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Fungal oxylipins direct programmed developmental switches in filamentous fungi. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5158. [PMID: 33056992 PMCID: PMC7557911 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18999-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi differentiate along complex developmental programs directed by abiotic and biotic signals. Currently, intrinsic signals that govern fungal development remain largely unknown. Here we show that an endogenously produced and secreted fungal oxylipin, 5,8-diHODE, induces fungal cellular differentiation, including lateral branching in pathogenic Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus, and appressorium formation in the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. The Aspergillus branching response is specific to a subset of oxylipins and is signaled through G-protein coupled receptors. RNA-Seq profiling shows differential expression of many transcription factors in response to 5,8-diHODE. Screening of null mutants of 33 of those transcription factors identifies three transcriptional regulators that appear to mediate the Aspergillus branching response; one of the mutants is locked in a hypo-branching phenotype, while the other two mutants display a hyper-branching phenotype. Our work reveals an endogenous signal that triggers crucial developmental processes in filamentous fungi, and opens new avenues for research on the morphogenesis of filamentous fungi. Fungi produce oxygenated fatty acids, or oxylipins, of unclear function. Here, Niu et al. show that an Aspergillus oxylipin induces various developmental processes in several fungi, including lateral branching in human pathogenic Aspergillus species, and appressorium formation in the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea.
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2
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Zhu Z, Yang M, Bai Y, Ge F, Wang S. Antioxidant-related catalase CTA1 regulates development, aflatoxin biosynthesis, and virulence in pathogenic fungus Aspergillus flavus. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2792-2810. [PMID: 32250030 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce the synthesis of a myriad of secondary metabolites, including aflatoxins. It raises significant concern as it is a potent environmental contaminant. In Aspergillus flavus., antioxidant enzymes link ROS stress response with coordinated gene regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis. In this study, we characterized the function of a core component of the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CTA1) of A. flavus. Firstly, we verified the presence of cta1 corresponding protein (CTA1) by Western blot analysis and mass-spectrometry based analysis. Then, the functional study revealed that the growth, sporulation and sclerotia formation significantly increased, while aflatoxins production and virulence were decreased in the cta1 deletion mutant as compared with the WT and complementary strains. Furthermore, the absence of the cta1 gene resulted in a significant rise in the intracellular ROS level, which in turn added to the oxidative stress level of cells. A further quantitative proteomics investigation hinted that in vivo, CTA1 might maintain the ROS level to facilitate the aflatoxin synthesis. All in all, the pleiotropic phenotype of A. flavus CTA1 deletion mutant revealed that the antioxidant system plays a crucial role in fungal development, aflatoxins biosynthesis and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mingkun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Youhuang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Gessler NN, Filippovich SY, Bachurina GP, Kharchenko EA, Groza NV, Belozerskaya TA. Oxylipins and oxylipin synthesis pathways in fungi. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817060060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fischer GJ, Keller NP. Production of cross-kingdom oxylipins by pathogenic fungi: An update on their role in development and pathogenicity. J Microbiol 2016; 54:254-64. [PMID: 26920885 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-5620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are a class of molecules derived from the incorporation of oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates through the action of oxygenases. While extensively investigated in the context of mammalian immune responses, over the last decade it has become apparent that oxylipins are a common means of communication among and between plants, animals, and fungi to control development and alter host-microbe interactions. In fungi, some oxylipins are derived nonenzymatically while others are produced by lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and monooxygenases with homology to plant and human enzymes. Recent investigations of numerous plant and human fungal pathogens have revealed oxylipins to be involved in the establishment and progression of disease. This review highlights oxylipin production by pathogenic fungi and their role in fungal development and pathogen/host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Fischer
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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5,8-Dihydroxy-9,12,15(Z,Z,Z)-Octadecatrienoic Acid Production by Recombinant Cells Expressing Aspergillus nidulans Diol Synthase. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-014-2581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Scala V, Giorni P, Cirlini M, Ludovici M, Visentin I, Cardinale F, Fabbri AA, Fanelli C, Reverberi M, Battilani P, Galaverna G, Dall'Asta C. LDS1-produced oxylipins are negative regulators of growth, conidiation and fumonisin synthesis in the fungal maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:669. [PMID: 25566199 PMCID: PMC4263177 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins are fatty acid-derived signaling compounds produced by all eukaryotes so far investigated; in mycotoxigenic fungi, they modulate toxin production and interactions with the host plants. Among the many enzymes responsible for oxylipin generation, Linoleate Diol Synthase 1 (LDS1) produces mainly 8-hydroperoxyoctadecenoic acid and subsequently different di-hydroxyoctadecenoic acids. In this study, we inactivated a copy of the putative LDS1 ortholog (acc. N. FVEG_09294.3) of Fusarium verticillioides, with the aim to investigate its influence on the oxylipin profile of the fungus, on its development, secondary metabolism and virulence. LC-MS/MS oxylipin profiling carried out on the selected mutant strain revealed significant quali-quantitative differences for several oxylipins when compared to the WT strain. The Fvlds1-deleted mutant grew better, produced more conidia, synthesized more fumonisins and infected maize cobs faster than the WT strain. We hypothesize that oxylipins may act as regulators of gene expression in the toxigenic plant pathogen F. verticillioides, in turn causing notable changes in its phenotype. These changes could relate to the ability of oxylipins to re-shape the transcriptional profile of F. verticillioides by inducing chromatin modifications and exerting a direct control on the transcription of secondary metabolism in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Scala
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "Sapienza" Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Giorni
- Istituto di Entomologia e Patologia Vegetale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Piacenza, Italy
| | - Martina Cirlini
- Food Chemistry and Natural Substances Unit, Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Ludovici
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "Sapienza" Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Visentin
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Science, University of Turin Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Cardinale
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Science, University of Turin Torino, Italy
| | - Anna A Fabbri
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "Sapienza" Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Fanelli
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "Sapienza" Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "Sapienza" Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Battilani
- Istituto di Entomologia e Patologia Vegetale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Food Chemistry and Natural Substances Unit, Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Food Chemistry and Natural Substances Unit, Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma Parma, Italy
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Yuan D, Zou Q, Yu T, Song C, Huang S, Chen S, Ren Z, Xu A. Ancestral genetic complexity of arachidonic acid metabolism in Metazoa. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1272-84. [PMID: 24801744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Eicosanoids play an important role in inducing complex and crucial physiological processes in animals. Eicosanoid biosynthesis in animals is widely reported; however, eicosanoid production in invertebrate tissue is remarkably different to vertebrates and in certain respects remains elusive. We, for the first time, compared the orthologs involved in arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in 14 species of invertebrates and 3 species of vertebrates. Based on parsimony, a complex AA-metabolic system may have existed in the common ancestor of the Metazoa, and then expanded and diversified through invertebrate lineages. A primary vertebrate-like AA-metabolic system via cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathways was further identified in the basal chordate, amphioxus. The expression profiling of AA-metabolic enzymes and lipidomic analysis of eicosanoid production in the tissues of amphioxus supported our supposition. Thus, we proposed that the ancestral complexity of AA-metabolic network diversified with the different lineages of invertebrates, adapting with the diversity of body plans and ecological opportunity, and arriving at the vertebrate-like pattern in the basal chordate, amphioxus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjuan Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuqiong Zou
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuikai Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengfeng Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghua Ren
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Anlong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huang Dong Road, Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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Production of 5,8-dihydroxy-9,12(Z,Z)-octadecadienoic acid from linoleic acid by whole recombinant Escherichia coli cells expressing diol synthase from Aspergillus nidulans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7447-56. [PMID: 24695832 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5709-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Diol synthase from Aspergillus nidulans was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant E. coli cells expressing diol synthase from A. nidulans converted linoleic acid to a product that was identified as 5,8-dihydroxy-9,12(Z,Z)-octadecadienoic acid by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The recombinant cells and the purified enzyme showed the highest activity for linoleic acid among the fatty acids tested. The optimal reaction conditions for the production of 5,8-dihydroxy-9,12(Z,Z)-octadecadienoic acid from linoleic acid using whole recombinant E. coli cells expressing diol synthase were pH 7.5, 35°C, 250 rpm, 5 g l(-1) linoleic acid, 23 g l(-1) cells, and 20% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide in a 250-ml baffled flask. Under these optimized conditions, whole recombinant cells expressing diol synthase produced 4.98 g l(-1) 5,8-dihydroxy-9,12(Z,Z)-octadecadienoic acid for 150 min without detectable byproducts, with a conversion yield of 99% (w/w) and a productivity of 2.5 g l(-1) h(-1). This is the first report on the biotechnological production of dihydroxy fatty acid using whole recombinant cells expressing diol synthase.
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Kim KR, Oh DK. Production of hydroxy fatty acids by microbial fatty acid-hydroxylation enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1473-85. [PMID: 23860413 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxy fatty acids are widely used in chemical, food, and cosmetic industries as starting materials for the synthesis of polymers and as additives for the manufacture of lubricants, emulsifiers, and stabilizers. They have antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities and therefore can be applied for medicinal uses. Microbial fatty acid-hydroxylation enzymes, including P450, lipoxygenase, hydratase, 12-hydroxylase, and diol synthase, synthesize regio-specific hydroxy fatty acids. In this article, microbial fatty acid-hydroxylation enzymes, with a focus on region-specificity and diversity, are summarized and the production of mono-, di-, and tri-hydroxy fatty acids is introduced. Finally, the production methods of regio-specific and diverse hydroxy fatty acids, such as gene screening, protein engineering, metabolic engineering, and combinatory biosynthesis, are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Rok Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Cho K, Kim YC, Woo JC, Rakwal R, Agrawal GK, Yoeun S, Han O. Transgenic expression of dual positional maize lipoxygenase-1 leads to the regulation of defense-related signaling molecules and activation of the antioxidative enzyme system in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 185-186:238-245. [PMID: 22325886 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Effects of transgenic expression of dual positional maize lipoxygenase-1 on the defense system were analyzed in rice. The activities of hydroperoxidelyase and antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) were increased and high levels of aldehydes including malondialdehyde were produced. The constitutive level of jasmonic was slightly increased and the constitutive salicylic acid level was decreased. Kinetic analysis of wound response indicated that the levels of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid are inversely correlated in nully transgenic rice plants, suggesting that there is an antagonistic interaction between jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Microarray analysis indicated that several defense-related genes encoding antioxidative enzymes and pathogen-related proteins were up-regulated, and the resistance to rice blast fungus was enhanced in transgenic rice. Taken together, our results suggest that maize lipoxygenase-1 expressed in the cytoplasm plays an important role for the regulation of defense system including the antioxidative enzymes in transgenic rice, and that these effects may be mediated by reactive oxygen species generated through the enzyme-initiated catalytic peroxidation mechanism of maize lipoxygenase-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwon Cho
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Kumho Life Science Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
In nearly every living organism, metabolites derived from lipid peroxidation, the so-called oxylipins, are involved in regulating developmental processes as well as environmental responses. Among these bioactive lipids, the mammalian and plant oxylipins are the best characterized, and much information about their physiological role and biosynthetic pathways has accumulated during recent years. Although the occurrence of oxylipins and enzymes involved in their biosynthesis has been studied for nearly three decades, knowledge about fungal oxylipins is still scarce as compared with the situation in plants and mammals. However, the research performed so far has shown that the structural diversity of oxylipins produced by fungi is high and, furthermore, that the enzymes involved in oxylipin metabolism are diverse and often exhibit unusual catalytic activities. The aim of this review is to present a synopsis of the oxylipins identified so far in fungi and the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Brodhun
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Jernerén F, Hoffmann I, Oliw EH. Linoleate 9R-dioxygenase and allene oxide synthase activities of Aspergillus terreus. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 495:67-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jernerén F, Sesma A, Franceschetti M, Francheschetti M, Hamberg M, Oliw EH. Gene deletion of 7,8-linoleate diol synthase of the rice blast fungus: studies on pathogenicity, stereochemistry, and oxygenation mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5308-16. [PMID: 20023302 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.062810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Linoleate diol synthases (LDS) are heme enzymes, which oxygenate 18:2n-6 sequentially to (8R)-hydroperoxylinoleic acid ((8R)-HPODE) and to (5S,8R)-dihydroxy-, (7S,8S)-dihydroxy-, or (8R,11S)-dihydroxylinoleic acids (DiHODE). The genome of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, contains two genes with homology to LDS. M. oryzae oxidized 18:2n-6 to (8R)-HPODE and to (7S,8S)-DiHODE, (6S,8R)-DiHODE, and (8R,11S)-HODE. Small amounts of 10-hydroxy-(8E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid and traces of 5,8-DiHODE were also detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The contribution of the 7,8-LDS gene to M. oryzae pathogenicity was evaluated by replacement of the catalytic domain with hygromycin and green fluorescent protein variant (SGFP) cassettes. This genetically modified strain Delta7,8-LDS infected rice leaves and roots and formed appressoria and conidia as the native fungus. The Delta7,8-LDS mutant had lost the capacity to biosynthesize all the metabolites except small amounts of 8-hydroxylinoleic acid. Studies with stereospecifically deuterated linoleic acids showed that (8R)-HPODE was formed by abstraction of the pro-S hydrogen at C-8 and antarafacial oxygenation, whereas (7S,8S)-DiHODE and (8R,11S)-DiHODE were formed from (8R)-HPODE by suprafacial hydrogen abstraction and oxygenation at C-7 and C-11, respectively. A mac1 suppressor mutant (Delta mac1 sum1-99) of M. oryzae, which shows cAMP-independent protein kinase A activity, oxygenated 18:2n-6 to increased amounts of (10R)-HPODE and (5S,8R)-DiHODE. Expression of the 7,8-LDS gene but not of the second homologue was detected in the suppressor mutant. This suggests that PKA-mediated signaling pathway regulates the dioxygenase and hydroperoxide isomerase activities of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Jernerén
- Section of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Reverberi M, Punelli F, Scarpari M, Camera E, Zjalic S, Ricelli A, Fanelli C, Fabbri AA. Lipoperoxidation affects ochratoxin A biosynthesis in Aspergillus ochraceus and its interaction with wheat seeds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:1935-46. [PMID: 20101489 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus parasiticus, lipoperoxidative signalling is crucial for the regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis, conidiogenesis, and sclerotia formation. Resveratrol, which is a lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase inhibitor, downmodulates the biosynthesis of ochratoxin A (OTA) in Aspergillus ochraceus. In the genome of A. ochraceus, a lox-like sequence (AoloxA; National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) accession number: DQ087531) for a lipoxygenase-like enzyme has been found, which presents high homology (100 identities, 100 positives %, score 555) with a lox gene of Aspergillus fumigatus (NCBI accession number: XM741370). To study how inhibition of oxylipins formation may affect the A. ochraceus metabolism, we have used a DeltaAoloxA strain. This mutant displays a different colony morphology, a delayed conidia formation, and a high sclerotia production. When compared to the wild type, the DeltaAoloxA strain showed a lower basal activity of LOX and diminished levels of 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid (HPODE) and other oxylipins derived from linoleic acid. The limited oxylipins formation corresponded to a remarkable inhibition of OTA biosynthesis in the DeltaAoloxA strain. Also, wheat seeds (Triticum durum cv Ciccio) inoculated with the DeltaAoloxA mutant did not accumulate 9-HPODE, which is a crucial element in the host defence system. Similarly, the expression of the pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) gene in wheat seeds was not enhanced. The results obtained contribute to the current knowledge on the role of lipid peroxidation governed by the AoloxA gene in the morphogenesis, OTA biosynthesis, and in host-pathogen interaction between wheat seeds and A. ochraceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Reverberi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università "Sapienza", L.go Cristina di Svezia 24, 00165 Roma, Italy.
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Garscha U, Oliw EH. Leucine/valine residues direct oxygenation of linoleic acid by (10R)- and (8R)-dioxygenases: expression and site-directed mutagenesis oF (10R)-dioxygenase with epoxyalcohol synthase activity. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:13755-13765. [PMID: 19289462 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808665200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Linoleate (10R)-dioxygenase (10R-DOX) of Aspergillus fumigatus was cloned and expressed in insect cells. Recombinant 10R-DOX oxidized 18:2n-6 to (10R)-hydroperoxy-8(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (10R-HPODE; approximately 90%), (8R)-hydroperoxylinoleic acid (8R-HPODE; approximately 10%), and small amounts of 12S(13R)-epoxy-(10R)-hydroxy-(8E)-octadecenoic acid. We investigated the oxygenation of 18:2n-6 at C-10 and C-8 by site-directed mutagenesis of 10R-DOX and 7,8-linoleate diol synthase (7,8-LDS), which forms approximately 98% 8R-HPODE and approximately 2% 10R-HPODE. The 10R-DOX and 7,8-LDS sequences differ in homologous positions of the presumed dioxygenation sites (Leu-384/Val-330 and Val-388/Leu-334, respectively) and at the distal site of the heme (Leu-306/Val-256). Leu-384/Val-330 influenced oxygenation, as L384V and L384A of 10R-DOX elevated the biosynthesis of 8-HPODE to 22 and 54%, respectively, as measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The stereospecificity was also decreased, as L384A formed the R and S isomers of 10-HPODE and 8-HPODE in a 3:2 ratio. Residues in this position also influenced oxygenation by 7,8-LDS, as its V330L mutant augmented the formation of 10R-HPODE 3-fold. Replacement of Val-388 in 10R-DOX with leucine and phenylalanine increased the formation of 8R-HPODE to 16 and 36%, respectively, whereas L334V of 7,8-LDS was inactive. Mutation of Leu-306 with valine or alanine had little influence on the epoxyalcohol synthase activity. Our results suggest that Leu-384 and Val-388 of 10R-DOX control oxygenation of 18:2n-6 at C-10 and C-8, respectively. The two homologous positions of prostaglandin H synthase-1, Val-349 and Ser-353, are also critical for the position and stereospecificity of the cyclooxygenase reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ernst H Oliw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Garscha U, Oliw EH. Critical amino acids for the 8(R)-dioxygenase activity of linoleate diol synthase. A comparison with cyclooxygenases. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:3547-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Garscha U, Oliw E. Pichia expression and mutagenesis of 7,8-linoleate diol synthase change the dioxygenase and hydroperoxide isomerase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 373:579-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Garscha U, Jernerén F, Chung D, Keller NP, Hamberg M, Oliw EH. Identification of dioxygenases required for Aspergillus development. Studies of products, stereochemistry, and the reaction mechanism. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:34707-18. [PMID: 17906293 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705366200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus sp. contain ppoA, ppoB, and ppoC genes, which code for fatty acid oxygenases with homology to fungal linoleate 7,8-diol synthases (7,8-LDS) and cyclooxygenases. Our objective was to identify these enzymes, as ppo gene replacements show critical developmental aberrancies in sporulation and pathogenicity in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus and the genetic model Aspergillus nidulans. The PpoAs of A. fumigatus and A. nidulans were identified as (8R)-dioxygenases with hydroperoxide isomerase activity, designated 5,8-LDS. 5,8-LDS transformed 18:2n-6 to (8R)-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid ((8R)-HPODE) and (5S,8R)-dihydroxy-9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid ((5S,8R)-DiHODE). We also detected 8,11-LDS in A. fumigatus and (10R)-dioxygenases in both Aspergilli. The diol synthases oxidized [(8R)-(2)H]18:2n-6 to (8R)-HPODE with retention of the deuterium label, suggesting antarafacial hydrogen abstraction and insertion of molecular oxygen. Experiments with stereospecifically deuterated 18:2n-6 showed that (8R)-HPODE was isomerized by 5,8- and 8,11-LDS to (5S,8R)-DiHODE and to (8R,11S)-dihydroxy-9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, respectively, by suprafacial hydrogen abstraction and oxygen insertion at C-5 and C-11. PpoCs were identified as (10R)-dioxygenases, which catalyzed abstraction of the pro-S hydrogen at C-8 of 18:2n-6, double bond migration, and antafacial insertion of molecular oxygen with formation of (10R)-hydroxy-8E,12Z-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid ((10R)-HPODE). Deletion of ppoA led to prominent reduction of (8R)-H(P)ODE and complete loss of (5S,8R)-DiHODE biosynthesis, whereas biosynthesis of (10R)-HPODE was unaffected. Deletion of ppoC caused biosynthesis of traces of racemic 10-HODE but did not affect the biosynthesis of other oxylipins. We conclude that ppoA of Aspergillus sp. may code for 5,8-LDS with catalytic similarities to 7,8-LDS and ppoC for linoleate (10R)-dioxygenases. Identification of these oxygenases and their products will provide tools for analyzing the biological impact of oxylipin biosynthesis in Aspergilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala Biomedical Center, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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Garscha U, Oliw EH. Steric analysis of 8-hydroxy- and 10-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids and dihydroxyoctadecadienoic acids formed from 8R-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid by hydroperoxide isomerases. Anal Biochem 2007; 367:238-46. [PMID: 17553451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
8-Hydroxyoctadeca-9Z,12Z-dienoic acid (8-HODE) and 10-hydroxyoctadeca-8E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid (10-HODE) are produced by fungi, e.g., 8R-HODE by Gaeumannomyces graminis (take-all of wheat) and Aspergillus nidulans, 10S-HODE by Lentinula edodes, and 10R-HODE by Epichloe typhina. Racemic [8-(2)H]8-HODE and [10-(2)H]10-HODE were prepared by oxidation of 8- and 10-HODE to keto fatty acids by Dess-Martin periodinane followed by reduction to hydroxy fatty acids with NaB(2)H(4). The hydroxy fatty acids were analyzed by chiral phase high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) with 8R-HODE and 10S-HODE as standards. 8R-HODE eluted after 8S-HODE on silica with cellulose tribenzoate (Chiralcel OB-H), and 10S-HODE eluted before 10R-HODE on silica with an aromatic chiral selector (Reprosil Chiral-NR). 5S,8R-Dihydroxyoctadeca-9Z,12Z-dienoic acid (5S,8R-DiHODE) is formed from 18:2n-6 by A. nidulans and 8R,11S-dihydroxyoctadeca-9Z,12Z-dienoic acid (8R,11S-DiHODE) by Agaricus bisporus. 8R-Hydroperoxylinoleic acid (8R-HPODE) can be transformed to 5S,8R-DiHODE and 8R,11-DiHODE by Aspergillus spp., and 8R,13-dihydroxy-9Z,11E-dienoic acid (8R,13-DiHODE) can also be detected. We prepared racemic [5,8-(2)H(2)]5,8- and [8,11-(2)H(2)]8,11-DiHODE by oxidation and reduction as above and 8R,13S- and 8R,13R-DiHODE by oxidation of 8R-HODE by S and R lipoxygenases. The diastereoisomers were separated and identified by normal phase HPLC-MS/MS analysis. We used the methods for steric analysis of fungal oxylipins. Aspergillus spp. produced 8R-HODE (>95% R), 10R-HODE (>70% R), and 5S,8R- and 8R,11S-DiHODE with high stereoselectivity (>95%), whereas 8R,13-DiHODE was likely formed by nonenzymatic hydrolysis of 8R,11S-DiHODE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Tsitsigiannis DI, Keller NP. Oxylipins as developmental and host-fungal communication signals. Trends Microbiol 2007; 15:109-18. [PMID: 17276068 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic microbes and their hosts have acquired complex signalling mechanisms to appraise themselves of the environmental milieu in the ongoing battle for survival. Several recent studies have implicated oxylipins as a novel class of host-microbe signalling molecules. Oxylipins represent a vast and diverse family of secondary metabolites that originate from the oxidation or further conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Among the microbial oxylipins, the fungal oxylipins are best characterized and function as hormone-like signals that modulate the timing and balance between asexual and sexual spore development in addition to toxin production. Coupled with other studies that implicate a role for fungal oxylipins in pathogenesis by Aspergillus and Candida spp., these results suggest that host and microbial oxylipins might interfere with the metabolism, perception or signalling processes of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios I Tsitsigiannis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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Wadman MW, van Zadelhoff G, Hamberg M, Visser T, Veldink GA, Vliegenthart JFG. Conversion of linoleic acid into novel oxylipins by the mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Lipids 2005; 40:1163-70. [PMID: 16459929 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxylipins are associated with important processes of the fungal life cycle, such as spore formation. Here, we report the formation of FA metabolites in Agaricus bisporus. Incubation of a crude extract of lamellae with linoleic acid (18:2) led to the extensive formation of two oxylipins. They were identified as 8(R)-hydroxy-9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid (8-HOD) and 8(R),11 (S)-dihydroxy-9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid (8,11-diHOD) by using RP-HPLC, GC-MS, IR, GC-MS analysis of diastereomeric derivatives, and 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Neither compound has been reported before in A. bisporus. Oleic (18:1), alpha-linolenic (18:3n-3), and gamma-linolenic (18:3n-6) acids were converted into their 8-hydroxy derivatives as well, and 18:3n-3 was further metabolized to its 8,11-diol derivative. Reactions with [U-13C]18:2 demonstrated that the compounds 8-HOD and 8,11-diHOD were formed from exogenously supplied 18:2. When [U-13C]8-HOD was supplied, it was not converted into 8,11-diHOD, indicating that it was not an intermediate in the formation of 8,11-diHOD. When a crude extract of A. bisporus was incubated under an atmosphere of 16O2/18O2, the two hydroxyl groups of 8,11-diHOD contained either two 180 atoms or two 60 atoms. Species that contained one of each isotope could not be detected. We propose that the formation of the 8,11-dihydroxy compounds occurs through either an 8,11-endoperoxy, an 8-peroxo free radical, or an 8-hydroperoxy intermediate. In the latter case, the reaction should be catalyzed by dioxygenase with novel specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayken W Wadman
- Department of Bio-organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, 3584-CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Tsitsigiannis DI, Kowieski TM, Zarnowski R, Keller NP. Endogenous lipogenic regulators of spore balance in Aspergillus nidulans. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2005; 3:1398-411. [PMID: 15590815 PMCID: PMC539017 DOI: 10.1128/ec.3.6.1398-1411.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of fungi to produce both meiospores and mitospores has provided adaptive advantages in survival and dispersal of these organisms. Here we provide evidence of an endogenous mechanism that balances meiospore and mitospore production in the model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. We have discovered a putative dioxygenase, PpoC, that functions in association with a previously characterized dioxygenase, PpoA, to integrate fatty acid derived oxylipin and spore production. In contrast to PpoA, deletion of ppoC significantly increased meiospore production and decreased mitospore development. Examination of the PpoA and PpoC mutants indicate that this ratio control is associated with two apparent feedback loops. The first loop shows ppoC and ppoA expression is dependent upon, and regulates the expression of, nsdD and brlA, genes encoding transcription factors required for meiospore or mitospore production, respectively. The second loop suggests Ppo oxylipin products antagonistically signal the generation of Ppo substrates. These data support a case for a fungal "oxylipin signature-profile" indicative of relative sexual and asexual spore differentiation.
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