ten key factors were identified as potentially having an impact on tremor amplitude: beta-blockers, muscle fatigue, robotic systems, handheld tools/micromanipulators, armrests/wrist supports, caffeine, diet, sleep deprivation, consuming alcohol, and workouts (exercise). These key terms were then searched using the advanced Boolean search tool and operators (i.e., AND, OR) available on PubMed: (*keyword*) AND (surgeon tremor OR microsurgery tremor OR hand steadiness OR simulator score). RESULTS Ten studies attempted to quantify the baseline severity of operator physiologic tremor. Approximately 89% of studies accessing the impact of tremors on performance in regards to surgical metrics reported an improvement in performance compared to 57% of studies concluding that tremor elimination was of benefit when considering procedural outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Robotic technology, new instruments, exoskeletons, technique modifications, and lifestyle factors have all demonstrated the potential to assist in overcoming tremors in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurfarmaan Singh
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Health & Medical Sciences Building, 4 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | | | - Michelle Tian Sun
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Health & Medical Sciences Building, 4 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert Casson
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Health & Medical Sciences Building, 4 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dinesh Selva
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Health & Medical Sciences Building, 4 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - WengOnn Chan
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Health & Medical Sciences Building, 4 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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9
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Are Surgeons Working Smarter or Harder? A Systematic Review Comparing the Physical and Mental Demands of Robotic and Laparoscopic or Open Surgery. World J Surg 2021; 45:2066-2080. [PMID: 33772324 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-021-06055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimally invasive surgical techniques such as robotic surgical platforms have provided favourable outcomes for patients, but the impact on surgeons is not well described. This systematic review aims to synthesize and evaluate the physical and mental impact of robotic surgery on surgeons compared to standard laparoscopic or open surgery. METHODS A search strategy was developed to identify peer-reviewed English articles published from inception to end of December 2019 on the following databases: MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO and Embase. The articles were assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa tool. RESULTS Of the 6563 papers identified, 30 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis of this review. Most of the included studies presented a high risk of bias. A total of 13 and 21 different physical and mental tools, respectively, were used to examine the impact on surgeons. The most common tool used to measure physical and mental demand were surface electromyography (N = 9) and the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX; N = 8), respectively. Majority of studies showed mixed results for physical (N = 10) and mental impact (N = 7). This was followed by eight and six studies favouring RS over other surgical modalities for physical and mental impact, respectively. CONCLUSION Most studies showed mixed physical and mental outcomes between the three surgical modalities. There was a high risk of bias and methodological heterogeneity. Future studies need to correlate mental and physical stress with long-term impact on the surgeons.
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Brodie A, Kijvikai K, Decaestecker K, Vasdev N. Review of the evidence for robotic-assisted robotic cystectomy and intra-corporeal urinary diversion in bladder cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2020; 9:2946-2955. [PMID: 33457267 PMCID: PMC7807361 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2019.12.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Radical cystectomy, pelvic lymph node dissection and urinary diversion is the gold-standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The surgery is both complex and highly morbid. Robotic cystectomy is now in its 16th year with established techniques and sufficient research maturity to enable comparison with its open counterpart. The present review focuses on the current evidence for robotic cystectomy and assesses various metrics including oncological, perioperative, functional, surgeon-specific and cost outcomes. The review also encapsulates the current evidence for intra-corporeal urinary diversion and its current status in the cystectomy arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Brodie
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, UK
| | - Kittinut Kijvikai
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Nikhil Vasdev
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, UK
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK
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Cassini D, Depalma N, Grieco M, Cirocchi R, Manoochehri F, Baldazzi G. Robotic pelvic dissection as surgical treatment of complicated diverticulitis in elective settings: a comparative study with fully laparoscopic procedure. Surg Endosc 2019; 33:2583-2590. [PMID: 30406387 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-018-6553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, minimally invasive treatment of complicated sigmoid diverticulitis is becoming a valid alternative to standard procedures. Robotic approach may be useful to allow more precise dissection in arduous pelvic dissection as in complicated diverticulitis. The aim of this study is to investigate effectiveness, potential benefits and short-term outcomes of robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgical resection, compared with fully laparoscopic resection in complicated diverticulitis. METHODS Between January 2009 and December 2017, 156 consecutive patients with history of complicated diverticular disease were referred to our Department of General, Mininvasive and Robotic Surgery. All patients underwent elective colonic resections performed by the same colorectal surgeon and followed a perioperative ERAS program. Demographic and clinical features, surgical data, postoperative data, 30-day morbidity and mortality, VAS for surgeon's compliance were evaluated. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-six consecutive patients underwent elective colonic resection: 92 fully laparoscopic (FL) colorectal resections and 64 procedures with robotic hybrid approach (RHA). Conversion rate was none in the RHA group versus 6.5% in the FL group, because of poor vision due to bowel distension, inflammatory pseudotumor and peritoneal adhesions. No 30-day mortality was observed. Mean operative time was 167.5 ± 54.4 min (80-420) in the FL group and 172.5 ± 55.64 min (110-325) in the RHA group (p 0.079), mean intraoperative blood loss was 144.6 ± 40.6 ml (40-200) with the FL technique and 138.4 ± 28.3 ml (20-185) with the RHA (p 0.295). Mean hospital stay for FL was 5 ± 4.1 days (range 3-45) and 5 ± 2.7 days (range 3-20) for RHA (p 0.974). Overall postoperative morbidity rate was 21.6% in the FL group and 12.3% in the RHA (p 0.067). Major postoperative morbidity (Clavien-Dindo 3 and 4) represented 13% and 4.6%, respectively (p 0.091). VAS for surgeon's compliance revealed a better performance in the robotic arm (p 0.059). CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study highlights the potential benefits of robotic-assisted laparoscopy in colorectal resections for complicated diverticular disease in terms of surgical efficacy, postoperative morbidity and better surgeon's compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Cassini
- Department of General and Mini-Invasive Surgery, Policlinico Abano Terme, Padova, Italy.
| | - Norma Depalma
- Department of Emergency Surgery, "Sapienza" Medical School, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Grieco
- General Surgery Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirocchi
- Department of Surgery and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, AOSP Terni, Perugia, Italy
| | - Farshad Manoochehri
- Department of General and Mini-Invasive Surgery, Policlinico Abano Terme, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianandrea Baldazzi
- Department of General e Surgery, Ospedale Citta Sesto San Giovanni, ASST Milano Nord, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
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Weber J, Catchpole K, Becker AJ, Schlenker B, Weigl M. Effects of Flow Disruptions on Mental Workload and Surgical Performance in Robotic-Assisted Surgery. World J Surg 2018; 42:3599-3607. [PMID: 29845381 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-018-4689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robotic systems introduced new surgical and technical demands. Surgical flow disruptions are critical for maintaining operating room (OR) teamwork and patient safety. Specifically for robotic surgery, effects of intra-operative disruptive events for OR professionals' workload, stress, and performance have not been investigated yet. This study aimed to identify flow disruptions and assess their association with mental workload and performance during robotic-assisted surgery. METHODS Structured expert-observations to identify different disruption types during 40 robotic-assisted radical prostatectomies were conducted. Additionally, 216 postoperative reports on mental workload (mental demands, situational stress, and distractions) and performance of all OR professionals were collected. RESULTS On average 15.8 flow disruptions per hour were observed with the highest rate after abdominal insufflation and before console time. People entering the OR caused most flow disruptions. Disruptions due to equipment showed the highest severity of interruption. Workload significantly correlated with severity of disruptions due to coordination and communication. CONCLUSIONS Flow disruptions occur frequently and are associated with increased workload. Therefore, strategies are needed to manage disruptions to maintain OR teamwork and safety during robotic-assisted surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Weber
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ken Catchpole
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Armin J Becker
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Boris Schlenker
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Weigl
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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13
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Catto JWF, Khetrapal P, Ambler G, Sarpong R, Khan MS, Tan M, Feber A, Dixon S, Goodwin L, Williams NR, McGrath J, Rowe E, Koupparis A, Brew-Graves C, Kelly JD. Robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion versus open radical cystectomy (iROC): protocol for a randomised controlled trial with internal feasibility study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020500. [PMID: 30093510 PMCID: PMC6089318 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bladder cancer (BC) is a common malignancy and one of the most expensive to manage. Radical cystectomy (RC) with pelvic lymphadenectomy is a gold standard treatment for high-risk BC. Reductions in morbidity and mortality from RC may be achieved through robot-assisted RC (RARC). Prospective comparisons between open RC (ORC) and RARC have been limited by sample size, use of extracorporeal reconstruction and use of outcomes important for ORC. Conversely, while RARC is gaining in popularity, there is little evidence to suggest it is superior to ORC. We are undertaking a prospective randomised controlled trial (RCT) to compare RARC with intracorporeal reconstruction (iRARC) and ORC using multimodal outcomes to explore qualitative and quantitative recovery after surgery. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: iROC is a multicentre prospective RCT in English National Health Service (NHS) cancer centres. We will randomise 320 patients undergoing RC to either iRARC or ORC. Treatment allocation will occur after trial entry and consent. The primary outcome is days alive and out of hospital within the first 90 days from surgery. Secondary outcomes will measure functional recovery (activity trackers, chair-to-stand tests and health related quality of life (HRQOL) questionnaires), morbidity (complications and readmissions), cost-effectiveness (using EuroQol-5 Domain-5 levels (EQ-5D-5L) and unit costs) and surgeon fatigue. Patients will be analysed according to intention to treat. The primary outcome will be transformed and analysed using regression. All statistical assumptions will be investigated. Secondary outcomes will be analysed using appropriate regression methods. An internal feasibility study of the first 30 patients will evaluate recruitment rates, acceptance of randomised treatment choice, compliance outcome collection and to revise our sample size. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has ethical approval (REC reference 16/NE/0418). Findings will be made available to patients, clinicians, funders and the NHS through peer-reviewed publications, social media and patient support groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS ISRCTN13680280 and NCT03049410.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W F Catto
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pramit Khetrapal
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rachael Sarpong
- Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (SITU), Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Melanie Tan
- Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (SITU), Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Feber
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Dixon
- Health Economics and Decision Science, NIHR Research Design Service Yorkshire and the Humber, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Louise Goodwin
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Norman R Williams
- Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (SITU), Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - John McGrath
- Department of Urology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Edward Rowe
- Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Chris Brew-Graves
- Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (SITU), Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - John D Kelly
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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14
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Crolla RMPH, Mulder PG, van der Schelling GP. Does robotic rectal cancer surgery improve the results of experienced laparoscopic surgeons? An observational single institution study comparing 168 robotic assisted with 184 laparoscopic rectal resections. Surg Endosc 2018; 32:4562-4570. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-018-6209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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