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Wysocki M, Stachowiak W, Smolibowski M, Olejniczak A, Niemczak M, Shamshina JL. Rethinking the Esterquats: Synthesis, Stability, Ecotoxicity and Applications of Esterquats Incorporating Analogs of Betaine or Choline as the Cation in Their Structure. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5761. [PMID: 38891947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Esterquats constitute a unique group of quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) that contain an ester bond in the structure of the cation. Despite the numerous advantages of this class of compounds, only two mini-reviews discuss the subject of esterquats: the first one (2007) briefly summarizes their types, synthesis, and structural elements required for a beneficial environmental profile and only briefly covers their applications whereas the second one only reviews the stability of selected betaine-type esterquats in aqueous solutions. The rationale for writing this review is to critically reevaluate the relevant literature and provide others with a "state-of-the-art" snapshot of choline-type esterquats and betaine-type esterquats. Hence, the first part of this survey thoroughly summarizes the most important scientific reports demonstrating effective synthesis routes leading to the formation of both types of esterquats. In the second section, the susceptibility of esterquats to hydrolysis is explained, and the influence of various factors, such as the pH, the degree of salinity, or the temperature of the solution, was subjected to thorough analysis that includes quantitative components. The next two sections refer to various aspects associated with the ecotoxicity of esterquats. Consequently, their biodegradation and toxic effects on microorganisms are extensively analyzed as crucial factors that can affect their commercialization. Then, the reported applications of esterquats are briefly discussed, including the functionalization of macromolecules, such as cotton fabric as well as their successful utilization on a commercial scale. The last section demonstrates the most essential conclusions and reported drawbacks that allow us to elucidate future recommendations regarding the development of these promising chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wysocki
- Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Witold Stachowiak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Smolibowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Adriana Olejniczak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Niemczak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Julia L Shamshina
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Hilbrands AM, Goetz MK, Choi KS. C-C Bond Formation Coupled with C-C Bond Cleavage during Oxidative Upgrading of Glycerol on a Nanoporous BiVO 4 Photoanode. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25382-25391. [PMID: 37939244 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Production of biodiesel generates glycerol as a 10 wt% byproduct. Therefore, efficient and selective glycerol upgrading is critical for the sustainable production of biodiesel as well as for the production of chemicals from renewable feedstocks. In this study, the photoelectrochemical glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR) was investigated using a nanoporous BiVO4 photoanode in pH 9.3 and pH 2 buffer solutions. In both solutions, glycolaldehyde (GCAD), a C2 species, was the major product, which has never been the major product in any previous electrochemical or photoelectrochemical GOR study. To produce GCAD from the C3 species glycerol, C-C cleavage should occur to produce C2 and C1 species with a 1:1 ratio. Intriguingly, our results show that, during photoelectrochemical GOR on BiVO4, more GCAD is produced than can be explained by simple C-C cleavage, meaning that GCAD is also produced from C-C coupling of two C1 species produced from C-C cleavage. This is equivalent to converting two glycerol molecules to three GCAD molecules, which offers an extraordinary way to maximize GCAD production. To gain further insight into the nature of this unprecedented C-C coupling during GOR, photoelectrochemical oxidation of intermediate oxidation products (glyceraldehyde and 1,3-dihydroxyacetone) and glycerol-1,3-13C2 was compared to that of standard glycerol. Photoelectrochemical GOR was also compared with electrochemical GOR on BiVO4 to interrogate whether light is critical for the observed C-C coupling. Results obtained from comprehensive control experiments revealed critical information about C-C cleavage and C-C coupling during GOR on BiVO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Hilbrands
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - McKenna K Goetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kyoung-Shin Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Abdul Aziz H, Yusoff R, Cheng NG, Idris Z, Ramli NAS. Production of N‐methyldiethanolamine di‐ester via heterogeneous transesterification of palm methyl ester over modified calcium oxide catalyst by metal oxides. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haliza Abdul Aziz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division Malaysian Palm Oil Board Kajang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Rozita Yusoff
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Ngoh Gek Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Zainab Idris
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division Malaysian Palm Oil Board Kajang Selangor Malaysia
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Bacterial Membranes Are More Perturbed by the Asymmetric Versus Symmetric Loading of Amphiphilic Molecules. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040350. [PMID: 35448320 PMCID: PMC9032087 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the biophysical properties of bacterial membranes is critical for understanding the protective nature of the microbial envelope, interaction of biological membranes with exogenous materials, and designing new antibacterial agents. Presented here are molecular dynamics simulations for two cationic quaternary ammonium compounds, and the anionic and nonionic form of a fatty acid molecule interacting with a Staphylococcus aureus bacterial inner membrane. The effect of the tested materials on the properties of the model membranes are evaluated with respect to various structural properties such as the lateral pressure profile, lipid tail order parameter, and the bilayer’s electrostatic potential. Conducting asymmetric loading of molecules in only one leaflet, it was observed that anionic and cationic amphiphiles have a large impact on the Staphylococcus aureus membrane’s electrostatic potential and lateral pressure profile as compared to a symmetric distribution. Nonintuitively, we find that the cationic and anionic molecules induce a similar change in the electrostatic potential, which points to the complexity of membrane interfaces, and how asymmetry can induce biophysical consequences. Finally, we link changes in membrane structure to the rate of electroporation for the membranes, and again find a crucial impact of introducing asymmetry to the system. Understanding these physical mechanisms provides critical insights and viable pathways for the rational design of membrane-active molecules, where controlling the localization is key.
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Faveere WH, Van Praet S, Vermeeren B, Dumoleijn KNR, Moonen K, Taarning E, Sels BF. Toward Replacing Ethylene Oxide in a Sustainable World: Glycolaldehyde as a Bio‐Based C
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Platform Molecule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William H. Faveere
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Sofie Van Praet
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Benjamin Vermeeren
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | | | - Kristof Moonen
- Eastman Chemical Company Pantserschipstraat 207 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | | | - Bert F. Sels
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
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Faveere WH, Van Praet S, Vermeeren B, Dumoleijn KNR, Moonen K, Taarning E, Sels BF. Toward Replacing Ethylene Oxide in a Sustainable World: Glycolaldehyde as a Bio-Based C 2 Platform Molecule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:12204-12223. [PMID: 32833281 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fossil-based platform molecules such as ethylene and ethylene oxide currently serve as the primary feedstock for the C2 -based chemical industry. However, in the search for a more sustainable chemical industry, fossil-based resources may preferentially be replaced by renewable alternatives, provided there is realistic economic feasibility. This Review compares and critically discusses several production routes toward bio-based structural analogues of ethylene oxide and the required adaptations for their implementation in state-of-the-art C2 -based chemical processes. For example, glycolaldehyde, a structural analogue obtainable from carbohydrates by atom-economic retro-aldol reactions, may replace ethylene oxide's leading role. This alternative chemical route may not only allow the carbon footprint of conventional chemicals production to be lowered, but the introduction of a bio-based pathway may also contribute to safer production processes. Where possible, challenges, drawbacks, and prospects are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Faveere
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van Praet
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Vermeeren
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kim N R Dumoleijn
- Eastman Chemical Company, Pantserschipstraat 207, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Moonen
- Eastman Chemical Company, Pantserschipstraat 207, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Esben Taarning
- Haldor Topsøe A/S, Nymøllevej 55, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bert F Sels
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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Faveere W, Mihaylov T, Pelckmans M, Moonen K, Gillis-D’Hamers F, Bosschaerts R, Pierloot K, Sels BF. Glycolaldehyde as a Bio-Based C2 Platform Chemical: Catalytic Reductive Amination of Vicinal Hydroxyl Aldehydes. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Faveere
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tzvetan Mihaylov
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michiel Pelckmans
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristof Moonen
- Eastman Chemical Company, Technologiepark 21, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Frederik Gillis-D’Hamers
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Kristine Pierloot
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Mondal MG, Pratap AP. Synthesis and Properties of Esterquats as Antibacterial Agent and Fabric Softener. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2017. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA series of cationic surfactants, di-chained esterquat surfactants, was synthesized from triethanolamine, stearic acid and various alkylation agents by two step processes. The quaterisation was carried out with diethyl sulphate, benzyl chloride, 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, benzoyl chloride. The synthesized surfactants were confirmed by IR spectra. Surface properties, wetting time, softness and antibacterial activity of the synthesized surfactants were investigated. The results showed that the synthesized esterquats exhibit high surface activities, better wetting times and very good softening properties. A synthesized cationic surfactant was further prepared for formulation of hair conditioning and body care. This product can be used in formulations of shampoo, fabric softener and liquid soaps and also it does not have any harmful impact to aquatic life. Further, the synthesized surfactant, prepared from 1-Chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, exhibit a better antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. It was found that the alkylation agent and hydrocarbon chain length affected the results.
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Yasa SR, Kaki SS, Poornachandra Y, Kumar CG, Penumarthy V. Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial and biofilm inhibitory studies of new esterquats. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1978-82. [PMID: 26965863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Novel esterquats (monoesterquats and diesterquats) were synthesized from 11-bromo undecanoic acid (11-BUA) and different alkyl amines. The prepared compounds were characterized by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and mass spectral analysis. 11-BUA was converted into methyl 11-bromo undecanoate which was further converted into amine ester (amine monoester and diester) by reacting with different aliphatic amines (hexyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, dioctyl and dicyclohexyl amine). Finally, the obtained amine esters were converted into esterquats (monoesterquat and diesterquat) by reacting with methyl iodide followed by ion exchange to afford chloride counter ion esterquats (5a-h). The synthesized esterquat products were studied for their antimicrobial and biofilm inhibitory activities. Among all the compounds, amine ester 3a and esterquat 5d showed potent antimicrobial activity towards pathogenic Gram-positive bacterial strains with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range of 3.9-15.6 μg mL(-1) and 1.9-7.8 μg mL(-1), respectively. The esterquat 5d also showed promising antifungal activity against Candida albicans MTCC 3017, Candida albicans MTCC 4748 and Candida aaseri MTCC 1962 strains with MIC value of 7.8 μg mL(-1) which was identical to standard Miconazole. The compounds which exhibited antimicrobial activity were also effective in anti-biofilm activity and it was found that compound 5d exhibited excellent biofilm inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 0.9 μg mL(-1) against Staphylococcus aureus MLS16 MTCC 2940.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathyam Reddy Yasa
- Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Shiva Shanker Kaki
- Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Y Poornachandra
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - C Ganesh Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Penumarthy
- Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
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Para G, Łuczyński J, Palus J, Jarek E, Wilk KA, Warszyński P. Hydrolysis driven surface activity of esterquat surfactants. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 465:174-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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